Yangon Technological University

Department of Civil Engineering

Transportation Engineering III+IV

(2023-2024 Academic Year)

Parking Study

Submitted by
Name: Thein Than Oo
Roll No: IVC - 3
Date: 13 February, 2024

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 Table of Content
Topic Page No.

Chapter 1: Introduction 1 to 4
Chapter 2: Literature Review 4 to 6
Chapter 3: Methodology 6
Chapter 4: Result & Discussion 6 to 11
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation 11

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 Parking Study

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Having enough parking supply is crucial in the transportation sector. Sufficient parking
spaces ensure that people can easily access their destinations without spending excessive time
searching for parking spots. This convenience encourages more people to use private vehicles,
public transportation, or shared mobility options. Inadequate parking leads to drivers circling in
search of parking spaces, contributing to traffic congestion. By providing enough parking supply,
traffic flow can be improved as drivers spend less time looking for parking, reducing overall
congestion on roads. Adequate parking provisions are integral to urban planning and
development. Cities need to consider parking requirements when designing new residential,
commercial, and recreational areas to ensure that sufficient parking spaces are available to meet
the needs of residents, workers, and visitors.

1.2 Problem Statement

The main problem is located in Yangon city. Yangon, a swiftly expanding urban center,
is struggling with worsening traffic congestion and a growing need for parking spaces. This
poses a challenge for businesses, especially those like restaurants that depend on accessibility.
Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant, situated on Insein Road in Yangon, faces potential problems
during busy parking times, with issues such as how long customers park and how the parking
spaces are used overall. The restaurant needs to understand and deal with these challenges by
conducting a thorough parking study. This not only helps in managing the restaurant's parking
facilities efficiently but also provides valuable insights into finding solutions for urban parking
issues in Yangon's changing landscape.

1.3 Aim & Objective

The purpose of this research is to thoroughly examine the parking situation at Shwe Kaung
Kywel Restaurant's surface parking lot.

Objectives:

● To gather general data about parking at Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant.

● To assess the availability and usage of parking spaces.
● To evaluate parking efficiency, including the rate at which parking spots are used.
● To analyze how long vehicles typically remain parked in the lot.

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1.4 Study Area
The study concentrates on the off-street surface parking lot owned and managed by Shwe
Kaung Kywel Restaurant along Insein Road in Yangon. This parking area, consisting of 20 slots,
is a crucial part of the restaurant's setup. Its location and operational features make it a suitable
focus for examination, offering a valuable understanding of the obstacles and advantages linked

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with privately operated off-street parking in urban settings.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
This literature review strives to offer a thorough comprehension of the theoretical
frameworks utilized in analyzing parking data. It examines the concept of space-hours of parking
demand to uncover temporal patterns and utilization dynamics that impact the requirement for
parking spaces. Furthermore, the review investigates the supply aspect of parking facilities,
considering efficiency metrics and turnover rates to evaluate the actual availability and usage of
these spaces.

2.2 Space-Hours
Space hour is the use of a single parking space for a period of 1 hour.

2.2.1. Space-Hours of Demand

This aims to quantify the demand for parking spaces over a specific period by considering the
mid-duration of each class of parking duration and the number of vehicles in each class.

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 n
D = ∑ ¿¿ ti×ni)
i=1

where,
D = Space vehicle-hours demand for a specific period
n = Number of classes of parking duration ranges
ti = Mid-parking duration of the ith class
ni = Number of vehicles parked for the ith duration range

2.2.2 Space-Hours of Supply

This quantifies the practical availability of parking spaces, considering time restrictions and
efficiency factors.
N
S = f× ∑ ¿ ¿ti)
i =1

where
S = a practical number of space-hours of supply for a specific period of time
N = number of parking spaces available
ti = total length of time in hours when the ith space can be legally parked on during the specified
period
f = efficiency factor

2.3. Efficiency Factor (F)

This factor accounts for turnover and varies based on the type of parking (curb, surface lots,
garages).
Curb parking = 78% to 96% (highest demand)
Surface lots and garages = 75% to 92% (highest demand)

2.4. Average Parking Duration

Parking duration is the length of time a vehicle is parked at a parking stall and is an indicator of
how frequently a parking space becomes available.

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The formula below provides the average duration a vehicle is parked.
D = Σ N X × X × I / NT
where,
D = average parking duration (hr/veh)
NX = no of vehicles parked for x intervals
I = length of observation interval (hr)
NT = total no. of vehicles observed

2.5. Turnover Rate

The Parking turnover rate is the rate of use of a parking space. It can be calculated as below.
TR = NT/ (S×Ts)
where
TR = parking turnover rate (veh/stall/ hr)
S = total no of legal parking stalls
Ts = duration of the study period (hr)

2.6. Parking Accumulation

Parking accumulation refers to the count of parked vehicles within a designated study
area at a particular point in time. A graph depicting the curve of parking accumulation over time
illustrates how the number of parked vehicles changes throughout the day.

Chapter 3: Methodology
Parking studies play a crucial role for traffic engineers in optimizing parking infrastructure and
improving overall traffic management. The methodology outlined below follows a systematic
approach consisting of four key steps:

3.1. Inventory of Existing Parking Facilities

Initially, an inventory of current parking facilities is conducted to document and
categorize their characteristics, including the type and quantity of parking spaces, operating
hours, ownership, fees, restrictions, and permanency. This step establishes a baseline
understanding of the existing parking infrastructure and ownership details.

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3.2. Collection of Parking Data
Following this, data collection on parking accumulation, turnover, and duration is
undertaken to obtain real-time insights into temporal variations, peak demand periods, and
turnover rates. This involves monitoring parking accumulation at regular intervals, identifying
peak periods based on land-use activities, and calculating turnover rates and duration.

3.3. Identification of Parking Generators

Next, the identification of parking generators is pursued, aiming to identify key entities or
activities contributing to parking demand. This is accomplished through interviews with drivers
and the identification of facilities such as shopping centers or transit terminals. Understanding
the sources and characteristics of parking demand enables planners to develop targeted strategies
to address specific needs and optimize resource allocation.

3.4. Collection of Information on Demand

Lastly, comprehensive information on parking demand is gathered using techniques such
as postcard surveys to collect data on drivers' parking behaviors and preferences, trip patterns,
and factors influencing parking demand. This approach provides detailed insights into drivers'
preferences, trip patterns, and the underlying factors driving parking demand, facilitating
informed decision-making and the development of effective parking management strategies.
Regular updates every four to five years ensure that the collected data remains relevant for
ongoing urban planning efforts, allowing for adaptive and responsive management of parking
infrastructure in dynamic urban environments.
In this study, the parking generator is Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant. While an inventory
study and collection of parking data were conducted, unfortunately, interviews with drivers were
not possible.

4. Research Data Analysis and Discussion

4.1. Inventory of existing parking facility
4.1.1. General Information

Name of Facility Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant

Type of Facility Off Street Facility with Surface Lots
No. of Parking Space 20
Time of Operation 5:00 AM - 9:00 PM
Limit on Duration None
Type of Ownership Private
Type of Operation Private
Restriction Only for the Customers

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4.1.2. The layout of Parking Slots

Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant

4.1.3. Dimensions of Parking Stall

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4.2. Analysis of Parking Data
The collected data is as follows
Time of Day No. of cars parked
12:30 12
12:45 13
13:00 14
13:15 12
13:30 11
13:45 4
14:00 9
14:15 16
14:30 15
∑ 106

4.2.1. Parking Demand

Midparking
Classes No of cars parked, ni niti
Duration, ti
0-15 0.125 13 1.625
15-30 0.375 14 5.25
30-45 0.625 12 7.5
45-60 0.875 11 9.625
60-75 1.125 4 4.5
75--90 1.375 9 12.375
90-105 1.625 16 26

105-120 1.875 15 28.125

Parking Demand 95
Parking Demand = 95 space-hours
4.2.2. Parking Supply
Number of parking spaces available, N 20
Total length of time in hr when can be legally
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parked, ti
Effiency factor, f 0.85
Parking Supply 272

Parking Supply = 272 space-hours

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4.2.3. Parking Duration

length of observation
0.25
interval (hr), I
Interval No. of cars
Parking Duration
No. parked, NX
1 12 0.028301887
2 13 0.061320755
3 14 0.099056604
4 12 0.113207547
5 11 0.129716981
6 4 0.056603774
7 9 0.148584906
8 16 0.301886792
9 15 0.318396226
Total 106 1.257075472
Parking Duration = 1.26 hr/veh

4.2.4. Parking Turnover Rate

Total number of vehicles observed, NT 106

Total number of legal parking stalls, S 20

Duration of the study period, Ts (hr) 2
Turnover Rate, TR = NT/STs 2.65
Turnover Rate = 2.65 veh/stall/hr
4.2.5. Parking Accumulation

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4.3. Discussion
The findings from the parking study provide valuable insights into the dynamics of
parking demand, supply, duration, and turnover rates within the study area. During the study
period, a total of 106 cars were parked, indicating a significant demand for parking in the
vicinity. However, it's important to note that the observed parking demand of 95 space-hours is
slightly lower than the available supply, which stands at 272 parking spaces. This suggests that,
at least during the study period, there is enough capacity to accommodate the observed demand,
potentially alleviating issues related to parking shortages or congestion.
The turnover rate of 2.65 vehicles per stall per hour supports this idea, indicating a
healthy level of activity and turnover within the parking facilities. The average parking duration
of 1.26 hours per vehicle is relatively high, likely due to the presence of taxi drivers taking
breaks and chatting at Shwe Kaung Kywel Restaurant between 12:30 and 14:30.
The observed parking accumulation pattern highlights temporal variations in parking
demand, with the smallest accumulation occurring at 13:45 and the largest at 14:15, indicating
peak periods of parking activity during the study period. These findings can guide strategies for
managing peak demand periods effectively.
Overall, the results suggest a relatively balanced relationship between parking demand
and supply within the study area, with efficient turnover rates contributing to the effective
utilization of available parking spaces. However, it's important to recognize that these findings
are based on data collected during a specific study period and may not fully capture long-term
trends or seasonal variations in parking demand. Therefore, ongoing monitoring and periodic
reassessment of parking dynamics are essential to ensure the continued effectiveness and
sustainability of parking management strategies in the area.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
In this parking study, we've gained valuable insights into the parking situation within the
study area. Through thorough data collection and analysis, we observed a total of 106 cars
parked during the study period, with a parking demand of 95 vehicles. Interestingly, the observed
demand is less than the available supply of 272 parking spaces. The study also uncovered
efficient turnover rates, with vehicles staying parked for an average duration of 1.26 hours per
vehicle and a turnover rate of 2.65 vehicles per stall per hour. Moreover, analyzing parking
accumulation patterns helped identify peak demand periods, which offers useful information for
potential management strategies.

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1. Driver Interview:

Unfortunately, due to limitations in this study, we couldn't conduct interviews with drivers to
gain further insights into their parking behaviors and preferences. Future research endeavors

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should consider incorporating qualitative methods like surveys or interviews to better understand
drivers' needs and perceptions regarding parking facilities.

5.2.2. Long-Term Monitoring:

The findings presented in this study are based on data collected within a specific timeframe. To
capture variations and long-term trends in parking demand accurately, it's crucial to engage in
continuous long-term monitoring and periodic reassessment of parking dynamics.

5.2.3. Technological Solutions:

Recent advancements in technology, such as parking sensors, real-time data analytics, and
mobile applications, offer promising opportunities for enhancing parking management efficiency
and improving the overall parking experience. Future studies should explore the integration of
these technological solutions into parking management practices to optimize efficiency and user
satisfaction.

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