PHY-206: Computer Programming

and Numerical Methods

Lecture 1V

Program Control Structure in C++

Anup Majumder
Assistant Professor
Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
Jahangirnagar University
Very brief history of C++

2
 Display 1.1
A Sample C++ Program (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson

1-3 Addison-Wesley. All rights
 Display 1.1
A Sample C++ Program (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights 1-4

reserved.
Hello, World!
explained

The main routine – the start of every C++ program! It

returns an integer value to the operating system and (in this
case) takes no arguments: main()

The return statement returns an integer value to the

operating system after completion. 0 means “no
error”. C++ programs must return an integer value.
Hello, World!
explained
loads a header file containing function and class definitions

Loads a namespace called std. Namespaces are used to

separate sections of code for programmer convenience. To
save typing we’ll always use this line in this tutorial.

▪ cout is the object that writes to the stdout device, i.e. the console
window.
▪ It is part of the C++ standard library.
▪ Without the “using namespace std;” line this would have been called as
std::cout. It is defined in the iostream header file.
▪ << is the C++ insertion operator. It is used to pass characters from the
right to the object on the left. endl is the C++ newline character.
 Header Files

C++ language headers aren’t referred to

with the .h suffix. <iostream> provides
definitions for I/O functions, including
the cout function.
• C++ (along with C) uses header files as to
hold definitions for the compiler to use
while compiling. #include <iostream>
• A source file (file.cpp) contains the code that using namespace std;
is compiled into an object file (file.o).
• The header (file.h) is used to tell the int main()
{
compiler what to expect when it assembles string hello = "Hello";
the program in the linking stage from the string world = "world!";
object files. string msg = hello + " " + world ;
cout << msg << endl;
• Source files and header files can refer to any msg[0] = 'h';
number of other header files. cout << msg << endl;
return 0;
}
 Slight change

• Let’s put the message into some variables of #include <iostream>

type string and print some numbers. using namespace std;
• Things to note:
– Strings can be concatenated with a + operator. int main()
{
– No messing with null terminators or strcat() as in
string hello = "Hello";
C
string world = "world!";
• Some string notes: string msg = hello + " " + world ;
– Access a string character by brackets or function: cout << msg << endl;
• msg[0] “H” or msg.at(0) “H” msg[0] = 'h';
cout << msg << endl;
• C++ strings are mutable – they can be
return 0;
changed in place.
}
• Press F9 to recompile & run.
 A first C++ class: string

• string is not a basic type (more on #include <iostream>

those later), it is a class. using namespace std;
• string hello creates an instance
int main()
of a string called “hello”. {
• hello is an object. string hello = "Hello";
string world = "world!";
• Remember that a class defines some string msg = hello + " " + world ;
data and a set of functions (methods) cout << msg << endl;
msg[0] = 'h';
that operate on that data. cout << msg << endl;
• Let’s use C::B to see what some of return 0;
}
these methods are….
 Data Types:
Display 1.2 Simple Types (1 of
2)

1-10
 Data Types:
Display 1.2 Simple Types (2 of
2)

1-11
 Assigning Data: Shorthand
Notations
• Display, page 14
 Display 1.3
Some Escape Sequences (1 of 2)

1-13
 Display 1.3
Some Escape Sequences (2 of 2)

1-14
 Arithmetic Operators:
Display 1.4 Named Constant (1
of 2)
• Standard Arithmetic Operators
– Precedence rules – standard rules

1-15
 Arithmetic Operators:
Display 1.4 Named Constant (2
of 2)

1-16
17
Conditional Structure

18
Conditional Structure

19
 The while Repetition
Structure
• Repetition structure
– Programmer specifies an action to be repeated while
some condition remains true
– Psuedocode
while there are more items on my shopping list
Purchase next item and cross it off my list
– while loop repeated until condition becomes false.
• Example
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;
 The while Repetition
Structure
• Flowchart of while loop

true
condition statement

false
int x = 2;
while (x >= 0){
if ( x == 2){
cout << “Value of x is : “ << x <<
endl;
}
x = x – 1;
}
• Common errors:
– infinite loop
– unitialized variables

There are functions that return True or False :

cin.eof()
So..

char s;

while (!cin.eof( )) {
cin >> s;
cout << s << endl;
}
 Formulating Algorithms
(Counter-Controlled
Repetition)
• Counter-controlled repetition
– Loop repeated until counter reaches a certain value.
• Definite repetition
– Number of repetitions is known
• Example
A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the
range 0 to 100) for this quiz are available to you. Determine
the class average on the quiz.
 Formulating Algorithms
(Counter-Controlled
Repetition)
• Pseudocode for example:
Set total and grade counter to zero
While grade counter <= 10
Input the next grade
Add the grade into the total
grade counter++
average = total divided / 10
Print the class average

• Following is the C++ code for this example

1 // Fig. 2.7: fig02_07.cpp
2 // Class average program with counter-controlled repetition
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 int total, // sum of grades
12 gradeCounter, // number of grades entered
13 grade, // one grade
14 average; // average of grades
15
16 // initialization phase
17 total = 0; // clear totalThe counter gets incremented
18 gradeCounter = 1; // prepare to each
loop time the loop executes.
19 Eventually, the counter causes
20 // processing phase
the loop to end.
21 while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) { // loop 10 times
22 cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input
23 cin >> grade; // input grade
24 total = total + grade; // add grade to total
25 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter
26 }
27
28 // termination phase
29 average = total / 10; // integer division
30 cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;
31
32 return 0; // indicate program ended successfully
33 }
Enter grade: 98
Enter grade: 76
Enter grade: 71
Enter grade: 87
Enter grade: 83
Enter grade: 90
Enter grade: 57
Enter grade: 79
Enter grade: 82
Enter grade: 94
Class average is 81

Program Output
 Assignment Operators
• Assignment expression abbreviations
c = c + 3; can be abbreviated as c += 3; using the
addition assignment operator
• Statements of the form
variable = variable operator expression;
can be rewritten as
variable operator= expression;
• Examples of other assignment operators include:
d -= 4 (d = d - 4)
e *= 5 (e = e * 5)
f /= 3 (f = f / 3)
g %= 9 (g = g % 9)
 Increment and Decrement
Operators
• Increment operator (c++) - can be used instead of
c += 1
• Decrement operator (c--) - can be used instead of
c -= 1
• Preincrement
• When the operator is used before the variable (++c or –c)
• Variable is changed, then the expression it is in is evaluated.
• Postincrement
• When the operator is used after the variable (c++ or c--)
• Expression the variable is in executes, then the variable is changed.
• If c = 5, then
– cout << ++c; prints out 6 (c is changed before cout is
executed)
– cout << c++; prints out 5 (cout is executed before the
increment. c now has the value of 6)
• When Variable is not in an expression
– Preincrementing and postincrementing have the same effect.
++c;
cout << c;
and
c++;
cout << c;
have the same effect.
 Essentials of
Counter-Controlled
• Repetition
Counter-controlled repetition requires:
– The name of a control variable (or loop counter).
– The initial value of the control variable.
– The condition that tests for the final value of the control
variable (i.e., whether looping should continue).
– The increment (or decrement) by which the control variable
is modified each time through the loop.
• Example:
int counter =1; //initialization
while (counter <= 10){ //repetitio
// condition
cout << counter << endl;
++counter; //increment
}
The for Repetition Structure

• The general format when using for loops is

for ( initialization; LoopContinuationTest;
increment )
statement
• Example:
for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10;
counter++ )
cout << counter << endl;
– Prints the integers from one to ten
• For loops can usually be rewritten as while loops:
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest){
statement
increment;
}
• Initialization and increment as comma-separated lists
for (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
cout << j + i << endl;
 Flowchart for for

Initialize variable

Condition true
statement
Test the variable Increment variable

false
• Program to sum the even numbers from 2 to 100
1 // Fig. 2.20: fig02_20.cpp
2 // Summation with for
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 int sum = 0;
11
12 for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
13 sum += number;
14
15 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;
16
17 return 0;
18 }

Sum is 2550
 The switch Multiple-Selection
Structure
• switch
– Useful when variable or expression is tested for multiple
values
– Consists of a series of case labels and an optional default
case
– break is (almost always) necessary
switch (expression) {
case val1:
statement if (expression == val1)
break; statement
case val2: else if (expression==val2)
statement statement
break; ….
….
else if (expression== valn)
case valn: statement
statement else
break; statement
default:
statement
break;
}
 flowchart

true
case a case a action(s) break

false

true
case b case b action(s) break
false

.
.
.

true
case z case z action(s) break
false

default action(s)
1 // Fig. 2.22: fig02_22.cpp
2 // Counting letter grades
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 int grade, // one grade
12 aCount = 0, // number of A's
13 bCount = 0, // number of B's
14 cCount = 0, // number of C's
15 dCount = 0, // number of D's
16 fCount = 0; // number of F's
17
18 cout << "Enter the letter grades." << endl
19 << "Enter the EOF character to end input." << endl;
20
21 while ( ( grade = cin.get() ) != EOF ) {
22 Notice how the case statement is used
23 switch ( grade ) { // switch nested in while
24
25 case 'A': // grade was uppercase A
26 case 'a': // or lowercase a
27 ++aCount;
28 break; // necessary to exit switch
29
30 case 'B': // grade was uppercase B
31 case 'b': // or lowercase b
32 ++bCount;
33 break;
34
35 case 'C': // grade was uppercase C
36 case 'c': // or lowercase c
37 ++cCount;
38 break;
39
40 case 'D': // grade was uppercase D
break causes switch to end and
41 case 'd': // or lowercase d
42 ++dCount; the program continues with the first
43 break; statement after the switch
44 structure.
45 case 'F': // grade was uppercase F
46 case 'f': // or lowercase f
47 ++fCount;
48 break;
49
50 case '\n': // ignore newlines,
51 case '\t': // tabs,
52 case ' ': // and spacesNotice the default
in input statement.
53 break;
54
55 default: // catch all other characters
56 cout << "Incorrect letter grade entered."
57 << " Enter a new grade." << endl;
58 break; // optional
59 }
60 }
61
62 cout << "\n\nTotals for each letter grade are:"
63 << "\nA: " << aCount
64 << "\nB: " << bCount
65 << "\nC: " << cCount
66 << "\nD: " << dCount
67 << "\nF: " << fCount << endl;
68
69 return 0;
70 }
Enter the letter grades.
Enter the EOF character to end input.
a
B
c
C
A
d
f
C
E
Incorrect letter grade entered. Enter a new grade.
D
A
b

Totals for each letter grade are:

A: 3
B: 2
C: 3
D: 2
F: 1 Program Output
 The do/while Repetition
Structure
• The do/while repetition structure is similar to
the while structure,
– Condition for repetition tested after the body of the
loop is executed
• Format:
do {
statement statement

} while ( condition );
• Example (letting counter = 1):
true
do {
condition
cout << counter << " ";
} while (++counter <= 10); false

– This prints the integers from 1 to 10

• All actions are performed at least once.
 The break and continue
Statements
• Break
– Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do/while
or switch structure
– Program execution continues with the first statement after
the structure
– Common uses of the break statement:
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of a switch structure
• Continue
– Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do/while structure and proceeds
with the next iteration of the loop
– In while and do/while, the loop-continuation test
is evaluated immediately after the continue
statement is executed
– In the for structure, the increment expression is
executed, then the loop-continuation test is evaluated
 The continue Statement
• Causes an immediate jump to the loop test
int next = 0;
while (true){
cin >> next;
if (next < 0)
break;
if (next % 2) //odd number, don’t print
continue;
cout << next << endl;
}
cout << “negative num so here we are!” << endl;
 Sentinel-Controlled
Repetition

• Suppose the previous problem becomes:

Develop a class-averaging program that will process an
arbitrary number of grades each time the program is
run.
– Unknown number of students - how will the program
know to end?
• Sentinel value
– Indicates “end of data entry”
– Loop ends when sentinel inputted
– Sentinel value chosen so it cannot be confused with a
regular input (such as -1 in this case)
• Top-down, stepwise refinement
– begin with a pseudocode representation of the top:
Determine the class average for the quiz
– Divide top into smaller tasks and list them in order:
Initialize variables
Input, sum and count the quiz grades
Calculate and print the class average
 Input, sum and count the quiz grades
to
Input the first grade (possibly the sentinel)
While the user has not as yet entered the sentinel
Add this grade into the running total
Add one to the grade counter
Input the next grade (possibly the sentinel)
• Refine
Calculate and print the class average
to
If the counter is not equal to zero
Set the average to the total divided by the counter
Print the average
Else
Print “No grades were entered”
1 // Fig. 2.9: fig02_09.cpp
2 // Class average program with sentinel-controlled repetition.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::ios;
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setprecision;
13 using std::setiosflags;
14
15 int main()
Data type double used to
16 {
represent decimal numbers.
17 int total, // sum of grades
18 gradeCounter, // number of grades entered
19 grade; // one grade
20 double average; // number with decimal point for average
21
22 // initialization phase
23 total = 0;
24 gradeCounter = 0;
25
26 // processing phase
27 cout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: ";
28 cin >> grade;
29
30 while ( grade != -1 ) {
 31 total = total + grade;
32 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1;
33 cout << "Enter grade, -1 to end: ";
34 cin >> grade;
35 }
36
37 // termination phase
38 if ( gradeCounter != 0 ) {
39 average = static_cast< double >( total ) / gradeCounter;
40 cout << "Class average is " << setprecision( 2 )
41 << setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
42 << average << endl;
43 }
44 else setiosflags(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint) - stream
static_cast<double>() - treats total as a
manipulator
45 cout << "No grades were entered" << endl;
double
46 temporarily.
47 return 0; // indicate program-ended
ios::fixed outputsuccessfully
numbers with a fixed number of decimal
Required
48 } because dividing two integers truncates the
points.
remainder.

Enter grade, -1 to end: 75 ios::showpoint - forces decimal point and trailing zeros, even
gradeCounter is an
Enter grade, -1 to end: 94 if but
int, it gets promoted
unnecessary: to
setprecision(2)
66 printed as 66.00 - prints only two digits
double.
Enter grade, -1 to end: 97 past decimal point.
Enter grade, -1 to end: 88
Enter grade, -1 to end: 70 | - separates multiple option.
Enter grade, -1 to end: 64 Programs that use this must include
Enter grade, -1 to end: 83 <iomanip>
Enter grade, -1 to end: 89
Enter grade, -1 to end: -1
Class average is 82.50
 Nested control structures
• Problem:
A college has a list of test results (1 = pass, 2 = fail)
for 10 students. Write a program that analyzes the
results. If more than 8 students pass, print "Raise
Tuition".
• We can see that
– The program must process 10 test results. A
counter-controlled loop will be used.
– Two counters can be used—one to count the number
of students who passed the exam and one to count the
number of students who failed the exam.
– Each test result is a number—either a 1 or a 2. If the
number is not a 1, we assume that it is a 2.
 Nested control structures

• High level description of the algorithm

Initialize variables
Input the ten quiz grades and count passes and failur
Print a summary of the exam results and decide if
tuition should be raised
1 // Fig. 2.11: fig02_11.cpp
2 // Analysis of examination results
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 // initialize variables in declarations
12 int passes = 0, // number of passes
13 failures = 0, // number of failures
14 studentCounter = 1, // student counter
15 result; // one exam result
16
17 // process 10 students; counter-controlled loop
18 while ( studentCounter <= 10 ) {
19 cout << "Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): ";
20 cin >> result;
21
22 if ( result == 1 ) // if/else nested in while
23 passes = passes + 1;
 24 else
25 failures = failures + 1;
26
27 studentCounter = studentCounter + 1;
28 }
29
30 // termination phase
31 cout << "Passed " << passes << endl;
32 cout << "Failed " << failures << endl;
33
34 if ( passes > 8 )
35 cout << "Raise tuition " << endl;
36
37 return 0; // successful termination
38 }

Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1

Enter result (1=pass,2=fail):
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail):
1
1
3. Print results
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 2
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Enter result (1=pass,2=fail): 1
Passed 9
Failed 1
Raise tuition
// Fig. 2.21: fig02_21.cpp
// Calculating compound interest
#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::ios;

#include <iomanip>

using std::setw;
using std::setiosflags;
using std::setprecision;

#include <cmath>
int main()
{
double amount, // amount on deposit
principal = 1000.0, // starting principal
rate = .05; // interest rate

cout << "Year" << setw( 21 )

<< "Amount on deposit" << endl;

// set the floating-point number format

cout << setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
<< setprecision( 2 );

for ( int year = 1; year <= 10; year++ ) {

amount = principal * pow( 1.0 + rate, year );
cout << setw( 4 ) << year << setw( 21 ) << amount
<< endl;
}

return 0;
}