Introduction To SQL

Introduction to SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
 SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986,
and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987
What Can SQL do?
 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
SQL is a Standard - BUT....
Although SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard, there are different versions of the SQL language.
However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the major commands
(such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a similar manner.
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition
to the SQL standard!
Using SQL in Your Web Site
To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will need:
 An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)
 To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
 To use SQL to get the data you want
 To use HTML / CSS to style the page
RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM
DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of related
data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
Look at the "Customers" table:
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in the Customers table
consist of CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode and Country.
A field is a column in a table that is designed to maintain specific information about every record
in the table.
A record, also called a row, is each individual entry that exists in a table. For example, there are
91 records in the above Customers table. A record is a horizontal entity in a table.
A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information associated with a specific
field in a table.
SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data.
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database (included in MS Access
and MS SQL Server).
Below is a selection from the "Customers" table:
CustomerI CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country
D
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución D.F.
helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Taquería Moreno 2312 D.F.
4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK
Sq.
5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

Berglund 8
The table above contains five records (one for each customer) and seven columns (CustomerID,
CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, and Country).
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:
Example
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.
Keep in Mind That...

 SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive: select is the same as SELECT
In this tutorial we will write all SQL keywords in upper-case.
Semicolon after SQL Statements?
Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that allow
more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server.
In this tutorial, we will use semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Some of The Most Important SQL Commands
 SELECT - extracts data from a database
 UPDATE - updates data in a database
 DELETE - deletes data from a database
 INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
 CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
 ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
 CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
 ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
 DROP TABLE - deletes a table
 CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
 DROP INDEX - deletes an index
1. SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
SELECT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2, ... are the field names of the table you want to select data from. If you
want to select all the fields available in the table, use the following syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;

Below is a selection from the "Customers" table in the Northwind sample database:
Customer CustomerName ContactNa Address City PostalCode Country

ID me
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany

Anders 57
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Méxic 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución o D.F.
helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos Méxic 05023 Mexico

Taquería Moreno 2312 o D.F.
4 Around the Horn Thomas 120 Lond WA1 1DP UK

Hardy Hanover Sq. on
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsväg Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund en 8
SELECT Column Example
The following SQL statement selects the "CustomerName" and "City" columns from the
"Customers" table:
Example
SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers
SELECT * Example
The following SQL statement selects all the columns from the "Customers" table:
Example
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.
Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to
list the different (distinct) values.
SELECT DISTINCT Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCod Country

e

helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería Moreno D.F.
4 Around the Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover Sq. London WA1 1DP UK
5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

Berglund
SELECT Example Without DISTINCT
The following SQL statement selects ALL (including the duplicates) values from the "Country"
column in the "Customers" table:
Example
SELECT Country FROM Customers;
Now, let us use the DISTINCT keyword with the above SELECT statement and see the result
SELECT DISTINCT Examples
The following SQL statement selects only the DISTINCT values from the "Country" column in
the "Customers" table:
Example
SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
The following SQL statement lists the number of different (distinct) customer countries:
Example
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Country) FROM Customers;
Note: The example above will not work in Firefox and Microsoft Edge! Because
COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) is not supported in Microsoft Access databases. Firefox and
Microsoft Edge are using Microsoft Access in our examples.
Here is the workaround for MS Access:
Example
SELECT Count(*) AS DistinctCountries
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers);
SQL WHERE Clause
The SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
WHERE Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Note: The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statement, it is also used in UPDATE,
DELETE statement, etc.!
Demo Database

D
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Constitución México D.F. 05021 Mexico
Emparedados y helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos 2312 México D.F. 05023 Mexico
Taquería

Berglund
WHERE Clause Example
The following SQL statement selects all the customers from the country "Mexico", in the
"Customers" table:
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';
Text Fields vs. Numeric Fields
SQL requires single quotes around text values (most database systems will also allow double
quotes).
However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes:
Example
WHERE CustomerID=1;
Operators in The WHERE Clause
The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:
Operator Description Example
= Equal SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price = 18;
> Greater than SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price > 30;
< Less than SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price < 30;
>= Greater than or equal SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price >= 30;
<= Less than or equal SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price <= 30;
<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL SELECT * FROM Products
this operator may be written as != WHERE Price <> 18;
BETWEEN Between a certain range SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 50 AND 60;
LIKE Search for a pattern SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE 's%';
IN To specify multiple possible values for a SELECT * FROM Customers

column WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators
The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:
 The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
 The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.
The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.
AND Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
OR Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
NOT Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Customer CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

ID

Emparedados y helados Constitución D.F.
2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Taquería 2312 D.F.
Sq.
5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

Berglund 8
AND Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany"
AND city is "Berlin":
Example
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';
OR Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where city is "Berlin" OR
"München":
Example
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='München';
OR "Spain":
Example
WHERE Country='Germany' OR Country='Spain';
NOT Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT
"Germany":
Example
WHERE NOT Country='Germany';
Combining AND, OR and NOT
You can also combine the AND, OR and NOT operators.
AND city must be "Berlin" OR "München" (use parenthesis to form complex expressions):
Example
WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
The following SQL statement selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT
"Germany" and NOT "USA":
Example
WHERE NOT Country='Germany' AND NOT Country='USA';
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in
descending order, use the DESC keyword.
ORDER BY Syntax
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

Emparedados y helados Constitución D.F.
2222

Sq.

Berglund
ORDER BY Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the
"Country" column:
Example
ORDER BY Country
ORDER BY DESC Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted
DESCENDING by the "Country" column:
Example
ORDER BY Country DESC;
ORDER BY Several Columns Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the
"Country" and the "CustomerName" column. This means that it orders by Country, but if some
rows have the same Country, it orders them by CustomerName:
Example
ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;
ORDER BY Several Columns Example 2
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted ascending
by the "Country" and descending by the "CustomerName" column:
Example
ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;
SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.
The first way specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
If you are adding values for all the columns of the table, you do not need to specify the column
names in the SQL query. However, make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the
columns in the table. The INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

D
89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Ave. S. Seattle 98128 USA
Markets Suite 3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu 45 Helsink 21240 Finland

Karttunen i
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa 68 Walla 01-012 Poland
INSERT INTO Example
The following SQL statement inserts a new record in the "Customers" table:
Example
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Tom B. Erichsen', 'Skagen 21', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway');
The selection from the "Customers" table will now look like this:
89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Ave. S. Seattle 98128 USA
Markets Suite 3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu 45 Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa 68 Walla 01-012 Poland
92 Cardinal Tom B. Skagen 21 Stavanger 4006 Norway

Erichsen
Did you notice that we did not insert any number into the CustomerID field?
The CustomerID column is an auto-increment field and will be generated automatically when a
new record is inserted into the table.
Insert Data Only in Specified Columns
It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will insert a new record, but only insert data in the
"CustomerName", "City", and "Country" columns (CustomerID will be updated automatically):
Example
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', 'Norway');

D
89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Ave. S.
Suite 3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen 45
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa Walla 01-012 Poland

68
92 Cardinal null null Stavanger null Norway
SQL NULL Values

What is a NULL Value?
A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.
If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or update a record without
adding a value to this field. Then, the field will be saved with a NULL value.
Note: A NULL value is different from a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a
NULL value is one that has been left blank during record creation!
How to Test for NULL Values?
It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>.
We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.
IS NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
IS NOT NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

helados 2222

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund
The IS NULL Operator
The IS NULL operator is used to test for empty values (NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a NULL value in the "Address" field:
Example
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address
FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NULL;
Tip: Always use IS NULL to look for NULL values.
The IS NOT NULL Operator
The IS NOT NULL operator is used to test for non-empty values (NOT NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a value in the "Address" field:
Example
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address
FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;
2. SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.
UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Note: Be careful when updating records in a table! Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE
statement. The WHERE clause specifies which record(s) that should be updated. If you omit the
WHERE clause, all records in the table will be updated!

D

helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

Taquería 2312 D.F.
Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund 8
UPDATE Table
The following SQL statement updates the first customer (CustomerID = 1) with a new contact
person and a new city.
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Alfred Schmidt Obere Str. 57 Frankfurt 12209 Germany

helados 2222

Sq.

UPDATE Multiple Records
It is the WHERE clause that determines how many records will be updated.
The following SQL statement will update the contactname to "Juan" for all records where
country is "Mexico":
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan'
WHERE Country='Mexico';
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Alfred Schmidt Obere Str. 57 Frankfurt 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Juan Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico
helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Juan Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería D.F.
Sq.

Berglund
Update Warning!
Be careful when updating records. If you omit the WHERE clause, ALL records will be updated!
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan';
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Juan Obere Str. 57 Frankfurt 12209 German

y
2 Ana Trujillo Juan Avda. de la México D.F. 05021 Mexico

Emparedados y Constitución
helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Juan Mataderos 2312 México D.F. 05023 Mexico

Taquería
4 Around the Horn Juan 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK

Sq.
5 Berglunds snabbköp Juan Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden
3. SQL DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.
DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Note: Be careful when deleting records in a table! Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE
statement. The WHERE clause specifies which record(s) should be deleted. If you omit the
WHERE clause, all records in the table will be deleted!
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 German

helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería D.F.

Berglund
SQL DELETE Example
The following SQL statement deletes the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste" from the "Customers"
table:
Example
DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
The "Customers" table will now look like this:

D

helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Taquería D.F.

Berglund
Delete All Records
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name;
The following SQL statement deletes all rows in the "Customers" table, without deleting the
table:
Example
DELETE FROM Customers;
SQL TOP, LIMIT or ROWNUM Clause
The SQL SELECT TOP Clause
The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to return.
The SELECT TOP clause is useful on large tables with thousands of records. Returning a large
number of records can impact performance.
Note: Not all database systems support the SELECT TOP clause. MySQL supports the LIMIT
clause to select a limited number of records, while Oracle uses ROWNUM.
SQL Server / MS Access Syntax:

SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
MySQL Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
LIMIT number;
Oracle Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number;

helados 2222

Sq.

SQL TOP, LIMIT and ROWNUM Examples
The following SQL statement selects the first three records from the "Customers" table:
Example
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers;
The following SQL statement shows the equivalent example using the LIMIT clause:
Example
LIMIT 3;
The following SQL statement shows the equivalent example using ROWNUM:
Example
WHERE ROWNUM <= 3;
SQL TOP PERCENT Example
The following SQL statement selects the first 50% of the records from the "Customers" table:
Example
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Customers;
ADD a WHERE CLAUSE
The following SQL statement selects the first three records from the "Customers" table, where
the country is "Germany":
Example
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany';
The following SQL statement shows the equivalent example using the LIMIT clause:
Example
WHERE Country='Germany'
LIMIT 3;
The following SQL statement shows the equivalent example using ROWNUM:
Example
WHERE Country='Germany' AND ROWNUM <= 3;
SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
The SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.
MIN() Syntax
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
MAX() Syntax
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Below is a selection from the "Products" table in the Northwind sample database:
ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 bags 18
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz bottles 19
3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml bottles 10
4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz jars 22

Seasoning
5 Chef Anton's 2 2 36 boxes 21.35

Gumbo Mix
MIN() Example
The following SQL statement finds the price of the cheapest product:
Example
SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice
FROM Products;
MAX() Example
The following SQL statement finds the price of the most expensive product:
Example
SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestPrice
FROM Products;
Practical
CustomerI CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCod Country

D e
2 Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Constitución México 05021 Mexico
helados 2222 D.F.
3 Antonio Moreno Taquería Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

Moreno D.F.

Berglund
Exercises

Introduction To SQL

Uploaded by

Introduction To SQL

Uploaded by

Introduction to SQL

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

Keep in Mind That...

1. SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Customer CustomerName ContactNa Address City PostalCode Country

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Méxic 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos Méxic 05023 Mexico

4 Around the Horn Thomas 120 Lond WA1 1DP UK

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsväg Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

SELECT Column Example

CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCod Country

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

SELECT Example Without DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT Examples

Here is the workaround for MS Access:

The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

CustomerI CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes:

The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:

Operator Description Example

= Equal SELECT * FROM Products

> Greater than SELECT * FROM Products

< Less than SELECT * FROM Products

>= Greater than or equal SELECT * FROM Products

<= Less than or equal SELECT * FROM Products

LIKE Search for a pattern SELECT * FROM Customers

IN To specify multiple possible values for a SELECT * FROM Customers

SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

Customer CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Moreno Mataderos México 05023 Mexico

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

You can also combine the AND, OR and NOT operators.

CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos 2312 México 05023 Mexico

5 Berglunds snabbköp Christina Berguvsvägen 8 Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

INSERT INTO table_name

CustomerI CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu 45 Helsink 21240 Finland

INSERT INTO Example

CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu 45 Helsinki 21240 Finland

91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa 68 Walla 01-012 Poland

92 Cardinal Tom B. Skagen 21 Stavanger 4006 Norway

Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.

CustomerI CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country

89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu Helsinki 21240 Finland

91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa Walla 01-012 Poland

92 Cardinal null null Stavanger null Norway

SQL NULL Values

A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.

How to Test for NULL Values?

CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country