Computer Science and Information Technologies

Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 85~92

ISSN: 2722-3221, DOI: 10.11591/csit.v5i1.pp85-92  85

Fingerprint based smart door lock system using Arduino and

smartphone application

Tole Sutikno1,2,3, Moh Ainur Faqih Ubaidillah2, Watra Arsadiando3, Hendril Satrian Purnama3
1
Master Program of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Department Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3
Embedded System and Power Electronics Research Group, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In 2023, crime cases in Indonesia will reach 105,133. Cases of theft with
aggravation dominate the majority of cases. Everyone is concerned about
Received Jun 11, 2023 safety, but doors are typically opened and closed using physical keys. This is
Revised Dec 20, 2023 vulnerable to being tampered with with fake keys, which can lead to house
Accepted Jan 18, 2024 break-ins and theft. In this research, we propose a fingerprint-based wireless
door lock design using Arduino and a smartphone. We offer this solution as a
preventive measure to reduce the high rate of theft in homes or other buildings.
Keywords: The devices used are Arduino UNO R3, fingerprint sensor, HC-05 Bluetooth
module, buzzer, and door lock solenoid. The results of the fingerprint-based
Bluetooth HC-05 wireless door lock using Arduino and a smartphone can function well, with an
Fingerprint average response time of 1.20 seconds. Furthermore, testing the HC-05
Security system Bluetooth when sending signals to a smartphone shows that it can read data
Smart home accurately with an average response time of 1.54 seconds.
Wireless door lock
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Tole Sutikno
Master Program of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Southern Ringroad, Kragilan, Tamanan, Banguntapan, Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55191,
Indonesia
Email: tole@te.uad.ac.id

1. INTRODUCTION
Crime cases in Indonesia in 2023 will increase by 30.7% from 2022, with a total of 105,133 cases.
According to data from the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia, 30,019 cases of aggravated theft make
up the majority of these cases [1]. One of the crimes of cheating is theft in the house or yard by damaging and
uncovering it to enter the house and cause a criminal case. The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia
urges everyone to always be alert and to always provide a proper security system for their homes.
When talking about home security systems, doors are the most important part of a building because
they are the main access to go in or out. For this reason, a proper security system is needed on the door to
prevent theft [2]. Currently, the only doors available on the market have physical keys to securely open or close
the door of a building. However, physical keys are vulnerable to being tampered with with fake keys, which
can lead to house break-ins and theft. [3], [4]. With rapidly developing technology, people are looking for
devices to ensure safety and comfort in their homes. There are currently several types of security device
technology, such as facial recognition [5]–[7], fingerprint [3], [4], [8]–[10], finger geometry (finger size and
position), iris recognition, vein recognition, retina scan, and voice recognition [2], [3], [6], [7], [9]–[18].
Smart door locks using biometrics have the advantage of higher security. In a smart home, the security
system is a very important part [19]–[24]. Fingerprint recognition is one of the most secure systems because a
person's fingerprint is never coordinated with anyone else's [24]–[26]. So, someone's access to the door lock

Journal homepage: http://iaesprime.com/index.php/csit

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can be limited. This makes fingerprints the new automatic ID for every person [26]–[29]. With this idea, a plan
and model of a fingerprint-based door lock framework will be presented in this paper. This study proposes
security device technology using a fingerprint sensor as the main access to unlock. Furthermore, in certain
conditions, an alternative to unlocking the door remotely is to use an application on a smartphone with
Bluetooth HC-05 as a wireless data transmitter.

2. METHODS
This research focuses on security aspects in the context of using fingerprint sensors and smartphones
to control home door locking. Through the use of this technology, data will be sent wirelessly via the HC-05
Bluetooth module to smartphone applications designed using the MIT App Inventor platform [30]–[38]. The
process of recognizing and extracting fingerprint data for the smart door lock device being developed can be
seen in Figure 1.
The expected result is the ability to unlock home doors automatically using a fingerprint sensor and
hardware that is connected to a smartphone. In this research, there are several stages involving various research
materials and resources. This sub-chapter includes hardware design, software development, and the preparation
of wiring diagrams. The hardware design process begins with creating block diagrams and flowchart diagrams
to plan the steps to be taken. The next step is to create a system schematic circuit design by combining all
device components into a single, integrated, and controllable system.

2.1. System configuration

Figure 2(a) shows the block diagram system and becomes a reference for how the system works.
Arduino UNO acts as the brain of the system and manages data from fingerprints and smartphones. The
Arduino is then connected to various output components, including LEDs, buzzers, and relays. The relay
functions as a link between the Arduino and the door lock solenoid. The fingerprint-based wireless door lock
system is implemented using Arduino hardware and smartphone software. In this figure, the main steps and
components of this system are shown sequentially, making it possible to understand clearly and in detail how
the system can operate. The flow diagram starts with system initialization, where the system will wait for input
data from the fingerprint or Bluetooth sensor. When Bluetooth sends data in the form of an interger 1, the LED,
buzzer, and solenoid connected to the relay will light up for 5 seconds, then turn off while waiting for the data
to be input again. Likewise with fingerprints, if the finger detected by the sensor is registered, then the LED,
buzzer, and solenoid connected to the relay will turn on for 5 seconds, then turn off, and the door lock solenoid
will close automatically until you wait for fingerprint data again to open it. If the attached fingerprint is not
registered, the buzzer will flash three times, indicating that the attached fingerprint is not registered. This
process is shown in Figure 2(b). The implemented hardware schematic diagram is shown in Figure 2(c).

Figure 1. The process of extracting features from the finger surface and storing them in a database.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2. Hardware design: (a) Block diagram, (b) Flowchart, (c) Schematic circuit

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this research, a smart door lock device has been successfully designed using fingerprint sensor
technology and remote control with a smartphone. Figure 3 shows a photograph of the developed device
prototype. In this research, tests were carried out on the device to determine its success in responding to and
recognizing fingerprints registered on the system and testing the remote control using a smartphone application
that had been designed using the HC-05 Bluetooth module [31]–[39] as the signal transmitter.

3.1. The test of fingerprint sensor

This test aims to find out whether the fingerprint sensor is connected and whether the fingerprint
sensor is working according to its function. The first time the device is turned on, the fingerprint sensor has not
yet saved the fingerprint ID, so when you attach the fingerprint, it will read on the serial monitor that it did not
find a match. The fingerprint sensor can store fingerprints ranging from 1 to 127. The storage process begins
by typing the numbers 1–127 to save the fingerprint. After that, the sensor will wait for the fingerprint that will
be registered or that you want to save to be attached to the sensor. When the fingerprint has been obtained, the
program will ask you to stick the same finger again for authentication purposes, and the fingerprint will be
registered or stored in the number that was typed earlier.

3.2. Bluetooth testing

In this research, mobile applications are built using a website-based compiler developed by MIT.
Application creation begins by entering or logging in to the website https://appinventor.mit.edu and clicking
“Create Apps." This data delivery test uses an application that has been created using the MIT App Inventor
platform [31], [39]. This test is carried out by opening the Bluetooth settings on the smartphone and connecting
it to the HC-05 Bluetooth module [31]–[39].
Figure 4 shows the appearance of the application after the Bluetooth button is pressed, and after
selecting Bluetooth, which was previously connected to the smartphone, the connectivity information indicator
next to the open button becomes connected, indicating that the application and the Bluetooth module are
connected. This shows that applications created using MIT App Inventor can send data. It can be seen that
when the open button is pressed, the Blueetooth HC-05 will receive and open the door. The data sent by the
application when the open button is pressed can be used as conditioning to activate the relay so that the door
lock solenoid can open.

3.3. System testing

Placing a registered finger on the fingerprint sensor and timing how long it takes for the relay to
activate in order to open the doorlock solenoid serve as the test's inputs. It can be seen that the response time
required for the system to open the doorlock solenoid varies. This can be caused by the finger being attached
incorrectly, so the finger must be placed in the right position so that the sensor can read the fingerprint correctly
and the system can immediately open the doorlock solenoid.
The test results are carried out using a smartphone application created using the MIT App Inventor
platform. Firstly, press the open button on the application after a Bluetooth connection with the connected
device, then calculate the time needed for the system to respond and activate the relay so that it opens the door
lock solenoid. Testing is also carried out by measuring the distance between the smartphone and the system in
order to find out the ideal distance for this system to work. So, in testing the response time of smartphone
applications with this system, it can be concluded that distance is one of the factors that influences the response
time it takes for the system to receive data from the smartphone and respond, thereby opening the doorlock
solenoid. The results of this test also show that at a distance of 15 meters, the system is no longer able to
respond to or receive data sent by the application, so the system does not open the solenoid door lock.
The data in Table 1 shows the results of testing the entire system on the fingerprint sensor. It can be
seen in the table that the fastest time required for the system to open the doorlock solenoid immediately after
the registered finger is attached is 1.08 seconds, and the longest time is 1.28 seconds. So, in this test, the average
time needed for the system to read fingerprints and open the doorlock solenoid was 1.20 seconds.
Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the fastest time in this test was at a distance of 2 meters with a
time of 1.02 seconds, and the longest time for the system to respond to open the doorlock solenoid was at a
distance of 14 meters with a time of 3.35 seconds. From the existing response time data, it was found that the
average time required for the system to respond to data sent by the application on the smartphone was 1.54
seconds.

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Figure 3. Photograph of hardware and fingerprint sensor testing

Figure 4. Testing data transmission from smartphone to HC-05 module

Table 1. Testing Data Results of Fingerprint Sensor Response Time to Door Locks
Test No. ID Fingerprint Time Respons (s) Selenoid Condition
1 1 1.1 Open
2 2 1.22 Open
3 3 1.23 Open
4 4 1.28 Open
5 5 1.19 Open
6 6 1.08 Open
7 7 1.21 Open
8 8 1.17 Open
9 9 1.27 Open
10 10 1.25 Open
Average 1.20

Table 2. Results of Bluetooth application response time to door locks

Distance (m) Respon Time (s) Bluetooth HC-05 Selenoid Condition
1 1.08 ON Open
2 1.02 ON Open
3 1.3 ON Open
4 1.33 ON Open
5 1.56 ON Open
6 1.37 ON Open
7 1.86 ON Open
8 1.2 ON Open
9 1.12 ON Open
10 1.39 ON Open
11 1.56 ON Open
12 2.02 ON Open
13 1.52 ON Open
14 3.35 ON Open
15 - OFF Close
Average 1.54

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4. CONCLUSION
Following the stages of design, system development, and trial implementation, a wireless door lock
device utilizing fingerprint technology was successfully created. The device is powered by an Arduino and can
be connected to a smartphone. This study has successfully designed and implemented an automatic door lock
system that incorporates a fingerprint sensor as an input component. The system has undergone verification
testing ten times, demonstrating the reliability of the fingerprint sensor. The door lock solenoid operates with
a 100% accuracy rate. During a separate trial, the smartphone transmitted data to the HC-05 Bluetooth module,
enabling the module to accurately retrieve the data from the smartphone within a maximum range of 14 meters.
The average response time for this process was 1.54 seconds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project is supported by Embedded Systems and Power Electronics Research Group (ESPERG).

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Tole Sutikno is a professor in Electrical Engineering Department at the

Universitas Ahmad Dahlan (UAD), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng.
and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universitas Diponegoro, Universitas
Gadjah Mada and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in 1999, 2004 and 2016, respectively. He
has been a Professor in UAD, Yogyakarta, Indonesia since 2023. He is among the top 2% of
researchers named by Stanford University and Elsevier BV as the most influential scientists
in the world for 2021–present. He is currently an Editor-in-Chief of the TELKOMNIKA and
the Head of the Embedded Systems and Power Electronics Research Group (ESPERG). His
research interests include the field of digital design, industrial applications, industrial
electronics, industrial informatics, power electronics, motor drives, renewable energy,
FPGA applications, embedded system, artificial intelligence, intelligent control, information
technology and digital library. He can be contacted at email: tole@te.uad.ac.id.

Moh Ainur Faqih Ubaidillah received his B.Eng. in Electrical Engineering

from Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia, in 2023. His research interests include robotics
and Internet of Things. He can be contacted at email: moh1800022115@webmail.uad.ac.id.

Fingerprint based smart door lock system using arduino and smartphone application (Tole Sutikno)
92  ISSN: 2722-3221

Watra Arsadiando received B. Eng. in electrical engineering from Universitas

Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia, in 2017. He is a member of the Embedded Systems & Power
Electronics Research Group (ESPERG). His current research interests include renewable
energy, robotics, and digital control system. He can be contacted at email:
watra24arsadiando@gmail.com or watra@journal.uad.ac.id.

Hendril Satrian Purnama received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering

from Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2017. After receiving his degree,
he became a member of the Embedded Systems and Power Electronics Research Group
(ESPERG), and worked there as a researcher. In addition, he is also active as assistant editor
in several international journals in the field of electrical engineering, computer and
informatics. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy technology,
robotics and the Internet of Things. He can be contacted at email: lfriyan220@gmail.com.

Comput Sci Inf Technol, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2024: 85-92