GEC 003 - Contemporary World Expansion: destroyed the distance, spread, transfer, flow,

increases; creation and multiplication of social relations

● Structures of Globalization
● Defining Globalization Creation of new social relations and multiplication of
existing connections that go beyond political, traditional,
Globalization cultural, and geographical borders

● Interconnectedness Intensification: great (impact), being forced, enhances;

● Economy expansion, stretching, acceleration
● Trade
● Culture Expansion, stretching, and acceleration of connections.
● Exchange These connections are not just expanding, but also
● Politics becoming more closely-knit.
● Interdependence

From the viewpoint of Activists/Members of Different

Movements Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai - different kinds of
globalization occur on multiple and intersecting
● Economic process dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”
● Disadvantageous: the person who holds the card ● Ethnoscape - global movement of people
is the person who provides. ● Mediascape - flow of culture
● One party is being put at a disadvantageous ● Technoscape - circulation of mechanical goods
position. and software
● Ideoscape - realm where political ideas move
From the viewpoint of Scholars/Academics around
● Broader aspect: different theories, evidences, ● Financescape - denotes the global circulation of
data money

STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION

Different Behavioral Sciences The Globalization of World Economics

● Economics International Monetary Fund (IMF) - regards “economic

● Political science globalization” as a historical process representing the
● History result of human innovation and technological progress
● Anthropology
● Psychology - Process of representing the result of human
● Sociology innovation and technological progress. It is
● Anything that concerns human behavior characterized by the increasing integration of
economies around the world through the
ASEAN - a foundation that is founded to curb movement of goods, services, and capital across
communism borders. These changes are the products of
people, organizations, institutions, and
According to Manfred Steger: “Globalization is the technologies
expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez - Globalization began
world-space.” when all important populated continents began to
exchange products continuously—both with each other
directly and indirectly via other continents—and in values
sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners Globalization of World Economics (Continuation)

International Trading Systems Bretton Woods System

● 44 nations
1. Silk Road - the oldest known international trade ● 1944-1971
route. It refers to a network of pathways in the ● Gold standard
ancient world that spanned from China to the ● IMF, WB - two good things that came out of this
Middle East and Europe. system
● Consumption, Investment, Government
It was called as such because one of the most Purchases, Net Experts (Economy’s Output)
profitable products traded through this network ● Keynesianism
was silk, which was highly prized especially in ○ British economist John Maynard Keynes
the area that is now the Middle East as well as in ○ economic crises occur not when a
the West (today's Europe) Traders used the Silk country does not have enough money, but
Road regularly from 130 BCE when the Chinese when money is not being spent, and,
Han dynasty opened trade to the West until 1453 thereby, not moving
BCE when the Ottoman Empire closed it. ○ when economies slow down, the
government should infuse money to
Notes: The Silk Road was not considered 'global' reinvigorate the market
yet because there were no routes that connect ○ as prices of commodities increased,
to the American continents. companies would earn more, therefore,
would have more money to hire workers
2. Galleon Trade (1571) ● Basically… Every time a nation loses money, the
Manila → Acapulco, Mexico government has to tax its people at a higher rate.
Age of Mercantilism ● Why did it fail? Failure to foresee the
Start of global trading demand-profit relationship.

3. Gold Trade (1867) Washington Consensus

A more open trade system that emerged in 1867 ● IMF, WB, US Department of Treasury
when, following the lead of the United Kingdom, ● maintaining fiscal discipline, reordering public
the United states and other European nations spending priorities, reforming tax policy, allowing
adopted the gold standard at an international the markets to determine interest rates, free
monetary conference in Paris trade
● minimal government spending, privatization of
Countries established a common basis for government-controlled services like water,
currency prices and a fixed exchange rate power, transport, communications
system (value of gold)

Problem: very restrictive system Notes:

● Balance between BWS and Neoliberalism
During WWI, countries were forced to abandon ● A lot of countries tried to integrate this in their
the gold standard, as their gold reserves were economies
depleted.
Side Note:
4. Fiat Currencies - currencies that are not backed ● Iron Lady of UK: Margaret Thatcher
by precious metals and whose value is ○ A brilliant economist
determined by their cost relative to other
currencies.
 ○ Created economic policies such us ● Problem: He was imposing his ideals to all of
having budget cuts in the sector of Europe which, as expected, was something that
education which saved UK from downfall not everyone was happy about, especially the
● In the Philippines: ones who benefit from the existing system (the
○ 2010-2014 (US Shutdown) monarchs).
○ Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo implemented ● This led to the Napoleonic Wars.
economic policies such as the EVAT ● Napoleon Bonaparte lost in the Battle of
Waterloo.

Neoliberalism Concert of Europe

● Free market ● Metternich System
● Friedrich von Hayek ● When Bonaparte lost the war, the aim of the
○ Interventional measure aimed at the Metternich system was to restore the
redistribution of wealth lead inevitably to monarchical, hereditary, and religious privilege
totalitarianism system.
● Milton Friedman - rejected government fiscal ● UK, Austria, Russia, Prussia
policy such as a means of influencing the
business cycle WWI - World War I happened.

League of Nations (1918)

● Main function: arbitration and reconciliation
Internationalization - exploring the deepening of ● WHO, ILO
interactions between states
WWII - World War II happened, which is what made the
Internationalism - heightened interaction between League of Nations fail.
various sovereign states, particularly the desire for
increased cooperation and solidarity among nations United Nations (1945)

Attributes of the Global System

Treaty of Westphalia (Peace of Westphalia)
1. Independent countries
● 1648
● Thirty Years War (religious war between the Notes: Even though there is a ruling that favors
Catholics and the Protestants) the Philippines over the West PH Sea, China still
● Definition: a set of agreements to end the Thirty refuses to acknowledge this because of its
Years’ War between the major continental sovereignty.
powers of Europe. The birth of the interstate
system avoided wars in the future by recognizing 2. Diplomacy
state sovereignty. (walang pakielamanan,
acknowledged each other’s sovereignty over Notes: diplomacy is something that existed long
their respective territories) ago, but is just recently termed by political
scientists

Napoleon Bonaparte FSE (Foreign Service Exam) - the most difficult

exam in all countries. Being a diplomat is a
● He challenged the monarchical system. tedious process which requires a LOT of
● Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - these are the ideals preparations and qualifications.
that he advocated; perfect, utopian
3. International Institutions
 ● To settle, in accordance with
Notes: Some examples of these institutions are international law, legal disputes
the World Health Organization (WHO) and the submitted to it by states and to give
UN (United Nations). advice or opinions referred to it by the
UN and the specialized agencies
4. International institutions as entities

Notes: These are institutions that have a life of Notes:

their own, meaning, they could be held ● If a legal dispute is not submitted to the ICJ, they
accountable and pay for damages that they do. cannot intervene, just like what is happening in
the Russia and Ukraine war.
International Organizations (IOs) .
● International governmental organizations or
groups that are primarily* made up of
member-state. 3. General Assembly
● main deliberative policy-making and
*Not exclusive, since there are members that are representative organ
not states (e.g., individuals, groups)
4. Economic and Social Council
Power of IOs (by Michael N. Barnett and Martha ● principal body for coordination, policy
Finnemore) review, policy dialogue, and
recommendations on social and
1. Power of classification environmental issues
● Millenium Development Goals
Notes: An example would be the announcement ● Sustainable Development Goals
of WHO on declaring COVID-19 as a pandemic.

2. Ability to change the meaning of words. Notes:

3. Power to diffuse norms. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are as follows:
1. No Poverty
Notes: Cure for HIV/AIDS is no longer just a 2. Zero Hunger
privilege but a right. 3. Good Health and Well-Being
4. Quality Education
Non-refoulement 5. Gender Equality
● “Do not refuse refugees seeking help.” 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
● Example: PH on accepting Pakistani 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
refugees. There has been a debate on 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
the matter. These refugees deserve a 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
chance at life. 10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
United Nations 12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
The Organs of the United Nations 14. Life Below Water
1. Secretariat 15. Life on Land
● Day-to-day functions of the UN 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
● General Secretary Antonio Guterres 17. Partnerships for the Goals
● Staff members

2. International Court of Justice 5. Security Council

 ● Decides whether an action is: the Trusteeship System were no longer part of it
○ a threat to peace (e.g. Uganda).
○ an act of aggression
■ use of armed force that threatens
sovereignty, territorial integrity, Global Governance - framework of institutions, rules,
and political independence norms, and procedures that facilitates collective action
● 15 Members and operation among countries and other actors.
○ 5 permanent members
■ China Global Issues - issues that transcend national
■ France boundaries and cannot be solved by any one country
■ Russia alone
■ UK ● problems that are not just faced by just one
■ US state
● solution lies on the cooperation of states

Notes: Why do we need a government? When we were born,

● The UN SC is considered as the most we were all entitled to exercising our rights. However, if
problematic organ of the United Nations due to we exercise our rights over extensively, other people
the following reasons: would be deprived of the same rights. We need someone
○ The unbalanced distribution of power. to lead us to avoid conflict and chaos.
The permanent members have veto
power which could overturn any Global Governance: History
decisions that have been made by the
council Diogenes (412 BC - 332 BC)
○ The permanent members themselves are ● “I am citizen in the world.”
aggressors. This is completely against
what the council is advocating for. Prime Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321)
examples would be China and Russia. ● world government as a problem against war
○ The Security Council is not transparent.
They have secret meetings or what they Emeric Cruce
call closed meetings whose details are ● Le Nouveau Lynce (1623)
not disclosed to the non-member states ● permanent peace council
of the council. ○ coalition of all ambassadors from all of
● They need 9 votes of approval for a policy to be the states
implemented. ○ should always obey all laws
○ avenue for the states to talk about
conflicts, their issues and problems
6. Trusteeship Council
● Suspended its operations in 1994 Immanuel Kant
● Supervise the administration of Trust ● rejects world government
Territories ○ unrealistic - because each state has its
○ Self-governance own sovereignty and therefore, could not
○ Independence be led by just one governing body only
○ there is a high tendency for someone
ending up as a tyrant
Notes: ● confederation of free states under common law
● The Trusteeship Council was suspended ○ common law or international law = weak
because the states that previously belonged in because this only comes second to
sovereignty
 in the crossfire between the US and Vietnam. For over
Challenges nine years, 4 billion bombs were deployed to Laos.

1. Geopolitical Competition ● Rich countries are not held accountable. Poor

2. Institutional Capacity and less influential and powerful countries on
the other hand, are only viewed as “collateral
Notes: The first thing that an organization needs is the damage”.
resources—money, which is something that is very
difficult to acquire for an organization of this scale.
END OF PRELIMS
In addition, if a member-state disagrees with a decision
or if they are in the unfavorable position, chances are,
they will not support that decision and prioritize their
national interests over global interests.

3. Technological Interdependence

Notes:
● Too much interdependence.
● Espionage is taken into a whole new level
○ One example is the trial against Trump
for the accusations of him having Russia
be involved during the election.

4. Polarizing Narratives

Notes: One of the main causes of failure of relationships

is disagreements or when the parties involved are not
on the same page.

For example, the treaty about nuclear weapons, a lot of

countries who possess the said weapon are not signing
yet. This implies that there is a possibility of them using
this weapon some time in the future. This treaty is
important for ratification, or having the signees be
accountable for their actions.

5. Demands for Justice

Notes: One example is the situation of Laos. Laos is a

country that is located near Vietnam (notorious for
communists). This country, for a long time, was caught
 Media and Globalization 2. Causes frustration. You start to compare
ourselves with what we see on the internet.
Marshall McLuhan One’s discontentment with his/her life forms a
● Media theorist gap between people. Frustration may also come
● Prophesied that media technology would from influencers that deliberately spread
transform the world into a global village* unpleasant things about certain people in
exchange for money. .
*people throughout the world are interconnected
through the use of new media technologies Global media tended to homogenize culture*.
*We tend to lose our identities and individuality. Media
causes that since this provides us with an extremely
Print media - newspaper, flyers, magazine
Broadcast media - TV station, radio broadcast fast way to spread information. For instance, the
stations American culture is prevailing over the others.
Digital media - social media, video games, Zoom,
Google Herbert Schiller - the world is becoming too
Americanized*
“Medium is the message” - what makes social change
possible ● Golden Arches Theory. Adopting anything
American, when a country has even just one
Notes: Medium is the message: McDonald’s, this implies that that country is a
● the medium or the means of how the message developing or developed country.
is being conveyed is the one that changed the
way people behave, it changed some attributes John Tomlinson - western cultural imperialism
of the people ● Cultural imperialism - when one culture is being
● Some people are not aware of some of the prevalent over the other
relatively new social media platforms like ● Problem: People are deprived of their identities.
Telegram and Threads, this tells us two things:
there is a difference in generation and a Critiques of Western Cultural Imperialism
significant age gap (two of the factors that tell ● Ien Ang
one’s standing in the society). In other words, ○ Dallas opera
one’s knowledge regarding a certain medium of ○ Studied people’s reaction to the soap
communication such as social media platforms opera, Dallas
can tell something about his or her standing in ○ People are not passively accepting of
the society. American life. Dallas’ watchers did not
passively accept the American thinking
Jack Lule presented in that opera.
● Media: means of conveying something, such as ● Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes
a channel of communication ○ Same research, different focus group
● Globalization and media are combining to create ○ Regional patterns: people of different
a divided world of gated communities* and backgrounds will look at something
ghettos, borders and boundaries, suffering and differently.
surfeit, beauty and decay. ○ People who watched Dallas are not
passive people but are appreciative of
*How? what they have watched.
1. Curse: in the discourse of people’s discussion of
different issues, some people want their
opinions to prevail over others, hence creating a Notes: Other instances of Western cultural imperialism
rift between or among opposing sides. ● Marilyn Monroe and her pronunciation of Cartier.
People just assumed that the way Marilyn
 pronounced the brand is the right and proper ● 2006: Tarana Burke - to support survivors of
way even though it is not. sexual violence particularly young women of
● BMW pronunciation. Even though this is a color from low-wealth communities to find
German brand, where there is no letter W, people pathways to healing
still read it as “B-M-W” (adapted the American
pronunciation) instead of the more proper way
#uykularinkacsin (may you lose sleep) - Turkey
“B-M-V”. #Sex4Grades - Kenya
#RiceBunny (Mi Tu) - China
Arab Spring - wave of pro-democracy protests and
uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa in 2010
and 2011.
● a series of pro-democracy uprisings that
enveloped several largely Muslim countries

#BlackLivesMatter

● 2013
● African Community
○ Alicia Garza
○ Patrice Cullors
○ Opal Tometi
● Regularly Protest
○ killings of black people
○ racial profiling
○ police brutality
○ racial inequality
● Trayvon Martin
● Michael Brown (Ferguson)
● Eric Garner (New York)
● #AllLivesMatter
● #BlueLivesMatter - aka Police Live Matters;
countermovement in the United States which is
a direct opposition to the Black Lives Matter
movement

Fake News - news articles that are intentionally and

verifiably false, designed to manipulate people’s
#MeToo Movement perception of real facts, events, and statements
● raises awareness: sexual and gender-based - it is about information presented as news
violence (SGBV) that is known by the promoter to be false
based on facts that are demonstrably
 incorrect, or statements or events that are ● Market size
verifiably did not happen ○ Demandability for a product or
service
Misinformation - is false or inaccurate information that ● Purchasing power of the citizen
is mistakenly or inadvertently created or spread ○ Ability of a citizen to buy
- the intent it not to deceive ● Size of the middle class
○ Why is this important?
Disinformation - false information that is deliberately ■ Social mobility. Movement of
created and spread in order to influence public opinion people from one class to
or to serve the truth another. When there are more
- some information is deliberately middle class citizens, there is a
spread, this is called disinformation, to higher possibility for social
cause confusion and undermine trust mobility.
in governments and institutions ■ Gap between lower, middle, and
upper class. When there are
more middle class citizens, the
Global Cities gap between the lower and the
● Globalization is a spatial phenomenon* upper class is bridged.
● Potential for growth
1. It takes place in actual places. ○ Build, Build, Build
2. Based in places which propel globalization ○ Build Better
forward**. ■ Connecting people from around
the world which would mean
*Look at how globalization started—Galleon Trade. more investors.
There are actual starting places: Manila, Philippines and
Acapulco, Mexico. Globalization started somewhere. 2. Centers of Authority - seat of state’s power
● the city’s government is located in that
**The important, populated continents that are involved area
in the Galleon Trade through direct and indirect trading 3. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
relationships of crucial impacts. ● Renowned and acknowledged
universities are usually found in a global
Global City - large, technologically advanced urban city (e.g. University of the Philippines in
areas, defined the modern world (The Economist) Quezon City)

Saskia Sassen (1991) Global Economic Inequality

3 Cities that propelled the world economy
1. Tokyo 1. Wealth Inequality - distribution of assets.
2. London *wealth refers to the net worth of a country
3. New York
○ Beijing - emerging market 2. Income Inequality - it values the flow of goods
and services, not a stock of assets
Attributes of a Global City *income: is the new earnings that are constantly being
added to the pile of country’s wealth
1. Economic Power
Economic Opportunities Theories of Global Stratification
● Going outside the country to find jobs
○ “Economic opportunities mean jobs.” 1. Modernization Theory
○ how fast can they provide jobs
Economic Competitiveness
 ● Frames global stratification as a function ● Modernization period emphasized too much on
of technological and cultural differences economic progress. What is wrong with that?
between nations There are other aspects as well for a country to
● Rests on the idea that affluence could be be considered as developed/modern other than
attained by anyone the economic aspect. Vietnamese are relatively
● Two historical events that contributed to bright compared to other Asian countries, the
Western Europe developing at a faster education system of Vietnam is modernized, and
rate than much of the rest of the world is better. Despite Vietnam not being
○ Columbian Exchange - refers to economically developed yet, it can still be
the spread of goods, technology, considered as a modern society.
education, and diseases between ● Victim-blaming. For a poorer country to become
the Americas and Europe after developed, it has to do what the rich countries
Christopher Columbus’ so-called did develop. The same way of telling the poor
discovery of the Americas that they "just have to work hard" to become
○ Industrial Revolution - this is successful, which is unfair. Because we are not
when new technologies, like presented with the same circumstances, we are
steam power and mechanization not running on the same roads, some roads are
allowed countries to replace paved, some are rugged, and sometimes, the
human labor with machines and road is not even there for other people.
increase productivity;
characterized by innovation Dependency Theory

● Dependency is the condition in which the

Walt Rostow’s Four Stages of Modernization development of the nation-states of the South
contributed to a decline in their independence
1. Traditional - refers to societies that are and to increase in economic development of the
structured around small, local communities with countries of the North (Cardoso and Felato,
production typically being done in family settings 1979)
2. Take-off - people begin to use their individual ● Focuses on how poor countries have been
talents to produce things beyond necessities wronged by richer countries
3. Technological Maturity - technological growth ● Global stratification starts with colonialism
of the earlier period begins to bear fruit in the
form of population growth, reductions in Critics
absolute poverty levels, and more diverse job
opportunities ● One country getting richer does not mean that
4. High Mass Consumption - when the country is other countries are getting poorer.
big enough that production becomes more ○ Innovation
about wants than needs ○ Technological growth
● Narrowly focused: there are other factors as well
Critics that should be considered.
● No solution presented
● It is just a new name for the idea that capitalism
is the only way for a country to develop.
● Countries like the United States and the UK Cyber Ghetto
industrialized from a position of global strength
○ No laws against slavery ● Ransomware - a type of malicious software, or
○ No concerns about natural resource malware, that prevents one from accessing one’s
depletion computer files, systems, or networks and
demands one to pay a ransom for their return
 ● Medusa Ransomware (Medusalocker)
○ 2019
○ Healthcare and educational sectors Cold War
○ Other enterprises that process ● Conflicting parties: USA and allies VS USSR
high-volumes of personal identifiable ○ Did not actually battle it out
information ● In conflict because of different ideologies
● Medusa Ransomware and Philhealth ○ Political ideologies:
○ Cyberhackers demanded 16 million ■ USSR: communism
pesos ■ USA: capitalism

Globalization and Religion Communism Flaws

● Possibility of abuse and mismanagement
Turner: Globalization transforms the generic religion into ○ Leaders who want everything for
a world system of competing and conflicting religions themselves
○ Chance of having oppressive leaders
● Different interpretation of religions
● Extremist groups like Isis → establish a
caliphate Basic Features
Purpose: For world order, there should be an A.
established caliphate that should be led by a 1. Regions are a group of countries located in the
person appointed by Allah same geographically-specific area
(Regionalization)
2. An amalgamation of two regions or a
Scholte: combination of more than two regions organized
rationalism = globalization to regulate and oversee flows and policy choices
Religion = anti-rationalism = anti-globalization (Regionalism)

B. Regionalization and regionalism should not be

Religion cannot cope up with globalization, globalization interchanged.
involved rationalism
Religion is not considered science, globalization and
religion could be balanced
Regionalism emerged because:
Malala ● Countries of the same interest want to come
● Fighting for women’s right to be education ever together
since she was a child, believes that education
will not taint a person’s religion
Non-State Regionalism
● “New regionalism”
Globalization is associated with: ● tiny associations that include no more than a
● Americanization few actor and focus on a single issue on huge
● Westernization continental unions that address a multitude of
common problems from territorial defense to
religion-related cultures and identities take defensive food security
measures to protect themselves ● individuals, NGOs, associations
● examples: Amnesty International, International
Regionalization Monetary Fund
Edward Mansfield and Helen V. Milner - economic and
political definitions of “region” vary Why do Countries form Regional Associations?
 1. Security Purpose ○ Brunei
● e.g. NATO - product of Cold War, US and ○ Cambodia
allies regionalized to go against USSR ○ Indonesia
2. Economic Purpose ○ Laos
● e.g. OPEC - petroleum ○ Malaysia
3. Protection of Independence from Pressures ○ Myanmar
● e.g. NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) ○ Philippines
○ During the Cold War, there were countries ○ Singapore
that do not want to partake in any of the ○ Thailand
regionalizing parties (do not want to be ○ Vietnam
involved) ● 5 Original Members
4. Culture and Identity ○ Indonesia
● e.g. EU vs NATTA (Canada, Mexico, and US) ○ Malaysia
○ NATTA is no longer around because the ○ Philippines
countries that belong to it are too ○ Singapore
contrasting of one another ○ Thailand
5. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) ● Established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok,
● Amazon, Apple, Microsoft - go beyond Thailand
national boundaries ● Current Secretary-General: Dr. Kao Kim Hourn
(Cambodia)
Challenges
● Resurgence of militant nationalism and
populism
● Discord among members especially on the topic
of sovereignty

Regionalism vs Globalization
● Regional developments in one part of the world
have affected and fueled regionalization
everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino
effect
● This fact, along with the increasing
developments in interregional cooperation,
shows that the regionalization process is global
in nature.
● Regionalization in one part of the world
encourages regionalization elsewhere.

Regionalism → particular regions

● stepping stone for globalization
● When other states regionalize, other states may
follow, when there’s improvement, they might
want to enter a new level of relationship

ASEAN
● 10 Member States
FINAL TERM
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
■ Concept
Demography
: ‘demos’ which means people, and ‘graphy’, which
means science.
: is the statistical study of human populations.
: it examines the size, structure, and movements of
populations over space and time.
: It uses methods from history, economics, anthropology,
sociology, and other fields.
(National Geography, Demography, available at https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/demography/ accessed date Nov. 2, 2023)

: Contemporary demographic concerns include the

“population explosion,” the interplay between population and
economic development, the effects of birth control, urban congestion,
illegal immigration, and labor force statistics.
(Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "demography". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/demography Accessed 12 November 2023.)
Phenomena Processes
(Cambridge University Press, Demography, available at (Cambridge University Press, Demography, available at
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/essential-public- https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/essential-public-
health/demography/CB1BF80C417CE4E5F980DF4D0A0D8D04 accessed date health/demography/CB1BF80C417CE4E5F980DF4D0A0D8D04 accessed date
Nov. 2, 2023) Nov. 2, 2023)

1. Changes in Population Size 1.Fertility

2. Composition of the 2.Mortality
Population
3. Distribution of Population in 3. Marriage
Space
4. Migration
5. Social Mobility
 ■ Importance of Demography
1) Useful for governments and private businesses as a means of analyzing and
predicting social, cultural, and economic trends related to population.
(National Geography, Demography, available at https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/demography/ accessed date Nov. 2,
2023)

2) It is important to understand the structure of a population in order to plan

health and public health interventions.
(Cambridge University Press, Demography, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/essential-public-
health/demography/CB1BF80C417CE4E5F980DF4D0A0D8D04 accessed date Nov. 2, 2023)

Basic understanding of demography is essential for public health practitioners because the health of communities and individuals
depends on the dynamic relationship between the numbers of people, the space which they occupy and the skills they have acquired
 ■ Demographic Transition
-It is a singular historical period during which mortality and
fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular
country or region.
(Aldama, Prince Kennex Reguyal, Global Demography, p.18, The Contemporary World, 2018)

- The model that explains why countries go through a period

of rapid population growth.
(Max Roser (2023) - “Demographic transition: Why is rapid population growth a temporary phenomenon?” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from:
'https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-transition' [Online Resource] accessed date Nov. 2, 2023)
Image from https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-transition
 Philippine Demography
(WORLDOMETER @ https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/)

• The current population of the Philippines is 117,981,923 as of Sunday, November 12, 2023, based on
Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data
• The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.46% of the total world population (8,045,311,447)
• The total land area is 298,170 Km2 (115,124 sq. miles)
• Life Expectancy: 72.3; Females- 74.3, and Males- 70.3
 The Perils of Overpopulation
 Population and Economic Welfare
■ Economics – It is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services (https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/economics) ;

– - It’s the study of scarcity, the study of how people use resources and respond
to incentives, or the study of decision-making. (https://www.aeaweb.org/resources/students/what-is-
economics)

– - is a social science that examines how people choose among the alternatives
available to them. It is social because it involves people and their behavior. It is a
science because it uses, as much as possible, a scientific approach in its
investigation of choices. (https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics/chapter/1-1-defining-economics/)
■ Economic Well-being - Well-being includes intangible aspects that cannot be traded in a
market, such as happiness, trust, and bio-diversity. (International Monetary Fund, MEASURING ECONOMIC WELFARE: WHAT AND
HOW?, p. 8 , May 2020 )

■ Economic Welfare - It is the part of well-being having to do with broadly-defined current and
lifetime consumption and the resources that enable the consumption (income, comprehensive
wealth, and households’ time endowment).
■ Overpopulation- It is a human population in numbers high enough to cause environmental
deterioration, impaired quality of life, or population crash. ( Brown, Erin, A Brief on Overpopulation – Why it Matters and What
You Can Do About It, available at https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/a-brief-on-overpopulation-why-it-matters-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/, April 4, 2023)
  Population Growth and Food Security
• Food Security- when all people, at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active and healthy life. ( The World Bank, What is Food Security? Available at
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-update/what-is-food-security accessed date Nov. 2, 2023)

1) Physical availability of food: Food availability addresses the “supply side” of food security and
is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade.
2) Economic and physical access to food: An adequate supply of food at the national or
international level does not in itself guarantee household level food security. Concerns about
insufficient food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure,
markets and prices in achieving food security objectives.
3) Food utilization: Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes the most of
various nutrients in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals are the
result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and intra-
household distribution of food. Combined with good biological utilization of food consumed,
this determines the nutritional status of individuals.
4) Stability of the other three dimensions over time: Even if your food intake is adequate today,
you are still considered to be food insecure if you have inadequate access to food on a
periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional status. Adverse weather conditions,
political instability, or economic factors (unemployment, rising food prices) may have an
impact on your food security status.
  Effects of Overpopulation
1. Animal Extinctions
2. Climate change and global warming
3. Land, water, and air pollution
4. Food Shortage
5. Diseases
6. Depletion of Finite sources
7. Territorial Conflict
8. Unemployment
 Possible solutions
1. Support Education for Women and Girls
2. Support Initiatives that Provide Education and Access to Family Planning
3. Invest in and Support Responsible and Innovative Agriculture
4. Consume Less, Consume Better and Choose Sustainable Sources
5. Choose Renewable Energy Resources
6. Actively Participate in Reducing Waste and Pollution
 Ageing Population
■ It is a term used to describe the situation where the
average age (median age) of the citizens of a
country increases as a result of longer life
expectancy of its citizens or a reduction in the
number of births per annum.
■ An ageing population is one where the proportion of
older people is increasing.
■ This is also known as ‘demographic ageing’ and
‘population ageing’.
■ Population ageing is a result of people living longer
and having fewer children.
(7 graphics that explain: What is an ‘ageing population’? at https://www.aetnainternational.com/en/about-us/explore/future-health/ageing-population-graphics.html accessed date Nov. 11, 2023)
 Why do populations age?
(7 graphics that explain: What is an ‘ageing population’? at https://www.aetnainternational.com/en/about-us/explore/future-health/ageing-population-
graphics.html accessed date Nov. 11, 2023)
Factors that can impact population age distribution include:
■ Life expectancy increases due to improved lifestyle (diet, exercise, not-smoking) and
importantly, access to quality health care — drugs, treatments, expertise, surgical
procedures, technology.
■ Birth rate decline itself is driven by a number of factors:
1. Improved availability, education and effectiveness of contraceptive measures
2. The rising costs of living influencing people’s decisions whether to have
children and how many
3. Increasing number of women working
4. Changing social attitudes (for example acceptance of alternative lifestyles,
including choosing not to have children)
5. The rise of individualism
■ Lack of inward migration (fewer younger people and families moving to a given
country, thereby reducing the average age)
Which countries have ageing populations?
Advantage Disadvantage

1. Providing family support and care 1. Social exclusion, reduced wellbeing and
2. Providing assistance to individuals of all ages. significant health problems.
3. One of the results of successful public health 2. Rising Healthcare Costs
interventions. 3. Economic Slowdown
4. More time to spend with loved ones.
5. Seniors still have an opportunity to pursue their
dreams.
6. Cost savings associated with having to cater to
fewer children and young people in the economy.
 What can be done?
1. Phased-in retirement, fiscal sustainability, and well-being.
2. Promoting and rewarding volunteering, care, and artistic work among the elderly.
3. Providing incentives/aid to families with newborn children.
China’s One Child Policy
■ Late 1970s- China’s population was rapidly approaching the one-billion mark.
■ Late 1978- voluntary program.
■ 1980- Standardized the one-child policy nationwide.
■ Late 2015- End of the policy.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Ethnic minorities.
2. Firstborn was handicapped.
3. Rural families in which the firstborn was not a boy.

CONSEQUENCES: 1. Reduced Population Growth

2. Sex ratio became skewed toward males.
3. Rise in abortions of female fetuses
4. Ageing population
 THOMAS MALTHUS

■ He was an English economist and demographer

■ While population increases geometrically, the means of subsistence (i.e. food
production), only grows geometrically.
■ Overpopulation; Resources become insufficient
■ No government intervention required as it will only aggravate the problem.
 Neo-Malthusian Theory

■ Population can be controlled

(contraceptives, abortion, different government policies)
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354
("The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012″)

Section 4. Definition of Terms.

■ (p) Reproductive Health (RH) refers to the state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters
relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. This implies
that people are able to have a responsible, safe, consensual and satisfying sex life,
that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and
how often to do so. This further implies that women and men attain equal
relationships in matters related to sexual relations and reproduction.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354
("The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012″
Section 4. Definition of Terms.
■ (q) Reproductive health care refers to the access to a full range of methods,
facilities, services and supplies that contribute to reproductive health and well-being
by addressing reproductive health-related problems. It also includes sexual health,
the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations. The
elements of reproductive health care include the following:
(1) Family planning information and services which shall include as a first priority
making women of reproductive age fully aware of their respective cycles to make them
aware of when fertilization is highly probable, as well as highly improbable;

(2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition, including breastfeeding;

(3) Proscription of abortion and management of abortion complications;

(4) Adolescent and youth reproductive health guidance and counseling;

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354
("The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012″)
Section 4. Definition of Terms.
(5) Prevention, treatment and management of reproductive tract infections (RTIs),
HIV and AIDS and other sexually transmittable infections (STIs);

(6) Elimination of violence against women and children and other forms of sexual
and gender-based violence;

(7) Education and counseling on sexuality and reproductive health;

(8) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers and other gynecological
conditions and disorders;
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354
("The Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012″)
Section 4. Definition of Terms.
(9) Male responsibility and involvement and men’s reproductive health;

(10) Prevention, treatment and management of infertility and sexual dysfunction;

(11) Reproductive health education for the adolescents; and

(12) Mental health aspect of reproductive health care.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354
("The Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012″)
■ (s) Reproductive health rights refers to the rights of individuals and couples, to
decide freely and responsibly whether or not to have children; the number, spacing
and timing of their children; to make other decisions concerning reproduction, free
of discrimination, coercion and violence; to have the information and means to do
so; and to attain the highest standard of sexual health and reproductive health:
Provided, however, That reproductive health rights do not include abortion, and
access to abortifacients.
 GLOBAL MIGRATION
■ Definition: " a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work. Most global
migration is from developing countries to developed ones.“ (Cambridge English Dictionary)
Diaspora: 1) a group of people who spread from one original country to other countries, or the act of spreading in this
way. (Cambridge English Dictionary)
2) refers to a large group of people who share a cultural and regional origin but are living away from their
traditional homeland. Diasporas come about through immigration and forced movements of people. (National
Geographic, Diaspora, @ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/diaspora/ )
Brain Drain: the situation in which large numbers of educated and very skilled people leave their own country to live and
work in another one where pay and conditions are better. (Cambridge English Dictionary)
Vagabond: a person who has no home and usually no job, and who travels from place to place. (Cambridge English
Dictionary)
Tourist: someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while on holiday. (Cambridge English Dictionary)
Asylum Seeker: is someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processed. Once asylum seekers are recognized
as refugees, they can receive legal and material assistance from the host country government. ( UNCHR, What is
Asylum? - The Fundamentals of Seeking Safety, @ https://www.unrefugees.org/news/what-is-asylum-the-
fundamentals-of-seeking-
safety/#What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20a%20refugee%20and%20an%20asylum%20seeker?)
Refugee: someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee
has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a
particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious
violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries. (UNCHR, What is a Refugee, @
https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/ )
 Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012
(REPUBLIC ACT No. 10364)
■ SEC. 3 (a) Trafficking In Persons (TIP)
Refers to the recruitment, obtaining, hiring, providing, offering, transportation, transfer,
maintaining, harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim’s consent or
knowledge, within or across national borders by means of threat, or use of force, or
other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position,
taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person for the purpose of exploitation which includes at a minimum, the exploitation or
the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services,
slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs.

"The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, adoption or receipt of a child for

the purpose of exploitation or when the adoption is induced by any form of
consideration for exploitative purposes shall also be considered as ‘trafficking in
persons’ even if it does not involve any of the means set forth in the preceding
paragraph.
Internal Migration International Migration

This refers to people moving from one area to another People cross borders of one country to another.
within on country
 FIVE TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
https://www.striking-women.org/main-module-page/types-migrants
1. Immigrants 2. Workers 3. Illegal migrants 4. Family Reunion 5.Political Migrants
(Refugees/Asylum
Seekers )
These are people who These are workers who • Families have Many people are forced
move permanently to stay in another country "petitioned" them to to migrate because of a
another country. for a fixed period (at move for the war, civil war or state
least 6 months in a destination country. policies which
1. Economic Migrants year). • This form of discriminate against
-is the movement of migration refers to particular groups of
people from one members of a family citizens or people who
country to another to coming to join one of oppose those in power.
benefit from greater their relatives who is These people are
economic opportunities. resident in another unable to return home
country. This because they have
2. Environmental commonly includes fears of being
Migrants- are people fiancé(e)s, persecuted and are
who are forced to (proposed) civil unlikely to receive any
migrate from or flee partners, spouses, protection from their
their home region due or unmarried or government.
to sudden or long-term same-sex partners,
changes to their local dependent children
environment which and elderly relatives.
adversely affects their
well being or livelihood.
READ MORE: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/05/09/2265008/teves-sought-
asylum-timor-leste-doj
“Embattled lawmaker Rep. Arnolfo Teves Jr. (Negros Oriental, 3rd District) has attempted
to seek asylum in Timor Leste, according to Department of Justice Secretary Jesus Crispin
Remulla.”

“Teves is alleged to have orchestrated the massacre that killed Negros Oriental governor
Roel Degamo and eight others. Defying orders from the House, he has yet to return to the
country since he left for the US four days before the killings.”

READ MORE: https://entertainment.inquirer.net/385987/filipino-playwright-seeks-

asylum-receives-prestigious-uk-theater-grant
Rogelio Braga wrote a play entitled: Miss Philippines. “It is about real women, lesbian,
and transgender women, barely surviving the life in the slums under Duterte’s war on
drugs.
He is also the first Filipino writer seeking asylum in the United Kingdom due to threats
of extra-judicial killing in the Philippines under the Duterte regime.”

READ MORE: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-19281492

“Ecuador has granted asylum to Wikileaks founder Julian Assange two months after
he took refuge in its London embassy while fighting extradition from the UK.”
 READ MORE: https://www.rescue.org/article/famous-refugees
“The physicist Albert Einstein arrived in America in 1933 after he and
thousands of other Jews fled persecution in Nazi Germany. That year, the
Nobel laureate and humanitarian called for the founding of the aid
https://www.rescue.org/article/f organization that was to become the International Rescue Committee.”
amous-refugees

READ MORE: https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52726870

Rita Ora: “The singer, songwriter and actress was born in a country called
Yugoslavia, in a region that is now known as Kosovo. Her parents, though are
Albanian.
When she was a baby her parents had to leave the region and move to the UK, as
Albanian people were being persecuted as war broke out in Yugoslavia.”

READ MORE: https://www.rescue.org/uk/article/did-you-know-these-

famous-celebrities-were-also-refugees
“As the frontman of the rock band Queen, Freddie Mercury (Farrokh
Bulsara) is known as one of the most innovative and accomplished
musicians of all time. Freddie was born in the British protectorate of
Zanzibar, now part of Tanzania. In 1964, his family left for England to
escape the violence of the Zanzibar Revolution against the island’s Arab
and Indian minorities.”
 FOUR MOST COMMON TYPES OF MIGRATION
(RAFAEL WOLDEAB , Why Do People Migrate? The Most Common Types of Migration @https://populationeducation.org/why-do-people-migrate-the-4-most-common-types-of-
migration/)

LABOR MIGRATION FORCED MIGRATION OR HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION

DISPLACEMENT MODERN SLAVERY

“The movement of persons “The movement of persons “Persons or groups of persons

from one State to another, or who have been forced or who, predominantly for
within their own country of obliged to flee or to leave their reasons of sudden or
residence, for the purpose of homes or places of habitual progressive changes in the
employment.” residence, in particular as a environment that adversely
result of or in order to avoid affect their lives or living
the effects of armed conflict, conditions, are obliged to
situations of generalized leave their habitual homes, or
violence, violations of human choose to do so, either
rights or natural or human- temporarily or permanently,
made disasters.” and who move within their
country or abroad.”
Labor migration is driven by
“push” factors (e.g. lack of
employment opportunities in
home countries) as well as
“pull” factors (work available
elsewhere)
(Aldama, The Contemporary
World, p18)
 WHO ARE ANTI-IMMIGRANTS?
■ DEFINITION: opposed to or directed against people who come to
a country in order to live there permanently (Cambridge Dictionary)
1. Donald Trump
2. Theresa May
Environmental Crisis and Sustainable
Development
■ Concept
■ Origins and Manifestations of global environmental crises
■ Environmental Problems
■ Policies and Programs of Governments around the World
❖ Sustainable Development Goals
❖ Kyoto Protocol
❖ Paris Climate Agreement or COP21
 Environmental Crisis
@ https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095753543

■ A term that is used to describe the sum of the environmental problems that we face today. Key
contemporary environmental problems include the greenhouse effect and global warming, the hole in
the ozone layer, acid rain, and tropical forest clearance.
■ New dimensions to the environmental crisis include emerging threats and the global nature, rapid
build‐up, and persistence of the problems. Whilst the problems appear to be largely physical
(environmental), the causes and solutions lie much more in people's attitudes, values, and
expectations.
■ A number of factors have helped to create these problems, including developments in technology,
which have given people a greater ability to use the environment and its natural resources for their
own ends (particularly since the Industrial Revolution); the rapid increase in human population in
recent centuries, which has significantly increased population densities in many countries and led to a
significant rise in human use of natural resources; the emergence of free market economies, in which
economic factors play a central role in decision‐making about production, consumption, use of
resources, and treatment of wastes; attitudes towards the environment, particularly amongst western
cultures, which regard it as freely available for people to do whatever they like with; and the short‐term
time horizon over which many people, companies, and countries make decisions, which means that
short‐term maximization of profit has generally been taken more seriously than long‐term sustainable
use of the environment. There are many symptoms of the so‐called ‘crisis’.
 Environmental Crisis
@ https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095753543

■ According to the UNEPGlobal Environment Outlook 2000 report: there will be a

billion cars by 2025, up from 40 million since 1945; a quarter of the world's 4630
types of mammals and 11% of the 9675 species of bird are at serious risk of
extinction; more than half of the world's coral is at risk from dredging, diving, and
global warming; 80% of forests have been cleared; a billion city dwellers are
exposed to levels of air pollution that threaten human health; the global population
will reach 8.9 billion in 2050, up from 6 billion in the year 2000; global warming will
raise temperatures by up to 3.6°C, triggering a ‘devastating’ rise in sea level and
more severe natural disasters; and global use of pesticides is causing up to five
million acute poisoning incidents each year.
 The World’s Leading Environmental Problems
• The contamination of the earth by industrial and transportation
poisons and plastic; sea, river, and water bed pollution caused by oil
spills and acid rain; and the dumping of urban garbage.

• Changes in global weather patterns (flash floods, extreme

snowstorms, and the spread of deserts); an increase in ocean and
land temperatures, resulting in a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice
caps melt due to the weather); as well as flooding in many low-lying
areas around the world.

• Overpopulation.

• The depletion of the world’s non-renewable, natural resources,

ranging from oil reserves to minerals and potable water.
 The World’s Leading Environmental Problems
• A waste disposal disaster caused by enormous amounts of rubbish (ranging from
plastic, to food packages, to electronic waste) being dumped in landfills and bodies of
water by communities; and the dumping of nuclear waste materials.

• Damage of million-year-old ecosystems and biodiversity loss (such as coral reef

destruction and extensive deforestation), resulting in the extinction of certain species
and a decrease in the number of others.

• Deforestation leading to a reduction in oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere, which contributed a 150% increase in ocean acidity in the previous 250
years.

• The ozone layer, which protects the world from the sun’s harmful UV rays, being
depleted due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere.

• Acid rain resulting in fossil fuel combustion, toxic compounds emitted by erupting
volcanoes, and vast piles of rotting vegetables clogging landfills or strewing the streets.
 The World’s Leading Environmental Problems
(Lisandro Claudio, and Patricio Abinales citing Conserve Energy Future)
• Industrial and community garbage residues flowing into underground
water tables, rivers, and seas, thus, polluting water supplies.

• As a city grows into a metropolis, it continues to expand, devastating

farmlands, increasing traffic congestion, and making smog a permanent
urban element.

• Pandemics and other public-health concerns caused by wastes

contaminating drinking water, filthy surroundings that serve as breeding
grounds for mosquitoes and disease-carrying rodents, and pollution.

• Genetic alterations in food production, resulting in a profound

transformation.
 MAN-MADE POLLUTION
@ https://sciencing.com/types-manmade-pollutants-8329911.html
■ Man-made pollution is generally a byproduct of human actions such as consumption, waste
disposal, industrial production, transportation and energy generation.
Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Pollution Radioactive Pollution
• Air pollution occurs • Water pollution occurs • Soil pollution occurs as • Radioactive pollution
when harmful as bodies of water harmful man-made can result from the
chemicals or particulate (oceans, lakes, rivers, substances leach into improper disposal of
matter are introduced streams, aquifers and the soil. nuclear waste, the
into the atmosphere. atmospheric water) • This can be caused by accidental discharge of
• Major contributors to air become contaminated pesticide run-off, core material from a
pollution are by man-made waste leakage of underground nuclear power plant or
transportation, industry substances. storage tanks, the detonation of a
and agriculture, which • Pollution of local water dumping, percolation of nuclear explosive
respectively release systems can occur contaminated surface device.
large amounts of through individual water to lower soil
carbon dioxide, sulfur activities (for example, strata or the presence
dioxide and methane disposing of consumer of landfills.
(to name a few) into the detergents down sewer
atmosphere. drains), industry or
agricultural (such as
the runoff of chemical
fertilizers).
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals

■ “Global Goals”
■ Adopted by the United Nations in 2015
■ It is a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all
people enjoy peace and prosperity.
■ 17 SDGs.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
It is defined as: “development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs” (United Nations General Assembly, 1987,
p. 43).
(Rachel Emas, The Concept of Sustainable Development: Definition and Defining Principles, 2015 @
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5839GSDR%202015_SD_concept_definiton_re
v.pdf )
 KYOTO PROTOCOL
@ https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
@ https://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/fact_sheet_the_kyoto_protocol.pdf
@ https://earth.org/the-kyoto-protocol/

• Adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.

• Entered into force on 16 February 2005.
• Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
• The Protocol separated countries in two groups: Annex 1
(developed nations), and Annex 2 (developing nations).
• Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized countries and the
European Community have committed to reducing their
emissions by an average of 5 percent against 1990 levels over
the five-year period 2008-2012.
• Developing countries were asked to voluntarily comply.
 PARIS AGREEMENT (COP 21)
@ https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement

■ The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change.

■ It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12
December 2015.
■ It entered into force on 4 November 2016.
■ Its overarching goal is to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C
above pre-industrial levels” and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above
pre-industrial levels.”
■ Since 2020, countries have been submitting their national climate action plans, known as nationally
determined contributions (NDCs).
■ In their NDCs, countries communicate actions they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement. Countries also communicate in their
NDCs actions they will take to build resilience to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
The Global Filipino
■ Definition/Concept: A moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts, and remind
them of their relative responsibilities within various communities. ( Baraldi citing
Caecilia Johanna van Peski)
 Major Sources of Philippine Income
■ The Philippine economy depends largely on incomes
from jobs with global connections (migrant labor).
■ The business process outsourcing (BPO) that the
Philippines provides for foreign clients.
■ The third source of national income is comprised of
exports.
■ The fourth largest source of income is tourism, which
reached about $6.05 billion by the end of 2016.