

Home  class10science-notes

Notes of Ch 6 Life Process Part-II| Class 10th

Science
 11 Jul, 2017

Study Material and Notes of Ch 6 Life Process Part-II Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Respiration in Human Beings
→ Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways
→ Types of Respiration
→ Human Respiratory System
→ Mechanism of Breathing
• Respiration in plants
• Transportation in Human Beings
→ Circulatory system in human beings
• Blood circulation in human body
→ Direction of blood 몭ow through human heart
• Blood
→ Lymph
→ Types of Blood Vessels
→ Exchange of gases between alveoli, blood and tissues
• Transportation in Plants
→ Transpiration and its Functions
• Excretion System in Human Beings
→ Excretory wastes
→ Three steps of Urine formation
→ Formation of Urine in Human Beings
→ Functions of Nephron
→ Arti몭cial Kidney
• Excretion in Plants

Respiration in Human Beings

→ Respiration involves:

(i) Gaseous exchange (Breathing) : Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of
CO2.

(ii) Cellular respiration: Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the
cell.

• Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways

→ The 몭rst step is the break-down of glucose (a six-carbon molecule) into a three-carbon
molecule called pyruvate which takes place in the cytoplasm.
→ The pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide which takes place in
yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air (oxygen),
it is called anaerobic respiration.

→ The pyruvate is broken down into three-carbon pyruvate molecule in the presence of
oxygen to give three molecules of carbon dioxide and water. This process takes place in
mitochondria. Since this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is called
aerobic respiration.

→ The pyruvate is converted into lactic acid when there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle
cells, which is also a three-carbon molecule. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles
during sudden activity causes cramps.

The whole process of break down of glucose is shown below:

→ The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesise a

molecule called ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell. In these
processes, ATP is broken down giving rise to a 몭xed amount of energy which can drive
the endothermic reactions taking place in the cell.

→ The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial
organisms because the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the
amount of oxygen in the air.

• Types of Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Takes place in the presence of oxygen. Takes place in the absence of oxygen.

Occurs in mitochondria. Occurs in cytoplasm.

End products are CO2 and H2O. End products are alcohol or lactic acid.

More amount of energy is released. Less amount of energy is released.

• Human Respiratory System

Passage of air through the respiratory system:

→ Nostril: Air is taken into the body.

→ Nasal Passage: It is a channel for air몭ow through the nose.

→ Nasal Cavity: It is lined with hairs and mucus membrane. It warms, moisturize, and
몭lter air before it reaches the lungs.

→ Pharynx: It contains rings of cartilage which ensure that the air-passage does not
collapse.
→ Larynx: It houses the vocal cords and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential
for phonation. It is also known as voice box.

→ Trachea: Pharynx splits into trachea and esophagus. It connects the larynx (or voice
box) to the bronchi of the lungs. It provides air 몭ow to and from the lungs for
respiration.

→ Bronchi: They are the main passageway into the lungs. They are the extensions of the
windpipe that shuttle air to and from the lungs. The oxygen goes to the lungs and
carbon dioxide leave the lungs through them.

→ Bronchioles: Bronchi get smaller when they reaches closer to lungs tissues and are
called Bronchioles. They are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or
mouth to the alveoli of the lungs

→ Alveoli: They are smaller tubes which 몭nally terminate in balloon-like structures which
are called alveoli. They allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and
bloodstream.

→ Blood capillaries: They are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from
the bloodstream to other tissues in the body. They also collect carbon dioxide and waste
materials and return it to the veins.

• Mechanism of Breathing

Inhalation Exhalation

During inhalation the thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity contracts.

(chest cavity) expands.

Ribs lift up. Ribs move downwards.

Diaphragm become 몭at in shape. Diaphragm becomes dome shaped.

Volume of lungs increases and air enters Volume of lungs decreases and air exits
the lungs. from the lungs.
• Exchange of gases between alveoli, blood and tissues

(i) Air (rich in O2) reaches blood which combines with haemoglobin in RBC and O2 is
released in
alveoli tissues (through blood vessels).

(ii) CO2 is released in blood and dissolved into it and carried by blood vessels. The carbon
dioxide is released in alveolar sac which is sent out through nostrils.

→ Terrestial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration.

→ Aquatic organisms: Use dissolved oxygen for respiration.

Respiration in plants

Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals. Gaseous exchange occur
through :
(a) Stomata in leaves
(b) Lenticels in stems
(c) General surface of the root

Transportation in Human Beings

Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen etc.
This function is performed by circulatory system.
→ The circulatory system in human beings consists of:
(i) Heart (pumping organ)
(ii) Arteries and Veins (Blood vessels)
(iii) Blood and lymph (Circulatory medium)

• Circulatory system in human beings

→ The lungs supply oxygen-rich blood to the the left atrium of the heart.

→ The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting the blood and contracts when blood is
transferred to the left ventricle. The left ventricle expands when it receives blood.

→ The blood is pumped out of the body when the muscles of left ventricle contracts.

→ De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right i.e. the
right atrium when it expands.

→ The corresponding lower chamber i.e. the right ventricle expands when right atrium
contracts. It transfers the blood to the right ventricle which in turn pumps it to the lungs
for oxygenation.

→ Right ventricles have thicker muscular walls so that they pump blood into various
organs.

→ Valves ensure that blood does not 몭ow backwards when the atria or ventricles
contract.
Blood circulation in human body

→ Double circulation: Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the
body.

Direction of blood 몭ow through human heart

→ Pulmonary Circulation: Blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart.

→ Systemic Circulation: Blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back to the
heart.

• Blood

Blood is connective tissue which is 몭uid in nature.

→ Solid components of blood (Blood corpuscles):

(i) RBC (Red blood cells): It carries O2 and CO2 and also contain Haemoglobin which
impart red colour to the blood.

(ii) WBC (White blood cells): It provides body defence by engul몭ng the germs and
produces antibodies.

(iii) Blood Platelets: It helps in blood clotting during injury.

→ Liquid components (Plasma): It is a yellow colour 몭uid which contain 90% water &
10% organic
substances.

• Lymph

→ It is a yellowish 몭uid which escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular
spaces.

→ It contains less proteins than blood.

→ It 몭ows from the tissues to the heart which helps in transportation and destroying
germs.

→ It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess 몭uid from extra
cellular space back into the blood.

• Types of Blood Vessels

There are two types of blood vessels

(i) Arteries
(ii) Veins

Arteries Veins

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to Carry deoxygenated blood from body
body parts except pulmonary artery. parts to heart except pulmonary vein.

Also called distributing vessel. Also called collecting vessel.

Thick and elastic. Thin and less elastic.

Deepseated. (far from the skin) Super몭cial (near to the skin) as

compared to arteries.

Transportation in Plants

There are two main conducting pathways in a plant.

(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem

Xylem Phloem

Carries water & minerals from the Carries product of photosynthesis from
roots to other parts of the plant. leaves to the other parts of the plant.

No energy is used. Energy is used from ATP.

Transpiration and its Functions

It is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant.

Function :
(a) Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL.
(b) Helps in temperature regulation in plant.

Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to di몭erent part of the plant is called
Translocation.

Excretion System in Human Beings

Excretory/urinary system consists of :

(1) The kidneys : The excretory organ
(2) The ureters : The ducts which drain out urine from the kidneys
(3) The urinary bladder : The urinary reservoir
(4) The urethra : The channel to the exterior

Excretion

(i) The metabolic activities in the body generates many kinds of wastes including
nitrogenous wastes which are harmful for the body and hence needed to be removed.
Excretion is a process by which these wastes are removed from our body.

(i) Unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple di몭usion.

Excretory wastes

Functions of Organs involved in Excretory System

Each kidney contains many 몭ltration units called as nephrons.

→ Nephrons are made up of a cluster of thin walled capillaries called glomerulus which
is associated with a cup like structure called as Bowman’s capsule and the long tube
which terminates through this
capsule.

→ The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys along with the nitrogenous
wastes like urea and uric acid and many other substances.

→ The blood gets 몭ltered through the glomerulus and this 몭ltrate enters the tubular
part of nephron.

→ As this 몭ltrate moves down the tubular part, glucose, amino acids, salts and excess of
water gets selectively reabsorbed by the blood vessels surrounding these tubules.

→ The amount of water reabsorbed depends upon :

(i) How much excess of water is there in the body and,
(ii) How much nitrogenous wastes need to be excreted out.

→ So the 몭uid now 몭owing in the tubular part is urine which gets collected in collecting
ducts of nephrons.

→ These collecting ducts together leave the kidney at a common point by forming the
ureter.

→ Each ureter drains the urine in the urinary bladder where it is stored until the
pressure of expanded bladder leads to an urge to pass it out through urethra.
→ This bladder is a muscular structure which is under nervous control.

→ 180 litres of 몭ltrate is formed daily but only 2 litres is excreted out as urine so the rest
is reabsorbed in the body.

Structure of Nephron

Functions of Nephron

→ Excretion of nitrogenous wastes.

→ To maintain the water and ionic balance (osmic regulation).

Arti몭cial Kidney

Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an arti몭cial kidney. It is meant for

kidney failure patients.

Excretion in Plants

Plants use di몭erent strategies for excretion of di몭erent products :

→ Oxygen and carbon dioxide is di몭used through stomata.

 → Excess water is removed by transpiration.

→ Plants can even loose some of their old parts like old leaves and bark of tree.

→ Other waste products like raisins and gums especially in old xylem cells which can
also be lost by plants.

→ Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Formation of urine in Humans

The urine formation involves three steps :

(i) Glomerular 몭ltration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid 몭lter from the
blood into Bowman Capsule of the nephron.

(ii) Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the 몭ltrate are reabsorbed back
by capillaries surrounding the nephron.

(iii) Secretion: Urea, extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up
into the collecting duct & then into the ureter.

Part 1 Life Process Notes

Go Back to Class 10 Science Notes

 Previous Post Next Post 

Important Study Materials

CBSE Class 10 and 12 Datesheet 2023

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science

Reference Book Solutions

RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions

RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions

Important Materials

Math Formula

Physics Formula

Chemistry Formula

Important Questions for Class 10

Question Papers

Previous Year Question Papers

CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10

CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12

CBSE Class 12 Sample Papers

Quick Links

NCERT Books

Revision Notes for Class 10

Revision Notes for Class 9

Revision Notes for Class 8

 Revision Notes for Class 8

ABOUT US

Studyrankers is a free educational platform for cbse k-12 students.

FOLLOW US

  

Copyright © 2024 Study Rankers All Right Reserved

Disclaimer Privacy Policy Advertise with us