Chapter-1

Overview of Operating System

1
 Introduction
• An operating system (OS) is a collection of
software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for
computer programs.
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a
application program and the computer hardware.
• An OS is a program that controls the execution of
application programs
• A systems program which controls all the
computer's resources and provides a base upon
which application programs can be written.
2
 Major Functions of Operating System

• Resource management
• Data management
• Job management
• Information Protection and Security
• Standard means of communication between
User and Computer

3
 Cont’d
Resource Management
• A computer is a set of resources for the movement,
storage, and processing of data and for the control
of these functions.
• The OS is responsible for managing these
resources.
• The resource management function of an OS
allocates computer resources such as CPU time ,
main memory, secondary storage , and input and
output devices for use

4
 Cont’d
Data Management
• The data management functions of an OS
govern the input and output of data and their
location, storage , and retrieval.
• It also is responsible for storing and retrieving
information on disk drives and for the
organization of that information on the drive

5
 Cont’d
Information Protection and Security
• The growth in the use of time-sharing systems and,
more recently, computer networks has brought with it
a growth in concern for the protection of information.
• The nature of the threat that concerns an organization
will vary greatly depending on the circumstances
• there are some general-purpose tools that can be built
into computers and operating systems that support a
variety of protection and security mechanisms.

6
 Cont’d
Job Management
• The job management function of an OS
prepares , schedules ,controls , and monitors
jobs submitted for execution to ensure the
most efficient processing.
• A job is a collection of one or more related
programs and their data.

7
 Cont’d
Standard Means of Communication between
User and Computer
• The OS also establishes a standard means of
communication between users and their
computer systems.
• It does this by providing a user interface and a
standard set of commands that control the
hardware

8
 History of Operating Systems
• Early Systems - bare machine (early 1950s) -
First Generation
• Structure
 Large machines run from console
 Single user system
Programmer/User as operator
Paper tape or punched cards

9
 Simple Batch Systems – Second Generation

• The users of batch operating system do not

interact with the computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job on an off-line
device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator.
• To speed up processing, jobs with similar
needs are batched together and run as a group

10
 cont’d

• Add a card reader a device to read programs

written on punched cards
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
• Use an operator somebody to work the machine
• Automatic job sequencing - automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
• First rudimentary operating system.

11
 Cont’d
• The problems with Batch Systems are following.

 Lack of interaction between the user and job.

CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the

mechanical I/O devices is slower than CPU.

Difficult to provide the desired priority.

12
 Control Cards
• Special cards that tell the resident monitor
which programs to run
• Parts of resident monitor
 Control card interpreter - responsible for reading
and carrying out instructions on the cards.
 Loader - loads systems programs and applications
programs into memory.
Device drivers - know special characteristics and
properties for each of the system's I/O devices.

13
 Third Generation: Multiprogramming and Time -Sharing

Multiprogramming
• Multiprogramming allows the processor to handle multiple batch jobs
at a time, multiprogramming can also be used to handle multiple
interactive jobs.
• Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU
is shared between them. Each job is called a process.
• OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
 I/O routine supplied by the system.
 Memory management - the system must allocate the memory to
several jobs.
 CPU scheduling - the system must choose among several jobs ready
to run.
 Allocation of devices.

14
 Time-Sharing Systems
• Processor's time which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is known as time-sharing.

• In a time-sharing system, multiple users simultaneously access the

system through terminals, with the OS interleaving the execution
of each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation

• The CPU is shared between several processes.

• Each process belongs to a user and I/O is to/from a separate

terminal for each user.

15
 Fourth Generation : Personal-Computer Systems

• In the mid-1980s, many single user, multi-

tasking operating systems were developed for
microcomputers
• In the 1990s, operating systems as sophisticated
as the mainframe operating systems started to be
developed for personal computers
• I/O devices - keyboards, display screens,
printers.
• User convenience and responsiveness.
16
 Examples of Operating System

MS-DOS
Windows
Mac OS
Linux
Solaris
Android

17
 Example of Os
Microsoft DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
Developed by Microsoft Inc.
Using command line interface.
It does not support multiple users and
multitasking.
First version:MS-DOS1.0(1981)

18
 Cont’d
Windows
Produced by Microsoft Inc.
Window is graphical user interface operating
system
Some version is multi tasking and extremely
user friendly
Firstversion:Windows1.0(1985)

19
 Cont’d
linux
 Linux was originally built by linus torvald at university of
Helsinki in 1991
 A freely distributable open source operating system that
runs on a number of hardware platforms.
 It runs on wide range of hardware from pcs to mac
 Are not user friendly
Ex: ubuntu ,fedora ,lindows …

20
 Cont’d
Mac OS
The official name of the Macintosh operating
system
 Created by Apple Inc.
Operating System for Apple Macintosh
computer.
First version:Mac System1(1984)

21
 Cont’d
Android
• Android is a Linux-based operating system for
mobile devices such as smart phone sand tablet
computers
• It is developed by the Open Hand set Alliance
,led by Google , and other companies
• First version:Android1.0(2008)

22
 Cont’d
Solaris
• Solaris is a Unix operating system originally
developed by Sun Micro systems
• Solar is can be installed from physical media or
a network for use on a desktop or server
• Used on server and workstation
• First version:Solaris1(1991)

23
 Type of operating system
• Distinguished by the response time and how
data is entered into the system
Single user
 Multi user
Multi processing
Embedded
 Real time

24
 Single User
TWO TYPES
– Single user, single task

– Single user, multi tasking

Single user, single task

 Designed to manage the computer so that one

user can effectively do one thing at a time.
25
 Single user, multi tasking
• Designed with a single user in mind but can deal
with many applications running at the same time

• Type of operating system most people use on

their desktop and laptop computers today

• Examples: Microsoft's Windows and Apple's Mac

OS platforms
26
 MULTI USER
• Allows many different users to take advantage
of the computer's resources simultaneously
• Allows multiple users to access the computer
system at the same time
• Time Sharing system and Internet servers as
the multi user systems
• Examples: UNIX, VMS and Mainframe
Operating systems

27
 MULTI PROCESSING
• Multiprocessing, in general, refers to the
utilization of multiple CPUs in a single
computer system
• Enables several programs to run concurrently
• The term also refers to the ability of a system
to support more than one processor and/or the
ability to allocate tasks between them

28
 EMBEDDED OS
• Designed to be used in embedded computer
systems
• Are able to operate with a limited number of
resources on small machines
• Are very compact and extremely efficient by
design.
• Examples include computers in cars, digital
televisions, ATMs, airplane controls, digital
cameras, GPS navigation systems, elevators etc

29
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
• It is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications
• The main objective of real-time operating systems
is their quick and predictable response to events
• In it, the time interval required to process and
respond to inputs is so small that it controls the
environment
• Are used to control machinery, scientific
instruments and industrial systems
• Examples: QNX, RTLINUX

30