NETWORK ANALYSIS 1/CIRCUIT

THEOREM 1 LAB GUIDE

Compiled By. Engr Justice Doe Akpaloo

 CAPE COAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINNEERING DEPARTMENT

This material is compiled for ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS 1 LAB. and to be used with Electrical
Teaching and Experimentation Training Modules by AVIC INTL under CTVET GHANA initiation.

1
Experiment I, Ohm's Law
I. Experiment Purpose
1. Learn how to use constant voltage source, dc voltmeter and ammeter.
2. Master the point-by-point test method for the volt-ampere characteristics of linear resistance elements and
verify the correctness of ohm’s law.

II. Experiment Equipment

1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-13A Circuit principle (II)
4. NDG-06A Adjustable resistance box

III. Rationale
Ohm's law: the current in a conductor is proportional to the voltage at both ends of the conductor and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
The mathematical expression of ohm's law is: I= U/R.
Where, U is the voltage (V) at both ends of the conductor; R for conductor resistance (Ω); I is the current (A)
flowing through the conductor.

IV. Experiment Content

（1）Conduct wiring in figure 1-1, power supply U chooses constant voltage source, RL chooses 1 k Ω linear
resistor. Note: U slowly adjusts from zero to no more than 10V. Record the ammeter reading in the meter below.

Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2

Table 1-1 Resistance Volt-Ampere Characteristic Data

U (V) 0 2 4 6 8 10
I (mA)

Wiring is conducted according to figure 1-2. The power source U in the figure is a constant voltage source,
adjusted to 10V and kept unchanged. Adjustable resistance RL adopts adjustable resistance box to adjust to the
resistance values in the table below and record the corresponding current.

RL ( kΩ) 1 2 3 4 5 6
I (mA)

2
V. Precautions
1.Constant voltage source output is not allowed to short circuit, pay attention to the polarity of voltmeter,
ammeter in the experiment.

VI. Thinking Questions

1.As shown in figure 1-3, the known voltage on both ends of bulb is 220 v, the resistance of the bulb is 1210 Ω.
So what's the current going through the bulb?

Figure1-3

VII. Experiment Report

1.According to the experimental data, the volt-ampere characteristic curve of resistance is drawn.

3
Experiment II, Resistance of Parallel Circuits
I. Experiment Purpose
1.Master the characteristics of resistance parallel circuit.
2.Learn to use the characteristics of resistance parallel circuit to analyze the actual circuit.

II. Experiment Equipment

1.NDG-02 DC power supply
2.NDG-03A DC instrument
3.NDG-13A Circuit principle (II)
4.Multimeter.

III. Rationale
Connect the head ends of several resistors to the head ends, and the tail ends to the tail ends, respectively, between
two common points. Resistance parallel circuit has the following characteristics:
（1）The voltage at both ends of the parallel branch in the circuit is equal, that is
U = U 1 = U 2 =  = Un
（2）The total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the current in each branch, i.e
I = I 1 + I 2 +  + In
（3）The reciprocal of the total resistance (equivalent resistance) of the circuit is equal to the sum of the
reciprocal resistances of each branch
1 1 1 1
= + + +
R R1 R 2 Rn

IV. Experiment Content

1.Wiring is conducted according to figure 3-1. A, B, C and D in the figure are current sampling sockets, and
constant voltage source U=6V. Resistance R1=100Ω、R2=200Ω、R3=300Ω.
2.Measure the voltage on the resistance: use the dc voltmeter to measure the voltage U1, U2, U3 at the ends of
resistors R1, R2, and R3, and record the experimental data in table 2-1.
3.Measure the current of each branch: insert the red end of the current plug into the positive pole of the ammeter,
and the black end into the negative pole of the ammeter. Then insert the current sampling plug into A, B, C and
D, respectively, measure the current I1, I2, I3 and I4, and record the experimental data in table 2-1.
4. Turn off the DC power supply, disconnect the connection of constant voltage source U from the circuit, and
measure the equivalent resistance R of the parallel resistance between a and b.

4
Figure 2-1

Table 2-1
Physical U U1 U2 U3 I1 I2 I3 I4 R1 R2 R3 R
quantities （V） （V） （V） （V） （mA） （mA） （mA） （mA） （Ω） （Ω） （Ω） （Ω）

Measured
value

V. Precautions
1.The voltmeter shall be used in parallel with the circuit under test, and the ammeter shall be used in series with
the circuit under test. And polarity should be paid attention to.

VI. Thinking Questions

1.As shown in figure 2-2, resistor R1 and R2 are connected to the circuit in parallel, and the voltage applied at
both ends is 24V. If R1=80Ω，the current through R2 is 0.2A，Q:
（1）What is the total current in the circuit?
（2）What is the resistance value of resistance R2?

Figure 2-2

VII. Experiment Report

1.According to the experimental results, the characteristics of voltage, current and equivalent resistance in
parallel circuits are summarized.

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Experiment III, A Series Circuit of Resistors
I. Experiment Purpose
1. Master the characteristics of resistance series circuit.
2. Learn to use the characteristics of resistance series circuit to analyze the actual circuit.

II. Experiment Equipment

1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-13A Circuit principle (II)
4.Multimeter

III. Rationale
A connection in which two or more resistors are connected end to end so that the current has only one path is
called a series circuit of resistors. Resistance series circuit has the following characteristics:
（1）The current through each resistance in the circuit is equal, i.e
I = I 1 = I 2 =  = In
（2）the total voltage in the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltages in each resistor, i.e
U = U 1 + U 2 +  + Un
（3）The total resistance (equivalent resistance) of the circuit is equal to the sum of the series resistances, i.e
R = R1 + R 2 +  + Rn
（4）The voltage at both ends of each resistance in the circuit is proportional to its resistance value, i.e
U1 U 2 Un
= = =
R1 R 2 Rn

IV. Experiment Content

1.Wiring is conducted according to figure 3-1 to adjust the output of constant voltage source: U=6V，in NDG-
13A chooses R1=100Ω, R2=200Ω, R3=300Ω.
2. Cut off the dc power supply, disconnect the connection of the constant voltage source, put the multimeter in
ohm range, and measure the equivalent resistance value of the series resistance R.

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 Figure 3-1

Table 3-1 U=6V I= mA

Nominal resistance
R1=10OΩ R2=20OΩ R3=30OΩ R=R1+R2+R3
values
Measured voltage
U1= U2= U3=
value V
Resistance
calculation value
Measured resistance
value

V. Precautions
1. Constant voltage source output is not allowed to short circuit
2. Voltmeter parallel test, ammeter string circuit test, please pay attention to the polarity.
3.If you use a multimeter to measure voltage and current, you should first adjust to the corresponding power
level.

VI. Thinking Questions

1.As shown in figure 2-2, there are two bulbs in series circuit, the power supply voltage is 12 v, the light bulb at
the ends of the L1 voltage is 9 v, the resistance of the bulb L1 is 30 Ω. Q :

Figure 3-2

（1）what is the voltage at both ends of the bulb L2?

（2）what is the total current in the circuit?
（3）what is the resistance of bulb L2?

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2.Why is there deviation between the measured value and the nominal value and the calculated value? What is
the cause of the deviation?

8
Experiment IV Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

I. Experiment Purpose
1.Verify kirchhoff voltage law and deepen the understanding of kirchhoff voltage law.
2. Deepen understanding of the concept of circuit reference direction.
II. Experiment Equipment
1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-12A Circuit principle (I)
III. Rationale
Kirchhoff's voltage law: For any closed loop in the circuit, under the reference direction of
the set voltage，after going for a circle, it should be Σ U = 0. Generally, the voltage in the same
direction as the detour is positive, and the voltage in the opposite direction is negative.
IV. Experiment Content
The experimental circuit is shown in figure 14-1, in which the power supply US1=6V,
US2=12V (based on the reading of the dc voltmeter). R3 is connected between AD.

Figure 4-1
1. Measuring element voltage
Dc voltmeter is used to measure the voltage values on the two power sources and resistance
elements respectively, and the data is recorded in table 4-1. During the measurement, the red
(positive) terminal of the voltmeter shall be inserted into the high-potential terminal of the
reference direction of the voltage under test, and the black (negative) terminal shall be inserted
into the low-potential terminal of the reference direction of the voltage under test.

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 Table 4-1 Voltage data of each component

Voltage of each element (V) US1 US2 UR1 UR2 UR3 UR4 UR5

Calculated value (V)

Measured value (V)

Relative error

V. Thinking Questions
1. How many KVL equations can be listed in the circuit shown in figure 4-1? Do they have
anything to do with the direction of the detour?
VI. Experiment Report
1.According to the experimental data, any closed loop in the experimental circuit is selected
to verify the correctness of kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL).

10
Experiment V, Kirchhoff’s Current Law

I. Experiment Purpose
1. Verify Kirchhoff's current law and deepen the understanding of kirchhoff's current law.
2. Deepen understanding of the concept of circuit reference direction.
II. Experiment Equipment
1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-12A Circuit principle (I)
III. Rationale
Kirchhoff's current law: for any node in the circuit, at any given moment, the sum of the
currents flowing into the node is equal to the sum of the currents flowing out of the node. That for
any node in the circuit should be Σ I = 0. Generally, the current out of the node is negative, and the
current in the node is positive.
IV. Experiment Content
The experimental circuit is shown in figure 5-1, with the power supply in the figure
US1=6V,US2=12V. R3 is connected between AD.

Figure 5－1
Before the experiment, set the current reference direction of the three branches, as shown in
figure I1, I2 , I3 and get familiar with the line structure.
1. Be familiar with the structure of the current plug. Insert the red terminal of the current
plug into the red (positive) terminal of the digital ammeter, and the black terminal of the current
plug into the black (negative) terminal of the digital ammeter.
2. Measure the branch current
Insert the current plug into the three current sockets of the three branches, read out the
current values, and record the data in table 5-1.

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 Table 5-1 Branch current data
Branch current (mA) I1 I2 I3

Calculated value

Measured value

Relative error
V. Thinking Questions
1. According to the circuit parameters in figure 5-1, calculate the I1, I2, I3 of the current to be
measured, and record them in table 5-1, so that the range of milliammeter can be correctly
selected during the experimental measurement.
2. In the circuit shown in figure 5-1, are the KCL equations of nodes A and D the same?
Why is that?
VI. Experiment Report
1. According to the experimental data, any node in the experimental circuit is selected to
verify the correctness of kirchhoff's current law (KCL).

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Experiment VI, Superposition Principle
I. Experiment Purpose
1. Verify the superposition principle.
2. Master the analysis method of linear circuit superposition principle.

II. Experiment Equipment

1.NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-12A Circuit principle (I)

III. Rationale
The superposition principle states: In a linear circuit with several sources acting together, the current passing
through each element or the voltage at each end can be considered as an algebraic sum of the current or voltage
generated on the element when each source acts alone. The specific method is: when a power source acts alone,
other power sources must be removed (voltage source short circuit, current source open circuit); When the
algebraic sum of current or voltage is obtained, when the reference direction of current or voltage is the same as
that of common action when the power source acts alone, the sign shall be positive; otherwise, it shall be negative.
In figure 6-1: I1 = I1 − I1 I 2 = − I 2 + I 2 I 3 = I 3 + I 3 U = U  + U 

Figure 6-1

IV. Experiment Content

The experimental circuit is shown in figure 6-2 below, in which: R1 = R3 = R4 = 510 , R2 = 1k , R5 = 330 .
In the figure, the power US1=12V，US2=6V (subject to dc digital voltmeter reading). Resistance R3 is connected
between AD and diode is not connected.

13
Figure 6-2

1.US1 The power supply acts independently (dc voltage is added between F and E, US2 input is disconnected,
and B and C are short-connected. Refer to Figure. 6-1 (B) to draw the circuit diagram and indicate the reference
direction of each current and voltage.
Dc ammeter is used to measure the current of each branch (using current sampling line): Insert the red terminal
of the current sampling line into the red (positive) terminal of the ammeter, and the black terminal into the black
(negative) terminal of the ammeter. Measure the current of each branch with the plug of the sampling line. At
node A, the ammeter reading is' + ', indicating the current flowing into the node. The reading is' - ', indicating
the current outflow node. The data are recorded in table 6-1.
Measure the voltage at both ends of each resistance element with a dc voltmeter: The red (positive) terminal of
the voltmeter shall be inserted into the positive terminal of the voltage reference direction of the resistance
element under test, while the black (negative) terminal of the voltmeter shall be inserted into the other end of the
resistance element (the voltage reference direction of the resistance element is consistent with the current
reference direction), and the voltage at both ends of each resistance element shall be measured. The data shall
be recorded in table 6-1.

Table 6-1 Experimental data I

Measuring US1 US2 I1 I2 I3 UAB UCD UAD UDE UFA
item (V) (V) (mA) (mA) (mA) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V)
Experimental
content
US1 acts alone 12 0

US2 acts alone 0 6

US1, US2 act 12 6

together

2.US2 The power supply ACTS independently (dc voltage is added between B and C, the connection line of US1
is unplugged, and F and E are shorted), and the circuit diagram is drawn, indicating the reference direction of
each current and voltage.
Repeat the measurement in step 1 and record the data in table 6-1.
3.When US1and US2 acting together (normally connecting US1 and US2 and normal input voltage source), the

14
reference direction of each current and voltage is shown in figure 6-2.
Complete the measurement of the above current and voltage and record the data in table 6-1.
4.Replace the experimental resistance R3 with the diode 1N4007 on the side, repeat the measurement process in
steps 1 to 3, and record the data in table 6-2.
Table 6-2 Experimental data II
Measuring US1 US2 I1 I2 I3 UAB UCD UAD UDE UFA
item (V) (V) (mA) (mA) (mA) (V) (V) (V) (V) (V)
Experimental
content
US1 acts alone 12 0

US2 acts alone 0 6

US1, US2 act 12 6

together

V. Precautions
1.When measuring the current of each branch with the current plug, pay attention to the polarity of the meter
and the record of "+" and "-" in the data table.
2. Pay attention to the meter range replacement in time.
3.When the voltage source acts alone, remove another power supply, unplug the power connection, and then
short-connect the input end of the experimental circuit, do not short-connect the power supply, otherwise there
will be a certain probability to burn the power supply.

VI. Thinking Questions

1.In the superposition principle, US1 and US2 operate separately. How should they operate in the experiment? Can
the power supply to be removed (US1 or US2) be directly shorted?
2. In the experimental circuit, if a resistance element is changed to a diode, is the superposition still true? Why
is that?

VII. Experiment Report

1. According to the experimental data in table 6-1, the superposition of the linear circuit is verified by calculating
the current of each branch and the voltage at both ends of each resistance element.
2. Can the power consumed by each resistance element be calculated using the superposition principle? Use the
above experimental data to calculate and explain.
3.According to the experimental data in table 6-1, when US1＝US2＝12V, the superposition principle is used to
calculate the branch current and the voltage at both ends of each resistance element.
4. According to the experimental data in table 6-2, it is shown whether the superposition is applicable to the
experimental circuit.

15
Experiment VII, Thevenin Theorem
I. Experiment Purpose
1.Verify the thevenin theorem to deepen the understanding of the theorem.
2.Master the general method of measuring the equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network.

II. Experiment Equipment

1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-12A circuit principle (I)
4. NDG-06A Adjustable resistance box

III. Experimental Principle

1. Thevenin Theorem
The Thevenin Theorem points out that: Any active two-terminal network, as shown in figure 7-1 (a), can always
be replaced by an actual voltage source consisting of a voltage source US and a resistor RS in series, as shown in
figure 7-1 (b), where: The voltage source US is equal to the open circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal
network, and the internal resistance RS is equal to the equivalent resistance RO when all independent sources in
the network are set to zero (the voltage source is short-circuited and the current source is open).

Figure 7-1

2.Method for measuring the equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network

（1）Open circuit voltage and short circuit current method
When the output end of the active two-terminal network is open, the open circuit voltage UOC of the output end
is directly measurSed by the voltmeter. Then short circuit the output end and measure the short circuit current IS
U OC
Ｃ, then the internal resistance is: RS =
I SC
If the internal resistance value of the active two-terminal network is very low, it is not suitable to measure the
short-circuit current.

16
Figure 7-2
（2）Voltammetry
One method is to use a voltmeter and ammeter to measure the external characteristic curve of the active two-
terminal network, as shown in figure 7-2. Open circuit voltage is UOC, and the slope tgφ is calculated according
to the external characteristic curve, then the internal resistance is:
U
RS = tg =
I
Another method is to measure the open circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, the rated current
IN and the corresponding rated voltage UN of the output end, as shown IN figure 7-1, then the internal resistance
U OC − U N
is: RS =
IN
（3）half-voltage method
As shown in figure 7-3, when the load voltage is half of the open circuit voltage UOC of the network under test,
the size of the load resistance RL (determined by the reading of the resistance box) is the equivalent internal
resistance RS value of the active two-terminal network under test.

Figure 7-3 Figure 7-4

（4）Null method
When measuring the open circuit voltage of active two-terminal network with high internal resistance, the direct
measurement by voltmeter will cause great error. In order to eliminate the influence of the internal resistance of
the voltmeter, the null measurement method is often adopted, as shown in figure 6-4. The measuring principle
of null method is to compare a constant voltage source with a low internal resistance with a two-terminal network
of the tested active source. When the output voltage of the constant voltage source is equal to the open circuit
voltage of the active two-terminal network, the voltmeter will read "0". Then the circuit is disconnected and the
output voltage U of the constant voltage source at this time is measured, that is, the open circuit voltage of the

17
two-terminal network of the tested active source.

IV. Experiment Content

The two-terminal network of the tested active source is shown in figure 7-5.

Figure 7-5
1.As shown in figure 6-5, the line is connected to constant voltage source US＝12V, constant current source IS=
20mA and variable resistance RL. Open circuit voltage UOC: in the circuit, disconnect the load RL, measure the
open circuit voltage UOC with the voltmeter, and record the data in table 7-1. Short-circuit current measurement
ISＣ in the circuit, short-circuit the load RL, measure the short-circuit current ISＣ with the ammeter, and record
the data in table 7-1.

Table 7-1
Uoc(V) Isc(mA) Rs=Uoc/Isc

2. Load test
External characteristics of measuring active two-terminal network: In the circuit shown in figure 7-5, change the
resistance value of load resistanceRL, measure the corresponding voltage and current point by point, and record
the data in table 7-2. The equivalent parameters US and RS are calculated.
Table 7-2

RL() 990 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
U(V)
I(mA)

3. Verify davinan's theorem

External characteristics of measuring equivalent voltage source of active two-terminal network: The circuit in
Figure 7-1(b) is the equivalent voltage source circuit in Figure 7-5. In figure 7-1(b), the voltage source US uses
the adjustable and stable voltage output end of the constant voltage source to adjust the UOC value in table 7-1,
and the internal resistance RS selects the fixed resistance according to RS (rounding) calculated in table 7-1. Then,
the resistance value of the load resistance RL is changed with the resistance box, the corresponding voltage and
current are measured point by point, and the data are recorded in table 7-3.

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Table 7-3 External characteristic data of equivalent voltage source of active two-terminal network
RL() 990 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
U(V)
I(mA)

4.Other methods for measuring the equivalent resistance of active two-terminal network (also known as
incoming resistance): Set all independent sources in the network to zero (remove the current source IＳ as well
as the voltage source and connect the two points connected at the original voltage end with a short-circuit wire).
Then, after the load RＬis opened, the resistance between 5 and 6 points is measured by the voltammetry or
directly by the ohm of the multimeter, which is the equivalent internal resistance Req of the network under test
or the input resistance R1 of the network.
Req= ()
5.The equivalent internal resistance Ro and its open circuit voltage Uoc of the network under test were measured
by half-voltage method and zero-indication method.
6.The equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network are measured by half-voltage method and zero-
indication method
Half-voltage method: In the circuit shown in figure 7-5, first disconnect the load resistor RL, measure the open
circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, then connect the load resistor RLand adjust RL until the
voltage at both ends is equal to U OC .At this point, the magnitude of load resistance RL is the value of the internal
2
resistance RS of the equivalent power supply. Record UOC and RS values.
Open circuit voltage is measured by null method UOC: The experimental circuit is shown in figure 6-4, where:
The active two-terminal network selects network 1, it shall adjust the output voltage U of the constant voltage
source, and observe the value of the voltmeter. When it equals zero, the value of the output voltage U is the open
circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, and the UOC value is recorded.

V. Precautions
1. When measuring, pay attention to the ammeter range.
2. Switch off the power when rewiring.

VI. Thinking Questions

1.How to measure the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the active two-terminal network, under
what circumstances one cannot directly measure the open circuit voltage and short circuit current?
2.This paper describes several methods for measuring open circuit voltage and equivalent internal resistance of
active two-terminal network, and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
VII. Experiment Report
1.According to the data in table 7-1 and table 7-2, the equivalent parameters US and RS of the active two-terminal
network are calculated.
2.The equivalent parameters US and RS of the active two-terminal network are calculated according to the data
measured by the half-voltage method and the null method.
3.Are the UOC andRS measured by various methods in the experiment equal? Try to analyze the reasons.
4. According to the data in table 7-2 and table 7-3, the external characteristic curves of the active two-terminal
network and the equivalent circuit of the active two-terminal network are drawn to verify the correctness of
Thevenin theorem.

19
Experiment VIII, Norton’s Theorem
I. Experiment Purpose
1. Verify the correctness of NORTON theorem and deepen the understanding of this theorem.
2. Master the general method of measuring the equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network.

II. Experiment Equipment

1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2. NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-12A circuit principle (I)
4. NDG-06A Adjustable resistance box

III. Experimental principle

1. NORTON's theorem
NORTON theorem states: Any active two-terminal network, as shown in figure 8-1 (a), can always be replaced
by an actual current source consisting of a current source IS and a resistor RS in parallel, where: The current
source IS is equal to the short-circuit current ISC of the active two-terminal network, and the internal resistance
RS is equal to the equivalent resistance RO when all independent sources in the network are set to zero (the voltage
source is short-circuited and the current source is open).

Figure 8-1
2. Method for measuring the equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network
（1）Open circuit voltage and short circuit current method
When the output end of the active two-terminal network is open, the voltmeter is used to directly measure the
open circuit voltage UOC of the output end, and then the output end is short-circuited, and the short-circuit current
U OC
ISＣ is measured. The internal resistance is: RS = . If the internal resistance value of the active two-
I SC
terminal network is very low, it is not suitable to measure the short-circuit current.

20
Figure 8-2

（2）Voltammetry
One method is to use a voltmeter and ammeter to measure the external characteristic curve of the active two-
terminal network, as shown in figure 8-2. Open circuit voltage is UOC, and the slopetgφ is calculated according
to the external characteristic curve, then the internal resistance is:
U
RS = tg = 。
I
Another method is to measure the open circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, as well as the
rated current IN and the corresponding rated voltage UN of the output end, as shown in figure 8-1, then the internal
U OC − U N
resistance is: RS =
IN
（3）Half-voltage method
As shown in figure 8-3, when the load voltage is half of the open circuit voltage UOC of the network under test,
the size of the load resistance RL (determined by the reading of the resistance box) is the equivalent internal
resistance RS value of the active two-terminal network under test.

Figure 8-3 Figure 8-4

（4）Null method
When measuring the open circuit voltage of active two-terminal network with high internal resistance, the direct
measurement by voltmeter will cause great error. In order to eliminate the influence of the internal resistance of
the voltmeter, the null measurement method is often adopted, as shown in figure 8-4. The measurement principle
of null method is to compare a constant voltage source with a low internal resistance and the active two-terminal
network under test. When the output voltage of the constant voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage
of the active two-terminal network, the voltmeter reading will be "0". Then the circuit is disconnected and the
output voltage U of the constant voltage source at this time is measured, that is, the open circuit voltage of the
two-terminal network of the tested active source.

21
IV. Experiment Content
The two-terminal network of the tested active source is shown in figure 8-5.
1.In figure 8-5, the line is connected to constant voltage source US = 12V, constant current source IS = 20mA and
variable resistance RL. Open circuit voltage UOC measurement: In the circuit, disconnect the load RL, measure
the open circuit voltage UOC with the voltmeter, and record the data in table 8-1. Short-circuit current
measurement ISＣ: in the circuit, short-circuit the load RL, measure the short-circuit current ISＣ with the ammeter,
and record the data in table 8-1.

Table 8-1
Uoc(V) Isc(mA) Rs=Uoc/Isc

Figure 8-5
2. Load test
External characteristics of measuring active two-terminal network: In the circuit in figure 8-5, change the
resistance value of load resistanceRL, measure the corresponding voltage and current point by point, and record
the data in table 8-2. The equivalent parameters US and RS are calculated.
Table 8-2 External characteristics of active two-terminal networks
RL() 990 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
U(V)
I(mA)

3. Verify NORTON's theorem

External characteristics of measuring equivalent current source of active two-terminal network: The circuit in
Figure 8-1(b) is the equivalent current source circuit in Figure 8-5. In figure 8-1(b), the constant current source
is adjusted to the ISC value in table 8-1, and the internal resistance RS is selected according to the RS (rounding)
calculated in table 8-1. Then, the resistance value of the load resistance RL is changed with the resistance box,
the corresponding voltage and current are measured point by point, and the data are recorded in table 8-3.
Table 8-3 External characteristic data of equivalent current source in active two-terminal network

RL() 990 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
UAB(V)

4.Other methods for measuring the equivalent resistance of active two-terminal network (also known as
incoming resistance) : Set all independent sources in the network to zero(remove the current source IＳ as well
as the voltage source and connect the two points connected at the original voltage end with a short-circuit wire).

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Then, the resistance between A and B after the load RＬ is opened is measured by the voltammetry or directly by
the ohm of the multimeter, which is the equivalent internal resistance Req of the network under test or the input
resistance R1 of the network.
Req= ()
5.The equivalent internal resistance Ro and its open circuit voltage Uoc of the network under test were measured
by half-voltage method and null method.
6.The equivalent parameters of active two-terminal network are measured by half-voltage method and null
method Half-voltage method: In the circuit shown in figure 8-5, first disconnect the load resistor RL, measure
the open circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, then connect the load resistor RLand adjust RL
until the voltage at both ends is equal to U OC .At this point, the magnitude of load resistance RL is the value of
2
the internal resistance RS of the equivalent power supply. Record UOC and RS values.
Open circuit voltage is measured by null method UOC: The experimental circuit is shown in figure 8-4, where:
the active two-terminal network adopts network 1, and the adjustable output terminal of 0 ~ 30V is used for the
constant voltage source to adjust the output voltage U and observe the value of the voltmeter. When it equals
zero, the value of the output voltage U is the open circuit voltage UOC of the active two-terminal network, and
the UOC value is recorded.

V. Thinking Questions
1.How to measure the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the active two-terminal network, under
what circumstances one can not directly measure the open circuit voltage and short circuit current?
2.This paper describes several methods for measuring open circuit voltage and equivalent internal resistance of
active two-terminal network, and compares their advantages and disadvantages.

VI. Experiment Report

1.Answer questions.
2.According to the data in table 8-1 and table 8-2, the equivalent parameters US and RS of the active two-terminal
network are calculated.
3.The equivalent parameters US and RS of the active two-terminal network are calculated according to the data
measured by the half-voltage method and the null method.
4.Are the UOC and RS measured by various methods in the experiment equal? Try to analyze the reasons.
5. According to the data in table 8-2 and table 8-3, the external characteristic curves of the active two-terminal
network and the equivalent circuit of the active two-terminal network are drawn to verify the correctness of
NORTON theorem.
6. Explain the application of NORTON theorem.

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 Experiment IX, Reciprocity Theorem
I. Experiment Purpose
1. Verify the reciprocity theorem.
2. Be familiar with dc ammeter, dc voltmeter, voltage source and current source.

II. Experiment Equipment

1. NDG-02 DC power supply
2.NDG-03A DC instrument
3. NDG-13A Circuit principle (II)

III. Rationale
Reciprocity theorem is an important property of linear circuits. The so-called reciprocity means that for a linear
circuit, when there is only one excitation source (generally excluding the controlled source), the excitation and
its response in another branch can exchange positions with each other equally easily.
Reciprocity theorem has three basic forms, as shown in figure 9-1, which is the first form of reciprocity theorem.
With only one independent voltage source excitation, the 1-1 'end is connected to a voltage source Us in figure
(a) to short-circuit the 2-2' end, and the circuit I1 is the response generated by the only voltage source Us in the
circuit. Then move the voltage source Us to the 2-2 'end and short circuit the 1-1' end as shown in figure (b),
then I2=I1.

Figure 9-1 schematic diagram of reciprocity theorem (I)

Figure 9-2 is the second form of the reciprocity theorem. Under the excitation of only one independent current
source, the 3-3 'end is connected to a current source Is in Figure (a), and the 4-4' end is open, and the circuit end
voltage U1 is the response generated by the only current source Is in the circuit. If the current source Us Is moved
to the 4-4 'end and the 3-3' end Is opened as shown in figure (b), then U2=U1 (or equal to the product of U1
multiplied by the expansion or reduction of the current source Is).

Figure 9-2 Schematic diagram of reciprocity theorem (II)

Figure 9-3 is the third form of the reciprocity theorem. There Is a separate excitation source in two identical
circuits, in which the excitation source Is and the excitation source Us are equal in value. In figure (a), the 5-5

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'end is connected to a current source Is, short-circuiting the 6-6' end, and the circuit port current I3 is the response
generated by the only current source Is in the circuit. Then change the current source Is to the voltage source Us
and move it to the 6-6 'end, and open the 5-5' end as shown in figure (b), then U3=I3.

Figure 9-3 Schematic diagram of reciprocity theorem (III)

IV. Experiment Content
Figure 9-4
200Ω 300Ω 200Ω 300Ω

I11 I12
A
510Ω

510Ω
U11 U11

Reciprocity Theorem
1.As shown in figure 9-4, the excitation source U11 in the circuit is provided by a dual-channel 0 ~ 30V constant
voltage source. Firstly, the excitation source is connected to a 200-ohm branch, and its current response I11 in a
300-ohm branch is measured. Then, the excitation source U11 was moved to the 300-ohm branch, and its current
response I12 on the 200-ohm branch was measured. Four groups of different voltage values were taken from the
excitation source and the current values of I11 and I12 under different voltage values were recorded in table 9-1.
The measurement results were analyzed and the reciprocity theorem was verified.
Talbe 9-1
U11(V)
I11(mA)
I12(mA)

510Ω 510Ω
200Ω

200Ω
300Ω

300Ω

I21 U21 V V U22 I21

Figure 9-5 Reciprocity Theorem

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2.As shown in figure 9-5, the excitation source I21 in the circuit is provided by the constant-current source. Firstly,
the excitation source is connected to the resistance of 200 ohms and its voltage response U21on the resistance of
300 ohms is measured. Then connect the excitation source I21 to the 300-ohm resistance and measure its voltage
response U22 at the 200-ohm resistance. The excitation source takes 4 groups of different current values, records
the voltage values of U21 and U22 under different current values, and records them in table 9-2, analyzes the
measurement results, and verifies the reciprocity theorem.

Table 9-2
I21(mA)
U21(V)
U22(V)

200Ω 300Ω 200Ω 300Ω

I32
A
510Ω

510Ω
I31 V U32 U31

Figure 9-6 Reciprocity Theorem

3.As shown in Figure 9-6, there is a separate excitation source in two groups of identical circuits, in which the
excitation source I31 and the excitation source U31 are equal in value. First, connect the excitation source I31 to
the 200 ohm branch, and measure its current response I32 on the 300 ohm branch. Then connect the excitation
source U31 to the 300-ohm branch, and measure its voltage response U32 on the 200-ohm branch. Take the values
of four different excitation sources, record the values of I32 and U32 respectively, and record them in table 9-3.
Analyze the measurement results and verify the reciprocity theorem.

Table 9-3
I31(mA)
I32(mA)
U31(V)
U32(V)

V. Precautions
1. Restore the voltage/current value of the power supply to the initial state, and then turn off the power supply
for later use before connecting the experimental circuit, as required by the teacher.
2. Prevent short circuit at output end of constant voltage source. When an excitation source acts alone, the other
power supply should be removed and replaced with a short route. The power supply should not be short-circuited
directly. Special attention should be paid to the power supply before the circuit is changed.
3. Note the relationship between the actual direction of the measurement and the reference direction.

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VI. Thinking Questions
1. Prepare the use of dc voltmeter, dc ammeter, constant voltage source and constant current source.
2. Combined with the circuit structure and circuit parameters, the measured values in the experimental circuit
are calculated to verify the reciprocity theorem.
3. Design reasonable data tables.

VII. Experiment Report

27