Cheatsheets / Learn Python 3

Control Flow

SyntaxError

A SyntaxError is reported by the Python interpreter age = 7 + 5 = 4

when some portion of the code is incorrect. This can
include misspelled keywords, missing or too many
brackets or parentheses, incorrect operators, missing File "<stdin>", line 1
or too many quotation marks, or other conditions. SyntaxError: can't assign to operator

elif Statement

The Python elif statement allows for continued # elif Statement

checks to be performed after an initial if statement.
An elif statement differs from the else statement
because another expression is provided to be checked, pet_type = "fish"
just as with the initial if statement.
If the expression is True , the indented code following if pet_type == "dog":
the elif is executed. If the expression evaluates to
print("You have a dog.")
False , the code can continue to an optional else
statement. Multiple elif statements can be used elif pet_type == "cat":
following an initial if to perform a series of checks. print("You have a cat.")
Once an elif expression evaluates to True , no
elif pet_type == "fish":
further elif statements are executed.
# this is performed
print("You have a fish")
else:
print("Not sure!")

or Operator

The Python or operator combines two Boolean True or True # Evaluates to True
expressions and evaluates to True if at least one of
True or False # Evaluates to True
the expressions returns True . Otherwise, if both
expressions are False , then the entire expression
False or False # Evaluates to False
evaluates to False . 1 < 2 or 3 < 1 # Evaluates to True
3 < 1 or 1 > 6 # Evaluates to False
1 == 1 or 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
Equal Operator ==

The equal operator, == , is used to compare two # Equal operator

values, variables or expressions to determine if they are
the same.
If the values being compared are the same, the if 'Yes' == 'Yes':
operator returns True , otherwise it returns False . # evaluates to True
The operator takes the data type into account when
print('They are equal')
making the comparison, so a string value of "2" is not
considered the same as a numeric value of 2 .
if (2 > 1) == (5 < 10):
# evaluates to True
print('Both expressions give the same
result')

c = '2'
d = 2

if c == d:
print('They are equal')
else:
print('They are not equal')

Not Equals Operator !=

The Python not equals operator, != , is used to # Not Equals Operator

compare two values, variables or expressions to
determine if they are NOT the same. If they are NOT the
same, the operator returns True . If they are the same, if "Yes" != "No":
then it returns False . # evaluates to True
The operator takes the data type into account when
print("They are NOT equal")
making the comparison so a value of 10 would NOT be
equal to the string value "10" and the operator would
return True . If expressions are used, then they are val1 = 10
evaluated to a value of True or False before the val2 = 20
comparison is made by the operator.

if val1 != val2:
print("They are NOT equal")

if (10 > 1) != (10 > 1000):

# True != False
print("They are NOT equal")
Comparison Operators

In Python, relational operators compare two values or a = 2

expressions. The most common ones are:
b = 3
< less than
> greater than a < b # evaluates to True
<= less than or equal to a > b # evaluates to False
>= greater than or equal too a >= b # evaluates to False
If the relation is sound, then the entire expression will
a <= b # evaluates to True
evaluate to True . If not, the expression evaluates to
False . a <= a # evaluates to True

if Statement

The Python if statement is used to determine the # if Statement

execution of code based on the evaluation of a Boolean
expression.
If the if statement expression evaluates to test_value = 100
True , then the indented code following the
statement is executed.
if test_value > 1:
If the expression evaluates to False then the
# Expression evaluates to True
indented code following the if statement is
skipped and the program executes the next line print("This code is executed!")
of code which is indented at the same level as
the if statement.
if test_value > 1000:
# Expression evaluates to False
print("This code is NOT executed!")

print("Program continues at this point.")

 else Statement

The Python else statement provides alternate code to # else Statement

execute if the expression in an if statement evaluates
to False .
The indented code for the if statement is executed if
test_value = 50
the expression evaluates to True . The indented code
immediately following the else is executed only if the if test_value < 1:
expression evaluates to False . To mark the end of the
print("Value is < 1")
else block, the code must be unindented to the same
level as the starting if line. else:
print("Value is >= 1")

test_string = "VALID"

if test_string == "NOT_VALID":
print("String equals NOT_VALID")
else:
print("String equals something else!")

and Operator

The Python and operator performs a Boolean True and True # Evaluates to True
comparison between two Boolean values, variables, or
True and False # Evaluates to False
expressions. If both sides of the operator evaluate to
True then the and operator returns True . If either False and False # Evaluates to False
side (or both sides) evaluates to False , then the and 1 == 1 and 1 < 2 # Evaluates to True
operator returns False . A non-Boolean value (or 1 < 2 and 3 < 1 # Evaluates to False
variable that stores a value) will always evaluate to
True when used with the and operator. "Yes" and 100 # Evaluates to True

Boolean Values

Booleans are a data type in Python, much like integers, is_true = True
floats, and strings. However, booleans only have two
is_false = False
values:
True
False print(type(is_true))
Specifically, these two values are of the bool type.
# will output: <class 'bool'>
Since booleans are a data type, creating a variable that
holds a boolean value is the same as with other data
types.
not Operator

The Python Boolean not operator is used in a Boolean not True # Evaluates to False
expression in order to evaluate the expression to its
not False # Evaluates to True
inverse value. If the original expression was True ,
including the not operator would make the expression 1 > 2 # Evaluates to False
False , and vice versa. not 1 > 2 # Evaluates to True
1 == 1 # Evaluates to True
not 1 == 1 # Evaluates to False

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