Lecture Power System Representation

Energy Growth Rate (Forecast)
 Assuming the growth is exponential:
Where M = amount of energy at a certain time

Mo = energy when t = o
a = growth rate
t = time
Example:
(ans. 13 yrs)
Power System Representation

One Line Diagram
Impedance Diagram
Assumptions in creating impedance diagram:
1. A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an inductive

reactance. The internal resistance of the generator is negligible compared to the
reactance.
2. The loads are inductive.
3. The transformer core is ideal, and the transformer may be represented by a reactance.
4. The transmission line is a medium – length line and can be denoted by a T – circuit.
An alternative representation, such as a π - circuit, is equally applicable.
5. The delta – wye connected transformer may be represented by by an equivalent wye –
wye connected transformer (via a delta to wye transformation) so that the impedance
diagram may be represented on a per phase basis.
Reactance Diagram
 The reactance diagram is drawn by neglecting all resistances, the static loads, and the
capacitance of the transmission line.
Per Unit System

 is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity
(Wikipedia)
 is defined as the ratio of actual value in any unit to the base or reference value in the
same unit.
 The per unit quantities are computed as follows:
Where: actual quantity is the value of the quantity in the actual units
 The base value has the same units as the actual quantity, thus making the per-unit
quantity dimensionless.
 the angle of the per-unit quantity is the same as the angle of the actual quantity
 Usually the base voltage VbaseLN and base complex power Sbase1Ø are selected for
either a single-phase circuit or for one phase of a threephase circuit.
Formulas:
 rules for base quantities:

1. The value of Sbase1f is the same for the entire power system of concern.
2. The ratio of the voltage bases on either side of a transformer is selected to
be the same as the ratio of the transformer voltage ratings
 a per-unit impedance remains unchanged when referred from one side of a

transformer to the other
 To convert a per-unit impedance from ‘‘old’’ to ‘‘new’’ base values, use:
Example 1: A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 volts, 60

Hz. The equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer referred to the 120-volt
winding, denoted winding 2, is . Using the transformer ratings as
base values, determine the per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2 and referred
to winding 1.
Solution:
for the base impedance on the 120-volt side of the transformer:
for the per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2:
if Zeq2 is referred to winding 1:
at the 480-volt side of the transformer:
p.u. value of the leakage reactance referred to winding 1:
Example 1: Three zones of a single-phase circuit are identified in the figure below. The
zones are connected by transformers T1 and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using
base values of 30 kVA and 240 volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit circuit and determine
the per-unit impedances and the per-unit source voltage. Then calculate the load current
both in per-unit and in amperes. Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittance
branches are neglected.
Solution:
Using Sbase = 30 kVA and Vbase1 = 240 volts as specified in zone 1 to determine the base
voltages in zone 2 and in zone 3:
For the base impedances in zones 2 and 3:
For the base current in zone 3:
For per unit values:

Reactance circuit diagram:
For the per-unit value of the load current:
For the actual value of load current:

Example 3: A balanced-Y-connected voltage source with volts is applied
to a balanced-∆ load with The line impedance between the source and
load is for each phase. Calculate the per-unit and actual current in phase
a of the line using Sbase3Ø = 10 kVA and VbaseLL = 480 volts.
Solution:
Converting the ∆ - load to Y – equivalent: Zy = 10 / 40°
Then:
p.u values of line impedance:
load:
also,
per unit equivalent circuit:
For the line current:

Base current:
Actual value of current:

Lecture Power System Representation

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Lecture Power System Representation

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Energy Growth Rate (Forecast)

 Assuming the growth is exponential:

Where M = amount of energy at a certain time

Power System Representation

1. A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an inductive

Per Unit System

 rules for base quantities:

 a per-unit impedance remains unchanged when referred from one side of a

 To convert a per-unit impedance from ‘‘old’’ to ‘‘new’’ base values, use:

Example 1: A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 volts, 60

for the per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2:

if Zeq2 is referred to winding 1:

at the 480-volt side of the transformer:

p.u. value of the leakage reactance referred to winding 1:

For the base impedances in zones 2 and 3:

For the base current in zone 3:

For per unit values:

For the per-unit value of the load current:

For the actual value of load current:

Converting the ∆ - load to Y – equivalent: Zy = 10 / 40°

p.u values of line impedance:

per unit equivalent circuit:

For the line current:

Actual value of current:

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