Scribd
Upload
15 views

Tutorial 5

1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in differential calculus including differentiability, derivatives, implicit differentiation, mean value theorems, relationship between derivatives and monotonicity, L'Hopital's rule, and sample problems. 2. Key topics covered include the definition of the derivative, rules for differentiation, implicit differentiation, Lagrange's and Cauchy's mean value theorems, how derivatives relate to monotonicity, and L'Hopital's rule for indeterminate forms. 3. Several sample problems are provided that demonstrate these concepts, such as determining differentiability, evaluating limits using L'Hopital's rule, finding derivatives of implicit functions, and properties of periodic differentiable functions.

Uploaded by

monkeyng.bmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

Tutorial 5

1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in differential calculus including differentiability, derivatives, implicit differentiation, mean value theorems, relationship between derivatives and monotonicity, L'Hopital's rule, and sample problems. 2. Key topics covered include the definition of the derivative, rules for differentiation, implicit differentiation, Lagrange's and Cauchy's mean value theorems, how derivatives relate to monotonicity, and L'Hopital's rule for indeterminate forms. 3. Several sample problems are provided that demonstrate these concepts, such as determining differentiability, evaluating limits using L'Hopital's rule, finding derivatives of implicit functions, and properties of periodic differentiable functions.

Uploaded by

monkeyng.bmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Department of Mathematics
MATH1010D&E (2016/17 Term 1)
University Mathematics
Tutorial 5

Differentiability A function f : R → R is said to be differentiable at a ∈ R if the limit

f (a + h) − f (a)
lim
h→0 h
exists, in which case this limit is called the derivative of f at a and is denoted by f 0 (a).
f : R → R is said to be differentiable if it is differentiable at every point in R.

• If we write y = f (x) and f : R → R is differentiable at a, we may also denote


dy dy
f 0 (a) by another notation dx |x=a . If f : R → R is differentiable, by dx we mean the
dy
function a 7→ dx |x=a .
• If f : R → R is differentiable at a, then it is continuous at a.
• Higher derivatives: for n ∈ Z+ , the n-derivative of f at a, denoted by f (n) (a) (or
dn y (n−1) (x) at a if they
dxn |x=a if we write y = f (x)), is defined as the derivative of f
exist, where by convention, f (0) (a) = f (a).

Basic rules of differentiation Sum rule, product rule, chain rule and Leibniz rule.

Implicit function Let F (x, y) = 0 be an implicit function. Then


∂F
∂F ∂F dy dy ∂x
+ =0 and = − ∂F .
∂x ∂y dx dx ∂y

Mean value theorem Suppose a, b are real numbers and a < b.

1. Lagrange’s. Let f : R → R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then


there exists ξ ∈ (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (ξ) = .
b−a

2. Cauchy’s. Let f, g : R → R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and


g 0 (x) 6= 0 for any x ∈ (a, b). Then there exists ξ ∈ (a, b) such that

f 0 (ξ) f (b) − f (a)


0
= .
g (ξ) g(b) − g(a)

Remark. Rolle’s theorem is used to prove mean value theorems. But once we have proved
the latter, the former would become a special case.

1
Relationship between derivatives and monotonicity Suppose a, b ∈ R and a < b.
1. If f : R → R is differentiable at a and attains a local extremum at a, then f 0 (a) = 0.
2. Let f : R → R be differentiable on (a, b). Then f : R → R is monotonic increasing
(decreasing) on (a, b) if and only if f 0 (x) ≥ 0 (f 0 (x) ≤ 0) for any x ∈ (a, b).
3. If f : R → R is differentiable on (a, b) and f 0 (x) > 0 (f 0 (x) < 0) for any x ∈ (a, b),
then it is strictly increasing (decreasing) on (a, b).
L’Hopital’s rule Let a ∈ R and f, g : R → R be differentiable functions. If
1. limx→a f (x) = limx→a g(x) = L0 , where either L0 = 0 or L0 = ±∞;
2. There exists δ > 0 such that g 0 (x) 6= 0 for any x ∈ (a − δ, a + δ) with x 6= a;
f 0 (x)
3. limx→a g 0 (x) = L, where L ∈ [−∞, ∞].

then limx→a fg(x)


(x)
= L.
∞
L’Hopital’s rule can be applied to indeterminate forms like 00 , ∞, 0 · ∞, 00 , ∞0 , 1∞ .
Problems that may be demonstrated in class :
Q1. Determine whether the following functions are differentiable at the specified points.
If yes, find the derivatives at those points.
8
(a) π8 (1 + x2 ) π arctan x at x = 1;
(b) |tan πx arcsin x| at x = 0;
(c) max{ex sin x, −x3 } at x = 0.
Q2. Use L’Hopital’s rule to evaluate the following limits.
2
(a) limx→+∞ x −6x+2 ex ; (b) limx→0 (cosh x)cot x ; (c) limx→−∞ (1 + x2 )π/2+arctan x .
dy 2 2
Q3. Find dx for the implicit function x2 + y 2 = ex −y .
Q4. Suppose a differentiable function f : R → R satisfies f (x) = f (x + 1) for any x ∈ R.
(a) Prove that there exist α, β ∈ R such that
f (α) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (β) for any x ∈ R.
(b) Prove that f 0 (x + 1) = f 0 (x) for any x ∈ R.
(c) Let α, β ∈ R and f (α) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (β) for any x ∈ R. Prove that there exists
ξ ∈ R such that f (β) − f (α) ≤ f 0 (ξ) ≤ ξ.
Q5. Suppose n ∈ Z+ and a1 , ..., an are positive real numbers. Define f : R → R by

 ax1 +···+axn 1/x

, if x 6= 0;
f (x) = √ n
 n a ···a , if x = 0.
1 n

(a) Show that f is a continuous at 0.


(b) Show that limx→+∞ f (x) = max{a1 , ..., an } and limx→−∞ f (x) = min{a1 , ..., an }.
Q6. Let f : R → R be an injective continuous function, a, b ∈ R, a < b and f (b) ≤ f (a).
(a) Show that f (b) < f (x) < f (a) for any x ∈ (a, b) (Hint: use intermediate value
theorem).
(b) Let f : R → R be differentiable. Prove that f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for any x ∈ (a, b).
Q7. Let f : R → R be differentiable, f (f (x)) = x for any x ∈ R but f (x) 6≡ x.
(a) Verify that f : R → R is injective.
(b) Prove that f has a fixed point ξ ∈ R, i.e. f (ξ) = ξ, such that f 0 (ξ) = −1.

You might also like