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 22MA101
MATRICES AND CALCULUS
Department: MATHEMATICS
Batch/Year:2023– 2024 / I
Created by: Department of Mathematics
Date: 23.10.2023
 Table of Contents
S. No. Contents Page
1 Course Objectives 6

2 Prerequisites 7

3 Syllabus 8

4 Course Outcomes 9

5 CO - PO/PSO Mapping 10

6 Lecture Plan 11

7 Activity Based Learning 12

Lecture Notes : UNIT V Vector Calculus 15

5.1 Gradient and Directional derivative 17
5.2 Divergence and Curl - Solenoidal and Irrotational Vector
34
Fields-Vector Identities
8 54
5.3 Vector Integration- 5.3.1 Line integral over a plane curve

5.3.2 Surface Integral - Area of a curved surface 59

5.3.3 Volume Integral 60

5.4 Green’s theorem in a plane 63

5.5 Gauss Divergence theorem 72

9 Practice Quiz: Vector Calculus 83

10 Assignments 87

11 Part A Questions & Answers 89

12 Part B Questions 94

13 Supportive Online Certification Courses 96

14 Real Time Applications 97

15 Contents Beyond the Syllabus 100

16 Additional Resources 101

17 Mini Project 102

18 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 103

 Course Objectives

SI.NO COURSE OBJECTIVES

The syllabus is designed to:

Explain the concepts of matrix algebra techniques

1
needed for practical applications.

2 Determine the curvature of the curves.

Illustrate the simple applications of multivariable

3
calculus and vector calculus.

Elaborate the concept and application of multiple

4
integrals.
 Prerequisites

Subject Code: 22MA101

Subject Name: MATRICES AND CALCULUS

Prerequisites

To learn engineering mathematics one has to be strong in

mathematics including the basic concepts of algebra,
trigonometry, geometry and precalculus.

Definition of differentiation and integration from the first principle

and how to use some properties and rules to find the derivatives
and integration of more complicated functions.
 Syllabus
UNIT I MATRICES 15
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a real matrix – Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors –
Statement and applications of Cayley-Hamilton Theorem – Diagonalization of matrices by
orthogonal transformation – Reduction of a quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal
transformation – Nature of quadratic forms. Theory : 9

Experiments using SCILAB:

1.Introduction to SCILAB through matrices and general syntax.
2.Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.
3.Plotting the graph of a quadratic form. laboratory: 6

UNIT II SINGLE VARIABLE CALCULUS 15

Curvature in Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates – Centre and radius of curvature – Circle of
curvature–Evolutes. Theory: 9

Experiments using SCILAB:

1.Evaluating the radius of curvature.
2.Finding the coordinates of the center of curvature.
3.Tracing of Curves. Laboratory: 6
UNIT III MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS 15
Partial derivatives (excluding Euler’s theorem) – Total derivative – Differentiation of implicit
functions – Jacobian and properties – Taylor’s series for functions of two variables – Maxima and
minima of functions of two variables. Theory: 9

Experiments using SCILAB:

1.Evaluating the maxima of functions of several variables.
2.Evaluating the minima of functions of several variables.
3.Evaluation of Jacobians. Laboratory: 6
UNIT IV MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 15
Double integrals – Change of order of integration – Area enclosed by plane curves – Triple
integrals – Volume of solids. Theory: 9

Experiments using SCILAB

1.Evaluating area under a curve.
2.Evaluating area using double integral..
3.Evaluation of volume by integrals. Laboratory: 6

UNIT V VECTOR CALCULUS 15

Gradient, divergence and curl (excluding vector identities) – Directional derivative – Irrotational
and Solenoidal vector fields – Vector integration – Green’s theorem in a plane and Gauss
divergence theorem (Statement only) – Simple applications involving cubes and rectangular
parallelopipeds. Theory: 9

Experiments using SCILAB:

1.Evaluating gradient.
2.Evaluating directional derivative.
8
3.Evaluating divergent and curl. Laboratory: 6
 Course Outcomes

Highest

CO’s Course Outcomes Cognitive

Level

After the successful completion of the course, the student will be

able to:

CO1
Use the matrix algebra methods to diagonalize
K1, K2
the matrix.

CO2 Determine the evolute of the curve. K3

CO3
Apply differential calculus ideas on the function
K1,K3
of several variables.

CO4
Evaluate the area and volume by applying the
K3
concept of multiple integration.

CO5
Utilize the concept of vector calculus in
K3
evaluating integrals.
 CO-PO/CO-PSO Mapping

CO PO PO PO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9
PO 10 11 12

CO1 3 1 1 1 - - - - - - - 1

CO2 3 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 1

CO3 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1

CO4 3 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 1

CO5 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1

CO / PSO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 - - -

CO2 - - -

CO3 - - -

CO4 - - -

CO5 - - -

CO6 - - -
 Lecture Plan
Pertai
S. Topics to be No. of Propose Actual Taxonomy Mode of
-ning
No covered periods d Date Date Level Delivery
CO

PPT,
Introduction-
1. 1 23.11.23 CO5 K3 Chalk &
Vector Calculus
Talk

Gradient and CO5 Chalk and

2. Directional 2 24.11.23 K3
Talk
derivative

Divergence and
Curl, Solenoidal CO5 Chalk and
3. 3 27.11.23 K3
and Irrotational Talk
fields

4. CO5 PPT,
Vector Identities 1 28.11.23 K3 Chalk &
Talk

CO5 PPT,
Line integral over
5. 1 29.11.23 K3 Chalk &
a plane curve
Talk

Surface Integral, CO5 PPT,

6. Area of a curved 1 30.11.23 K3 Chalk &
surface Talk

CO5 PPT,
7. Volume Integral 1 01.12.23 K3 Chalk &
Talk

Green’s, Gauss CO5 PPT,

8. divergence and 3 06.12.23 K3 Chalk &
Stoke’s theorems Talk

Verification and
application in CO5 PPT,
9. evaluating line, 2 08.12.23 K3 Chalk &
surface and Talk
volume integrals
 Activity Based Learning

Highest
S. Pertaining
Topic Cognitive Activity
No CO’s
Level

Students work in
5.1 Vector Calculus- small group to
Gradient and Directional identify the nature
1. derivative CO5 K3 of given physical
(Group) quantity(scalar or
vector)

5.2 Divergence and Curl, Students work in

Solenoidal and small group to
Irrotational Vector Fields- identify whether
2. Vector Identities CO5 K3 the given vector is
solenoidal and
(Group) irrotational

5.3 Vector Integration-

Green’s theorem, Stoke’s
3. theorem and Gauss CO5 K3 Free Writing
divergence theorem
(Individual)

Vector Calculus MCQ

4. CO5 K3 Test Yourself!!
(Individual)

1. Group activity

This is a small group activity of 3 to 4 members. Various physical quantities are given, so
that students categorize them into scalar quantity or vector quantity. Part of the learning
activity is first to identify them and they must justify their classification for each quantity.
 Activity Based Learning
Student’s Task:

Estimated time: 5 minutes for student’s task, 5 minutes for class discussion.

Physical quantities: Electrostatic potential, gravitational potential, temperature,

humidity, concentration, density, pressure, wave function of quantum mechanics

Electric and magnetic fields, magnetic vector potential, velocity, force fields such as
gravity.

2. Group activity

This is a small group activity of 3 to 4 members. Many vector valued functions over a
field F are given, so that students identify them as solenoidal field or irrotational
fields. Part of the learning activity is first to understand the concept of divergence
and curl of a vector point function. Few vectors are given below for reference.

Student’s Task:

Estimated time: 10 minutes for student’s task, 10 minutes for class discussion.

Find if the given vectors represent a solenoidal vector field or irrotational vector
field?

F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i  (2 y sin x  4) j  3xz 2 k

F   2 x  yz  i  (4 y  zx) j  (6 z  xy )k
F   2 x 2  8 xy 2 z  i  (3x 3 y  3xy ) j  (4 y 2 z 2  2 x 3 z )k
F  (2 xy  z 3 )i  x 2 j  3xz 2 k
F  ( x 2  y 2 )i  2 xy j
F  3xyi  y 2 j
F  3x 2 i  (2 xz  y ) j  zk
 Activity Based Learning
3. Free Writing

Students are asked to write the three important theorems used in vector integration
(Green’s theorem, Stoke’s theorem, Gauss Divergence theorem). This activity provides
an opportunity to recollect the concepts and improve their writing skill. Students will
gain knowledge to relate line integral, surface integral and volume integral concepts.

4. Self-Evaluation Practice Quiz

To remember the concepts, Test Yourself.

https://edurev.in/course/quiz/attempt/-1_Vector-Calculus-MCQ-Level-
1/b26799f9-3fe9-4ef0-89f2-2791dc4ff65f

https://edurev.in/course/quiz/attempt/-1_Vector-Calculus-5/d2ed2498-
b5be-4753-b66b-09684e20b62a

https://edurev.in/course/quiz/attempt/-1_Vector-Calculus-2/4f79f949-
2701-4b64-a58f-499adb1c6430

Note: To open the links select ‘Copy Selection’

 UNIT V

VECTOR CALCULUS
INTRODUCTION
Vector calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with multivariate real
analysis, i.e., differentiationand integration of vectors in two or more dimensions.
Vector calculus plays an important role in differential geometry and in the study of
partial differential equations. It is used extensively in physics and engineering,
especially in the description of electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields, and fluid
flow. Vector calculus was developed from quaternion analysis by J. Willard Gibbs
and Oliver Heaviside near the end of the 19 th century, and most of the notation
and terminology was established by Gibbs and Edwin Bidwell Wilson in their 1901
book, Vector Analysis.
In this unit we have to first study the basics of vector calculus comprising of
gradient, divergence and curl with the help of the vector differential
operator(del).Vector integration has then been considered, starting with the basics
and then the mathematical theory containing line, surface and volume integrals.
Green’s theorem, Stoke’s theorem and Gauss divergence theorem, which are
extremely useful for interchanging line integral to surface integral or surface
integral to volume integral and vice-versa, are also discussed with examples.

Scalar point function

Let P be a point with position vector r in a region R . To each point P ( r ) of the

region R in space, if there is a unique scalar or real number denoted by  (r ) , then  is
called a scalar point function in R . The region R is called a scalar field.

Vector point function

To each point P ( r ) of a region R in space, if there exists a unique vector

denoted by F ( r ) , then F is called a vector point function in R . The region R is called
a vector field.

Derivative of a vector function

df
The derivative of a vector function f (t ) at t denoted by is defined as
dt
df f (t  t )  f (t )
 lim if the limit exists. It is also denoted by f (t ) .
dt t  0 t

More about Vector Calculus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIxiYG-gZ00
5.1. Gradient and Directional Derivative
The vector differential operator 

  
The vector differential operator  (read as del) is defined as   i j k
x y z

where i , j & k are unit vectors along the three rectangular axes OX , OY & OZ .

The Gradient of a scalar point function

Let  ( x, y, z ) be a scalar point function and is continuously differentiable then the vector

      
   i  j  k   i j k
 x y z  x y z

is called the gradient of the scalar function  and is written as Grad  = 

Note

1.  is an operator and also it is a vector.

   
2.    i i j k
x x y z
  
3.  is a vector whose three components are , ,
x y z
4. If  is a constant then   0 .

Properties of 

1. (c11  c22 )  c11  c22 where c1 and c2 are constants and 1 , 2 are scalar
point functions.
2. (12 )  12  21
       
3.   1   2 1 2 1 2 , if 2  0
 2  2
4. If v  f (u ) , then v  f '(u )u .

The geometrical meaning of Gradient and its Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQPz3eXXgQI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wcs3ApVfFIc
Example 1: Prove that Gradient of a constant is zero.

Solution: If  ( x, y, z )  c be a constant, then

 c  c  c
  0,   0 and  0
x x y y z z

  
   i j k  i (0)  j (0)  k (0)  0
x y z

Example 2: If   xyz find 

Solution: Given   xyz

  
  i j k
x y z

 i  yz   j  xz   k  xy 

   yz i  xz j  xy k

Example 3: If   log  x 2  y 2  z 2  find 

Solution: Given   log  x 2  y 2  z 2 

  
  i j k
x y z

 2x   2y   2z 
i  2 2 
 j 2 2 
k  2 2 
x y z  x y z  x y z 
2 2 2


2
x  y2  z2
2 
xi  y j  z k 
2
   r
x  y2  z2
2

Note

We know that r  x i  y j  z k

r | r | x 2  y 2  z 2  r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2
Differentiate partially with respect to x, y & z

r r r
2r  2 x ; 2r  2 y ; 2 r  2 z
x y z

r x r y r z
 ;  ; 
x r y r z r

1
Example 4: Find   r  ,   
r

r x r y r z
Solution: W.K.T. r  x i  y j  z k , r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 and  ;  ; 
x r y r z r

r r r
(i) r  i  j k
x y z
x y z xi  yj  zk
i  j k 
r r r r
r
 r 
r
1  1   
(ii)    i       i
r x  r   x 

 1  r
 i  2 
 r  x

 1   x 
 i  2  
 r  r 
1
  3  xi
r
1

  3 xi  y j  zk
r

1 r
     3
r r

Example 5: Prove that   r n   nr n  2 r

Solution:

 n
 rn    i r 
x
 r
  i nr n 1
x

x
  i nr n 1
r

  i nr n2 x

 nr n2  x i


 nr n2 x i  y j  z k 
   r n   nr n  2 r

Example 6: Find (log r )

Solution:


   i
x


  log r    i  log r 
x

1 r
 i
r x

1x
 i
rr

1

r2
 xi


1
r2

xi  y j  zk 
r
   log r  
r2

Example 7: Prove that  e x  2

 y2  z2
  2e r2
r

r x r y r z
Solution: W.K.T. r  x i  y j  z k , r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2 and  ;  ; 
x r y r z r
 
 ex
2
 y2  z2
   e  r2

 i
 r2
x
e  
r
  i e r 2r
2

x

x
  i e r 2r
2

  i er 2 x
2

 2e r  xi
2


 2er x i  y j  z k 
2

 
 ex
2
 y2  z2
  2e r2
r

Example 8: The temperature at a point  x, y, z  in space is given by

T  x, y, z   x2  y 2  z . A mosquito located at  4, 4, 2 desires to fly in such a
direction that it gets cooled faster. Find the direction in which it should fly?

Solution: Given T  x2  y 2  z

T T T
T  i j k
x y z

 i  2 x   j  2 y   k  1

T 4,4,2  i  2(4)   j  2(4)   k  1

 T 4, 4, 2  8 i  8 j  k

 Mosquito will fly in the direction of maximum rate of decrease is 8 i  8 j  k .

Directional Derivative
The directional derivative of a scalar point function  in a given direction a is
the rate of change of  in the direction of a . It is the component of  in the
a
direction of a , which is given by   .
a

a
i.e) D.D. =  
a

Note

1. Maximum directional derivative =  .

2. Minimum directional derivative =   .

The geometrical meaning of Directional Derivatives and its

Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wcs3ApVfFIc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNwHXWApyH4

Example 9: Find the Directional Derivative of   x 2 yz  4 xz 2 at 1,  2, 1 in the

direction of 2i  j  2k .

Solution: Given   x 2 yz  4 xz 2 and a  2i  j  2k

 a  4 1 4  9  3

a
D.D. =  
a

Now,
   
  i j k
x y z

  i  2 xy  4 z 2   j  x 2 z   k  x 2 y  8 xz 

  8i  j  10k

 2i  j  2k 
 
D.D.  8i  j  10k   3

1
 16  1  20 
3

37
 D.D.  .
3

Example 10: Find the directional derivative of   x2 yz  4 xz 2  xyz at 1, 2,3 in

the direction of 2i  j  k .

Solution: Given   x2 yz  4 xz 2  xyz

  
  i j k
x y z

   2 xyz  4 z 2  yz  i   x 2 z  xz  j   x 2 y  8 xz  xy  k

1,2,3  54i  6 j  28k

Given a  2i  j  k

 a  4 11  6

a
 D.D. =  
a

 2i  j  k 

 54i  6 j  28k   6

1
  54(2)  6(1)  28(1) 
6
 1
 108  6  28
6

86
 D.D. 
6

Example 11: In what direction from the point  2,1,  1 is the D.D. of   x3 yz 3 a
maximum? What is the magnitude of this maximum?

Solution: Given   x3 yz 3

  
  i j k
x y z

 3x 2 yz 3i  x3 z 3 j  3x 3 yz 2 k

 2,1, 1  12i  8 j  24k

  144  64  576  784

   28

 The directional derivative is maximum in the direction  and the magnitude of this
maximum is   28 .

Unit Tangent Vector

dr
Unit tangent vector = dt
dr
dt

Example 12: Find a unit tangent vector to the following surfaces at the
specified points x  t 2  1, y  4t  3, z  2t 2  6t at t  2 .

Solution: r  x i  y j  z k

r   t 2  1 i   4t  3 j   2t 2  6t  k

dr
 2t i  4 j   4t  6  k
dt
  dr 
   4i  4 j  2k
 dt t 2

dr
 16  16  4  36  6
dt

dr
4i  4 j  2k 2i  2 j  k
 Unit tangent vector = dt = =
dr 6 3
dt

Normal Derivative

Normal Derivative = 

Example 13: Find the normal derivative of   xy  yz  zx at  1,1,1 .

Solution: Given   xy  yz  zx

  
  i j k
x y z

   y  z  i   x  z  j   x  y  k

 1,1,1  2i  0 j  0k

   4  2

Example 14: What is the greatest rate of increase of   xyz 2 at 1,0,3 .

Solution: Given   xyz 2

  
  i j k
x y z

  i  yz 2   j  xz 2   k  2 xyz 

1,0,3  0i  9 j  0k

 The greatest rate of increase =   92  9

Unit Normal Vector

 
Unit Normal Vector n̂ 


Example 15: Find a unit normal to the surface x2 y  2 xz 2  8 at the point 1,0, 2

Solution: Given   x 2 y  2 xz 2  8

  
  i j k
x y z

  i  2 xy  2 z 2   j  x 2   k  4 xz 

1,0,2  8i  j  8k

  64  1  64  129

 8i  j  8k
 A unit normal to the given surface at the point is =
 129

Example 16: Find a unit vector normal to the surface x2  y 2  z  10 at 1,1,1 .

Solution: Given   x 2  y 2  z  10

  
  i j k
x y z

  i  2 x   j  2 y   k

1,1,1  2i  2 j  k

  4  4  1  9  3

Angle between the surfaces

Let 1 and 2 be the two surfaces then the angle between the two surfaces is

1 2
cos  
1 2
Example 17: Find the angle between the surfaces z  x2  y 2  3 and
x2  y 2  z 2  9 at  2,  1, 2 .

Solution: Given 1  x 2  y 2  z  3 and 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  9

1  
1  i  j 1 k 1
x y z

1  2 x i  2 y j  k

1 2, 1,2  4i  2 j  k

1  16  4  1  21

Also,

2  
2  i  j 2 k 2
x y z

2  2 x i  2 y j  2 z k

2 2, 1,2  4i  2 j  4k

2  16  4  16  36  6

The angle between the given two surfaces is

1 2
cos  
1 2


 4i  2 j  k  .  4i  2 j  4 k 
21  6 

16  4  4 16
 
6 21 6 21

8  8 
 cos      cos 1  
3 21  3 21 

Example 18: Find the angle between the surfaces x log z  y 2  1 and x 2 y  2  z
at the point 1,1,1 .
Solution: Given 1   x log z  y 2  1 and 2  x 2 y  2  z

1  
1  i  j 1 k 1
x y z

 x
1  i   log z   j  2 y   k   
 z

11,1,1  0i  2 j  k  2 j  k

1  4  1  5

2  
Also, 2  i  j 2 k 2
x y z

2  i  2 xy   j  x 2   k 1

21,1,1  2i  j  k

2  4  1  1  6

The angle between the given two surfaces is

1 2
cos  
1 2

cos  
0i  2 j  k  .  2i  j  k   0  2  1
5 6 30

1  1 
 cos      cos 1  
30  30 

Note: If two surfaces 1 and 2 are cuts orthogonally (at 90o) then 1 2  0

Example 19: Find a and b such that the surfaces ax2  byz   a  2 x and
4 x 2 y  z 3  4 cut orthogonally at 1,  1, 2  .

Solution: Given 1  ax2  byz   a  2 x and 2  4 x 2 y  z 3  4

1  
1  i  j 1 k 1
x y z
 1  i  2ax  (a  2)   j  bz   k  by 

11, 1,2  i  2a  a  2)   j  2b   k  b 

11, 1,2   a  2  i  2bj  bk

2  
Also, 2  i  j 2 k 2
x y z

2  i  8 xy   j  4 x 2   k  3z 2 

21, 1, 2  8i  4 j  12k

Given that two surfaces are cuts orthogonally,

 1 2  0

  a  2 i  2bj  bk    8i  4 j  12k   0

8(a  2)  8b  12b  0

8a 16  8b  12b  0

8a  4b 16  0

2a  b  4  0       (1)

Since the points 1,  1, 2  lies on the surface 1  x, y, z   0

 a(1)2  b(1)(2)  (a  2)(1)

 a  2b  a  2  0

2b  2  0

b 1  0

b 1

From (1)

 2a 1 4  0  2a  5  0
 5
2a  5  a 
2

 a  5 / 2, b  1

More about angle between the surfaces and scalar potential function

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Scalar Potential 

Example 20: If   2xyz i  x 2 z j  x 2 y k , then find the value of  .

Solution: Given   2xyz i  x 2 z j  x 2 y k

  
i j k  2 xyz i  x 2 z j  x 2 y k
x y z

Equating the coefficient of i , j , k we get

  
 2 xyz    (1) ,  x 2 z    (2) ,  x 2 y    (3)
x y z

Integrating (1) p.w.r. to ' x ' , we get


 x dx   2 xyz dx
 x2 
  2 yz    f1  y, z 
 2

i.e.,   x2 yz  f1  y, z        (4)

Integrating (2) p.w.r.to ' y ' , we get


 y dy   x z dy
2
   x2 yz  f 2  y, z       (5)

Integrating (3) p.w.r.to ' z ' we get


 z dz   x
2
y dz

  x2 yz  f3  y, z       (6)

Combining (4), (5) & (6) we get

  x 2 yz  c , where c being an arbitrary constant.

The vector equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the
surface

(i) Equation of the tangent plane is  r  a    0

(ii) Equation of the normal line is  r  a    0

Example 21: Find the equation of the tangent plane and normal line to the
surface xyz  4 at the point i  2 j  2k

Solution: Given   xyz  4

  
  i j k
x y z

  yz i  xz j  xy k

1,2,2  4 i  2 j  2 k

Equation of the tangent plane at the point a  i  2 j  2k is  r  a    0

    
  xi  yj  zk  i  2 j  2k   4i  2 j  2k  0
  
   
 ( x  1)i  ( y  2) j  ( z  2)k   4i  2 j  2k  0
 

4( x  1)  2( y  2)  2( z  2)  0

4x  4  2 y  4  2z  4  0

4 x  2 y  2 z  12
 2x  y  z  6

The equation of normal line is  r  a    0

i j k
 x 1 y  2 z  2  0
4 2 2

 i  2( y  2)  2( z  2)  j  2( x  1)  4( z  2)   k  2( x  1)  4( y  2)   0i  0 j  0k

Equating the coefficient of i , j , k we get

2( y  2)  2( z  2)  0     (1)

2( x  1)  4( z  2)  0     (2)

2( x  1)  4( y  2)  0     (3)

(1)  ( y  2)  ( z  2)     (4)

(2)  ( x  1)  2( z  2)

x 1
  z2     (5)
2

(3)  ( x  1)  2( y  2)

x 1
  y2     (6)
2

x 1 y  2 z  2
 Form (4), (5) & (6) we get   .
2 1 1

Exercise problems

1. Find  if   log  x 2  y 2  z 2 
1
2

 1  r
2. Prove that     3
r r

3. Find the directional derivative of   2xy  z 2 at the point 1, 1,3 in the direction of
i  2 j  2k
4. Find the directional derivative of   x2 yz  4 xz 2  xyz at the point 1, 2,3 in the
direction of 2i  j  k

5. Find the unit tangent vector to the curve r   t 2  1 i   4t  3 j   2t 2  65  k at t  1

6. Find a unit normal vector to the following surfaces at the specified points.

(i) x 2 y  2 xz  4 at  2,  2,3 (ii) x3  xyz  z 3  1 at 1,1,1

7. Find the angle between the surfaces x 2  y 2  z 2  11 and xy  yz  zx  18  0 at the

point  6, 4,3

8. Find the values of a and b so that the surfaces ax3  by 2 z   a  3 x2 and

4 x 2 y  z 3  11 may cut orthogonally at the point  2,  1,  3

9. Find the scalar point function whose gradient is  2 xy  z 2  i   x 2  2 yz  j   y 2  2 zx  k

10. Find the equations of tangent plane and normal line to the surface x2  y 2  z 2  25
at  4,0,3

Answers:

r 14 86 i 2j k i  2 j  2k 2i  j  2 k
1. 3. 4. 5. 6. (i) (ii)
r2 3 6 6 3 3

 24 
7. cos 1   8. a  2.33, b  7.11 9.   x2 y  xz 2  y 2 z  c
 86 61 

x 4 z 3
10. 4 x  3 z  25 ;  ,y0
4 3

Practice the Quiz on Gradient and Directional Derivatives

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5.2. Divergence and Curl – Solenoidal and Irrotational Vector
fields
Divergence and Curl of a vector point function

Divergence

Let F  x, y, z  be a vector point function continuously differentiable in the region

R . Then the divergence of F is denoted as divF (or )   F and defined as

F F F
 F  i   j k 
x y z

F1 F2 F3

If F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k then   F   
x y z

Note

1. If F is a constant vector, then  F  0

2.  F  F 

3.   F is scalar quantity

Curl of a vector

Let F  x, y, z  be a vector point function continuously differentiable in the region

R . Then the divergence of F is denoted as curlF (or )   F and defined as

F F F
 F  i   j k 
x y z

i j k
  
If F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k then   F 
x y z
F1 F2 F3

Note

1. If F is a constant vector, then  F  0

2.  F is a vector quantity
 More about Divergence and Curl and its Applications

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Example 1: Find the divergence and curl of the vector point function
F  xz 3 i  2 x 2 yz j  2 yz 4 k at the point 1,  1,1

Solution: Given F  xz 3 i  2 x 2 yz j  2 yz 4 k

   
 F  i
 x

 j  k   xz 3 i  2 x 2 yz j  2 yz 4 k
y z 

  

x
 xz 3    2 x 2 yz    2 yz 4 
y z

  F  z 3  2 x 2 z  8 yz 3

   F  1, 1,1
 1  2  8  9

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
xz 3 2 x yz 2 yz 4
2

           
 i   2 yz 4    2 x 2 yz    j   2 yz 4    xz 3    k   2 x 2 yz    xz 3  
 y z   x z   x y 

 i  2 z 4  2 x 2 y   j  0  3xz 2   k  4 xyz  0 

 i  2 z 4  2 x 2 y   j  3xz 2   k  4 xyz 


  F 1, 1,1
 3 j  4k

Example 2: Find the divergence of F and curl of F where

F  grad  x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz 
Solution: Given F  grad where   x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz

i.e. F  

  
F i j k
x y z

F  i  3x 2  3 yz   j  3 y 2  3xz   k  3z 2  3xy 

F   3x 2  3 yz  i   3 y 2  3xz  j   3z 2  3xy  k

Now, the divergence of F is

    
 F  i  j  k    3x 2  3 yz  i   3 y 2  3xz  j   3z 2  3xy  k 
 x y z 

  

x
 3x 2  3 yz    3 y 2  3xz    3z 2  3xy 
y z

   F  6x  6 y  6z  6  x  y  z 

The curl of F is

  F      0 [ by the result     0 ]

Example 3: Prove that     0 where  is a scalar point function

  
Solution: W.K.T.   i j k
x y z

i j k
  
   
x y z
  
x y z

  2  2    2  2    2  2 
i    j    k   
 y z z y   xz zx   xy yx 

     0 [ since mixed partial derivatives are equal]

 1 
Example 4: Find  r and    r 
r 

Solution: W.K.T. r  x i  y j  z k

    
(i) r  i
 x

 j  k   xi  yj  zk
y z 

x y z
r     111
x y z

  r  3

r x y z
(ii) r  xi  y j  z k   i  j k
r r r r

1       x y z 
 r   i  j  k  i  j  k 
 r   x y z   r r r 

  x   y   z
      
x  r  y  r  z  r 

 r   r (1)  y r   r 
 r (1)  x x   y   r (1)  z 
z
   
   
2 2 2
 r r r 
     


1 r r r 
 2 
rx r y rz 
r  x y z 

1  x  y  z 
 2 
r  x   r  y   r  z  
r  r r  r 

1 x2 y 2 z 2 
  3r    
r2  r r r 

1 x2 y 2 z 2 
  3r    
r2  r r r 

1 
3r   x 2  y 2  z 2  
1
 2 
r  r 
 1 1 
 2 
3r  r 2 
r  r 

1
  3r  r 
r2

1
 2r
r2

1  2
   r  
r  r

Example 5: Find  r

Solution: W.K.T. r  x i  y j  z k

i j k
  
r 
x y z
x y z

        
 i   z   ( y)  j   z   ( x)   k   y   ( x) 
 y z   x z   x y 

 0i  0 j  0k

  r  0

Example 6: Prove that Curl  grad   0

  
Solution: grad    i j k
x y z

Curl  grad   

i j k
  

x y z
  
x y z
   2  2 
 i   
 yz zy 

  i 0 [ mixed partial derivatives are equal]

 0i  0 j  0k

 Curl  grad   0

Example 7: Prove that div curl F  0  

Solution: Let F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k

Curl F    F

i j k
  

x y z
F1 F2 F3

 F F   F F   F F 
i  3  2 j  3  1k  2  1
 y z   x z   x y 

       F F   F F   F F  
 F  i j  k i  3  2   j  3  1   k  2  1 
 x y z    y z   x z   x y  

 2 F3  2 F2  2 F3  2 F1  2 F2  2 F1
     
xy xz yx yz zx zy

  F  0 [since mixed partial derivatives are equal]

Exercise Problems

1. Find the divergence and curl of the vector F  xyzi  3x 2 yj  ( xz 2  y 2 z )k at the point
 2,  1,1 .

2. Find   F and curl F of the vector point function F  x 2i  y 2 j  z 2 k at the point

1,1,1 .
3. Determine the constant a so that the vector F   x  y  i   3x  ay  j   x  5z  k is
such that its divergence is zero.

Answers:


1.   F  2, 1,1

 14 &   F  2, 1,1
 2i  3 j  14k


2.   F 
1,1,1

 6 &  F 
1,1,1
0

3. a  4

Solenoidal and Irrotational Vectors

Solenoidal

If the divergence of F is zero then the vector F is called the solenoidal vector.

i.e. If  F  0 then F is called solenoidal vector.

Irrotational

If the curl of F is zero then the vector F is called an irrotational vector.

i.e. If  F  0 the F is called an irrotational vector.

Conservative vector field

A vector field F is said to be conservative, if there exists a scalar point function

 such that F   .

Note

1. In a conservative vector field F   .

2.   F      0

3. If F is conservative then F is irrotational.

 More about Solenoidal and Irrotational vectors and its
Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts4rU7nNnhQ

Example 8: Prove that the vector F   x  3 y  i   y  3z  j   x  2 z  k is

solenoidal.

Solution: Given F   x  3 y  i   y  3z  j   x  2 z  k

    
 F  i j  k    x  3 y  i   y  3z  j   x  2 z  k 
 x y z 

  
  x  3 y    y  3z    x  2 z 
x y z

 11 2

  F  0

 F is solenoidal.

Example 9: Find a such that F   3x  2 y  z  i   4 x  ay  z  j   x  y  2 z  k is

solenoidal.

Solution: Given F   3x  2 y  z  i   4 x  ay  z  j   x  y  2 z  k

Given that F is solenoidal

i.e.  F  0

    
 i j  k    3x  2 y  z  i   4 x  ay  z  j   x  y  2 z  k   0
 x y z 

  
  3x  2 y  z    4 x  ay  z    x  y  2 z   0
x y z

 3 a  2  0  a  5  0

 a  5
Example 10: Show that the vector F   6 xy  z 3  i   3x 2  z  j   3xz 2  y  k is
irrotational.

Solution: Given F   6 xy  z 3  i   3x 2  z  j   3xz 2  y  k

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3x  z 3xz 2  y
3 2

       
 i   3xz 2  y    3x 2  z    j   3xz 2  y    6 xy  z 3  
 y z   x z 
   
 k   3x 2  z    6 xy  z 3  
 x y 

 i  1  1  j  3z 2  3z 2   k  6 x  6 x 

 0i  0 j  0k

  F  0

 F is irrotational.

Example 11: Find the constants a, b, c so that

F   x  2 y  az  i   bx  3 y  z  j   4 x  cy  2 z  k is irrotational.

Solution: Given F   x  2 y  az  i   bx  3 y  z  j   4 x  cy  2 z  k

Given that F is irrotational

  F  0

i j k
  
i.e. 0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z
 i  c  1  j  4  a   k  b  2   0

  c  1 i   a  4  j   b  2  k  0i  0 j  0k

Equating the coefficients of i , j , k on both sides, we get

c  1  0, a  4  0, b  2  0

 a  4, b  2, c  1

Example 12: Determine f ( r ) so that f ( r ) r is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Solution: W.K.T. r  xi  yj  zk

f (r )r  f (r ) xi  f (r ) yj  f (r ) zk

Given that f ( r ) r is solenoidal

   f (r )r  0

    
i
 x
j
y z 

 k   f (r ) xi  f (r ) yj  f (r ) zk  0 
  
 f (r ) x    f (r ) y    f (r ) z   0
x y z

r r r
f (r )  xf (r )  f (r )  yf (r )  f (r )  zf (r )  0
x y z

x y z
3 f (r )  xf (r )  yf (r )  zf (r )  0
r r r

 x2 y 2 z 2 

3 f (r )  f (r )    0
 r r r 

 x2  y 2  z 2 
3 f (r )  f (r )  0
 r 

 r2 
3 f (r )  f (r )    0
 r 

3 f (r )  rf (r )  0
 3 f (r )  rf (r )

f (r ) 3

f (r ) r

Integrating w.r.to r , we get

log f (r )  3log r  log c

 log r 3  log c

log f (r )  log  cr 3 

c
 f (r )  cr 3 or f ( r )  and   f (r )r   0 is irrotational for any value of f ( r ) .
r3

Example 13: Show that r n r is an irrotational vector for any value of n but is
solenoidal only if n  3 .

Solution: Let F  r n r


F  r n xi  yj  zk 
F  r n xi  r n yj  r n zk

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
rnx rn y rnz

         
 i  rn z  rn y  j  r n z   r n x   k  r n y   r n x 
 y z   x z   x y 

   
 i  rn z  rn y
 y z 

 r r 
  i  znr n 1  ynr n 1 
 y z 

 y z
  i  znr n 1  ynr n 1 
 r r
   i  yznr n  2  yznr n  2 

  i  0

 0i  0 j  0k

  F  0

 For all values of n , F is irrotational.

    
 F  i
 x
j
y

 k   r n xi  r n yj  r n zk
z 

 n  

x
 r x  rn y  rn z 
y z

 n

x
r x
 r 
   r n  xnr n 1 
 x 

 x
   r n  xnr n 1 
 r

   r n  nr n  2 x 2 

 r n  nr n2 x2  r n  nr n2 y 2  r n  nr n2 z 2

 3r n  nr n  2  x 2  y 2  z 2 

 3r n  nr n  2  r 2 

 3r n  nr n

  F  3  n r n

If n  3 we get  F  0

 F  r n r is solenoidal only if n  3 .
Example 14: Show that F   y 2  2 xz 2  i   2 xy  z  j   2 x 2 z  y  2 z  k is
irrotational and hence find its scalar potential.

Solution: Given F   y 2  2 xz 2  i   2 xy  z  j   2 x 2 z  y  2 z  k

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
y  2 xz 2
2
2 xy  z 2 x z  y  2 z
2

       
 i   2 x 2 z  y  2 z    2 xy  z    j   2 x 2 z  y  2 z    y 2  2 xz 2  
 y z   x z 
   
 k   2 xy  z    y 2  2 xz 2  
 x y 

 i  1  1  j  4 xz  4 xz   k  2 y  2 y 

 0i  0 j  0k

  F  0

 F is irrotational.

Since F is irrotational then F   , where  is the scalar potential.

  
i.e. y 2
 2 xz 2  i   2 xy  z  j   2 x 2 z  y  2 z  k  i
x
j
y
k
z

Equating the coefficient of i , j , k we get


 y 2  2 xz 2     (1)
x


 2xy  z     (2)
y


 2x2 z  y  2z     (3)
z

Integrating w.r.to x, y and z respectively, we get

(1)      y 2  2 xz 2  dx

x2
 y2 x  2z2  f1 ( y, z )
2

 xy 2  x 2 z 2  f1 ( y, z )     (4)

(2)      2xy  z  dy

y2
 2x  zy  f 2 ( x, z )
2

 xy 2  yz  f 2 ( x, z )     (5)

(3)      2 x 2 z  y  2 z  dz

z2 z2
 2 x2  yz  2  f3 ( x, y )
2 2

 x 2 z 2  yz  z 2  f 3 ( x, y )     (6)

From (4), (5) and (6) we get

  xy 2  x2 z 2  yz  z 2  c

Example 15: Prove that F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j   3xz 2  k is irrotational

and find its scalar potential.

Solution: Given F   y 2 cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j   3xz 2  k

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
y 2 cos x  z 3 2 y sin x  4 3xz 2

       
 i   3xz 2    2 y sin x  4    j   3xz 2    y 2 cos x  z 3  
 y z   x z 
   
 k   2 y sin x  4    y 2 cos x  z 3  
 x y 
  i  0  0   j  3z 2  3z 2   k  2 y cos x  2 y cos x 

 0i  0 j  0 k

  F  0

 F is irrotational.

Since F is irrotational then F   , where  is the scalar potential.

  
i.e. y 2
cos x  z 3  i   2 y sin x  4  j   3xz 2  k  i
x
j
y
k
z

Equating the coefficient of i , j , k we get


 y 2 cos x  z 3     (1)
x


 2 y sin x  4     (2)
y


 3xz 2     (3)
z

Integrating w.r.to x, y and z respectively, we get

(1)      y 2 cos x  z 3  dx

 y 2 sin x  z 3 x  f1 ( y, z )

 y 2 sin x  xz 3  f1 ( y, z )     (4)

(2)      2 y sin x  4  dy

y2
2 sin x  4 y  f 2 ( x, z )
2

 y 2 sin x  4 y  f 2 ( x, z )     (5)
(3)     3xz 2 dz

z3
 3x  f3 ( x, y )
3

 xz 3  f 3 ( x, y )     (6)

From (4), (5) and (6) we get

  y 2 sin x  xz 3  4 y  c

Exercise Problems

1. Prove that F   2 x 2 y  yz  i   xy 2  xz 2  j   6 xyz  2 x 2 y 2  k is solenoidal.

2. If V   x  3 y  i   y  2 z  j   x  2 z  k is solenoidal, find the value of  .

3. Prove that F  yzi  zxj  xyk is irrotational.

4. Show that F   6 xy  z 3  i   3x 2  z  j   3xz 2  y  k is irrotational vector and find the

scalar potential function  such that F   .

5. Show that the vector field F   x 2  xy 2  i   y 2  x 2 y  j is irrotational. Find its scalar

potential.

Answers:

1.  F  0 2.   1 3. a  4 4.   3x 2 y  xz 3  yz  c

x3 y 3 x 2 y 2
5.     c
3 3 2

Note: If f is a scalar point function and G is a vector point function, then

  ( f G )  f  G  f (  G ) .
Laplace operator

If  is a scalar point function, then div( grad  )     2

2 2 2  2  2  2
where 2    is called the Laplacian operator and  2
   
x 2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z 2

is called Laplacian of  .  2 is called the Laplace equation.

Note

2 F 2 F 2 F
 2 can also operate on a vector point function F resulting in 2 F    .
x 2 y 2 z 2

 1  n
Example 19: Prove that   n    n2 r
r  r

Proof: Let r  xi  yj  zk

 1   1   1   1
 n   i  n  j  n k  n 
r  x  r  y  r  z  r 

 n  
i
x
 r   j  r n   k  r n 
y z

r r r
 i (n)r  n 1  j (n)r  n 1  k (n)r  n1
x y z

x y z
 i (n)r  n 1  j (n)r  n 1  k (n)r  n 1
r r r

1 x 1 y 1 z
 i (  n) n 1
 j (n) n 1  k (n) n 1
r r r r r r

n

r n2
xi  yj  zk 
 1  n
  n   n2 r
r  r
 1
Example 20: Prove that  2    0
r

1 1  (1) 

Solution:  2            r 1      3 r  [ n  1 in the previous identity]
r r  r 

1 r 
 2       3 
r r 

 1 1 
    3   r  3   r 
 r  r 

 3 1   1  n 
   5 r  r  3 3   r  3 &   n   n2 r
r r   r  r 

 3r 2 3 
  5  3 
 r r 

 3 3 
  3  3 
r r 

1
 2    0
r

Example 21: Prove that 2 (r n )  n(n  1)r n2

Solution: W.K.T. (r n )  nr n2 r

2 (r n )   (r n )    (nr n2 r )

 n r n  2  r  r n  2  r     ( f G)  f  G  f (  G) 
 

 n (n  2)r n  4 r  r  r n  2 3   r  3

 n (n  2)r n  4 r 2  3r n  2 

 n (n  2)r n  2  3r n  2 

 nr n2  n  2  3

 2 (r n )  n(n  1)r n2

Example 22: If   x 2  y 2 then prove that  2  0 .

Solution: Given   x 2  y 2

 2  2  2
2   
x 2 y 2 z 2

  
 2 x,  2 y, 0
x y z

 2  2  2
 2,  2, 0
x 2 y 2 z 2

 2  2  2  0  0

Example 23: Find  2 (r 2 )

Solution: Given   r 2

 2  2  2  2
2   
x 2 y 2 z 2
  x2

 2 (r 2 )
 2 (r 2 )  
x 2

  r    x
  2r     2r 
x  x  x  r 


  2x   2
x

 222

  2 (r 2 )  6

Exercise Problems

1. If a is a constant vector, prove that   (a  r )  0 and   (a  r )  2a .

2. If A is a constant vector, prove that div A  0 and curl A  0 .

r 2 r
3. Prove that    and    0 .
r r r
  1 
4. Find the value of  2  
 x yz

5. Show that  2  e r   e r  e r .
2
r

Answers:

4.

Practice the Quiz on Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal and Irrotational

vectors and Vector Identities

https://www.sanfoundry.com/electromagnetic-theory-questions-
answers-divergence/

https://www.sanfoundry.com/electromagnetic-theory-questions-
answers-curl/
5.3. VECTOR INTEGRATION
5.3.1.LINE INTEGRAL OVER A PLANE CURVE

Let F ( x, y, z ) be a vector point function defined at all points in some region of

space and let C be a curve in that region.

Let the position vectors of two neighbouring points P and Q on C be r and

r + D r. Then PQ = D r if F acts at P in a direction that makes an angle q with
PQ ,then F .D r = F (D r ) cos q

In the limit, F .d r = F dr cos q

Points to be remembered

 Physically F.dr means the elemental work done by the force F through
the displacement d r .
 Now the integral ò F .d r is defined as the line integral of F along the
C

curve C.
Since ò F .d r = ò F cos q dr , it is also called the line integral of the
C C

tangential component of F along C.

 ò F .d r depends not only on the curve C but also on the terminal points A
A

and B.
B

 Physically ò F .d r denotes the total work done by the force F in

A

displacing a particle from A to B along the curve C.

B

 If the value of ò F .d r does not depend on the curve C, but only on

A

the terminal pints A and B, F is called a Conservative vector. Similarly ,

if the work done by a force F in displacing a particle from A to B does not
depend on the curve along which the particle gets displaced but only on A
and B, the force F is called a Conservative Force.
 If the path of integration C is a closed curve, the line integral is denoted
as òÑF .d r
C
r r r
 When F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ,
 r r r r r r r r r r
ò F.d r = ò (F i + F
1 2 j + F3 )(
k . dxi + dy j + )
dzk Q r = xi + y j + zk
C C

= ò (F dx + F dy + F dz )
1 2 3
C

 òf dr , where f is a scalar point function and ò F´ d r are also line

C C

integrals.

Condition for F to beConservative

If F is an irrotational vector, it is conservative.

Proof:

Since F is irrotational , it can be expressed as Ñ f ,i.e., F = Ñ f

B B
ur r r
ò F .d r = ò Ñ f .d r
A A
B
æ¶ f r ¶ f r ¶ f rö r r r
÷. dxi + dy j + dzk
= ò çççè ¶ x i + ¶ y j + ¶ z k÷
÷
÷
ø
( )
A
B
æ¶ f ¶f ¶f ö
÷
= ò çççè ¶ x dx + ¶y
dy + dz ÷
¶z ø ÷
÷
A
B
B
= ò d f = (f )A
A

=f ( B) - f ( A)
ur
Q F is conservative.

Note
If F is irrotational ( and hence conservative) and C is a closed curve, then
ur r
òÑF .d r = 0
C

r
Example 1: Evaluate òf d r , where C is the curve x = t , y = t , z = 1- t and
2

f = x y(1+ z ) from
2

t = 0 to t = 1.

Solution:
Hence the given line integral
r r r
(
I = ò x 2 y (1 + z ) dxi + dy j + dzk )
C
r r r
= i ò x 2 y (1 + z )dx + j ò x 2 y (1 + z )dy + k ò x 2 y (1 + z )dz
C C C
r r r
= i ò t 4 (2 - t )dt + j ò t 4 (2 - t )2t dt + k ò t 4 (2 - t )(- dt )
C C C

r é t5 t ù r é t6 6 1 ù r é t5 t6 ù
1 7 1
t
= i ê2 - ú + j ê4 - 2 ú + k ê- 2 + ú
ê 5 6ú ê 6 7ú ê 5 6ú
ë û0 ë û0 ë û0
7 r 8 r 7 r
= i+ j- k
30 21 30
ur r r r ur r
Example 2: If F = xyi - z j + x 2 k , evaluate ò F´ d r , where C is the curve
C

x = t , y = 2t , z = t from (0,0,0)to (1, 2,1).

2 3

Solution:
r r r
i j k
ur r
F ´ d r = xy - z x2
dx dy dz
r r r
= - ( zdz + x 2 dy )i - ( xydz - x 2 dx) j + ( xydy + zdx)k

\ The given integral

r r r
= ò éê- ( zdz + x 2 dy )i - ( xydz - x 2 dx) j + ( xydy + zdx)k ù
ú
ë û
C
1
r r r
é- (t 3 3t 2 + t 4 2)i dt - (2t 3 3t 2 - t 4 2t ) j dt + (2t 3 .2 + t 3 2t ) kdt ù
= ò êë ú
û
0

(Q (0, 0, 0)corresponds to t = 0 and (1, 2,1)corresponds to t = 1)

r 1 5 r 1 r 1
é 4ù
= - i ò êë3t + 2t ú é 5ù é 3 4ù
ûdt - j ò êë6t - 2t ú
ûdt + k ò êë4t + 2t ú
5
ûdt
0 0 0

r é t6 5 1 6 1 5 1
t ù ré t ù ré t ù
= - i ê3 + 2 ú - j ê4 ú + k êt 4 + 2 ú
ê 6 5ú ê 6ú ê 5ú
ë û0 ë û0 ë û0
9 r r 2 7 r
=- i- j + k
10 3 5
ur r r
Example 3: Find the work done when a force F = ( x2 - y 2 + x) i - (2 xy + y) j
displaces a particle in the xy plane from (0,0) to (1,1) along the curve
(i) y = x (ii) x = y 2
 ur ur r
Work done by F = ò F.d r
C

r r r r r
ò (( x )(dxi + dy j + dzk )
2
= - y 2 + x) i - (2 xy + y ) j
C

ò (( x - y 2 + x) dx - (2 xy + y )dy )
2
=
C

Case (i) C is the line y = x

Work done = ò (( x - y 2 + x) dx - (2 xy + y )dy) ; C : y = x Þ dy = dx

2

C
1
1
æx3 ö 2
= ò (- 2 x )dx = - 2 çç ÷ ÷
2
÷ =-
çè 3 ø
÷ 3
0 0

Case (ii) C is the line y = x

2

Work done = ò (( x - y 2 + x) dx - (2 xy + y )dy) ; C : y 2 = x Þ 2 ydy = dx

2

C
1
1
æ y6 y4 y2 ö
÷ 1 1 1
= ò (2 y - 2 y - y)dy = çç2 - 2 -
5 3
÷
÷ = - -
çè 6 4 2ø ÷ 3 2 2
0 0

2
=-
3

Note:
As the workdone by the force, when it moves the particle along two different paths from
(0,0) to (1,1) are equal, the force may be a conservative force.
ur ur
In fact, F is a conservative force, as F is irrotational.

ur r ur r r r
Example 4 : Evaluate òÑF .d r , where F = (sin y) i + x(1+ cos y) j + zk and C is
C

the circle x + y = a in the xy plane.

2 2 2

Solution:

Given integral
r r r r r r
(
= ò (sin y ) i + x(1 + cos y ) j + zk . dxi + dy j + dzk )( )
C

ò (sin y dx + x(1+ cos y)dy + z dz ); C : x

2
= + y2 = a2 , z = 0
C
Since C is a closed curve, we use the parametric equations of C, namely
x = a cos q ; y = a sin q

And the parameter q as the variable of integration.

To move around the circle C once completely, q varies from 0 to 2p .

Now, given integral

= ò (sin y dx + x cos y dy + x dy )
C

= ò éëd (x sin y )+ x dy ùû
2p

ò {d éëa cos q.sin (a sin q)ùû+ a cos q d q}

2
=
0
2p
é a2 æ öù
ê
= a cos q.sin (a sin q)+ ççq + sin 2q ÷
÷ú
ê 2 çè 2 ÷ú
ø
ë û0
2
= pa
ur r r r
Example 5 : Find the work done by the force F = (2xy + z 3 ) i + x2 j + 3xz 2 k
when it moves a particle from (1,-2,1) to (3,1,4) along any path.

Solution:

To evaluate the work done by a force, the equation of the path and the terminal points

Must be given. As the equation of the path is not given in this problem, we guess that the
ur
given force F is conservative .
ur
Let us verify whether F is conservative, i.e. irrotational.
r r r
i j k
ur ¶ ¶ ¶
Ñ´ F =
¶x ¶y ¶z
3
2 xy + z x2 3xz 2
r r r
= (0 - 0)i - (3 z 2 - 3 z 2 ) j + (2 x - 2 x)k
=0
ur
Q F is irrotational and hence conservative.
ur
Therefore work done by F depends only on the terminal points.
ur ur
Since F is irrotational, let F = Ñ f .

It is easily found that f = x 2 y + z 3 x + c (refer the topic scalar potential)

5.3.2. Surface Integrals
Definition: Consider a surface S . Let n denote the unit outward normal to the
surface S . Let R be the projection of the surface x on the XY plane. Let f be a
vector valued function defined in some region containing the surface S . Then the
surface integral of f is defined to be

f n
 f  n dS   n  k
S R
dxdy

Note:

We can define surface integral by considering the projection of the surface on

the YZ plane or ZX plane and we get

f n
 f  n dS   n  i
S R
dydz

where R is the projection of S on the YZ plane.

f n
 f  n dS   n  j dzdx
S R

where R is the projection of S on the ZX plane.

5.3.3. Volume Integrals
The volume integral of F ( x, y, z ) over a region enclosing a volume V is given by

 F ( x, y, z) dV or  F ( x, y, z) dxdydz .

V V

Example 1: If F  (2 x 2  3z )i  2 xyj  4 xk evaluate     F  dV

V
where V is the

region bounded by x  0, y  0, z  0 and 2 x  2 y  z  4 .

Solution: Given F  (2 x 2  3z )i  2 xyj  4 xk

i j k
  
 F 
x y z
2 x  3z 2 xy 4 x
2

           
 i   4 x    2 xy    j   4 x    2 x 2  3z    k   2 xy    2 x 2  3z  
 y z   x z   x y 

 i  0  0   j  4  3  k  2 y  0 

   F  j  2 yk

2 2 x 4 2 x  2 y

 
V

 F dV  
0 0
  0
( j  2 yk ) dzdydx

2 2 x

  zj  2 yzk 
4 2 x  2 y
 dydx
0
0 0

2 2 x

0 0
  (4  2 x  2 y) j  2 y(4  2 x  2 y)k  dydx
2 2 x
   (4  2 x  2 y) j  (8 y  4 xy  4 y )k  dydx
2

0 0
 2 x
2
 y2 y2 y2 y3 
   (4 y  2 xy  2 ) j  (8  4 x  4 )k  dx
0
2 2 2 3 0

2 x
 
2
4
   (4 y  2 xy  y 2 ) j  (4 y 2  2 xy 2  y 3 )k  dx
0 0
3

 
2
4
   (4(2  x)  2 x(2  x)  (2  x) 2 ) j  (4(2  x) 2  2 x(2  x) 2  (2  x) 3 ) k  dx
0 
3

   
2
   8  4 x  4 x  2 x 2  4  4 x  x 2  j  (2  x) 2  4  2 x  (2  x)  k  dx
4
0  3  

  8 4x  
2
   4  4 x  x 2  j  (4  4 x  x 2 )  4  2 x   )  k  dx
0  3 3  

  4 2x  
2
   4  4 x  x 2  j  (4  4 x  x 2 )   )  k  dx
0 3 3  

 
2
   4  4 x  x 2  j  (4  4 x  x 2 )(4  2 x)k  dx
1
0 
3

 
2
   4  4 x  x 2  j  (16  16 x  4 x 2  8 x  8 x 2  2 x 3 )k  dx
1
0 
3
  
2
   4  4 x  x 2  j  (16  24 x  12 x 2  2 x 3 )k  dx
1
0 
3

2
 x 2 x3  1 x2 x3 x4 
  4 x  4   j  (16 x  24  12  2 )k 
 2 3 3 2 3 4 0

2
 x3  1 x4 
  4 x  2 x 2   j  (16 x  12 x 2  4 x3  )k 
 3 3 2 0

 8 1
  8  8   j  (32  48  32  8)k
 3 3

8 8
 j k
3 3

 
   F dV 
8
3
j k 
V

Exercise Problems

1. Evaluate  F  n dS
S
where F  18 zi  12 j  3 yk and S is the part of the plane

2 x  3 y  6 z  12
which is in the
Answers first octant.

1. 24

More about Surface and Volume integrals

https://learn.lboro.ac.uk/archive/olmp/olmp_resources/pages/wo
rkbooks_1_50_jan2008/Workbook29/29_2_sfc_n_vol_ints.pdf
5.4. Green’s Theorem
Green’s theorem, named after George Green, an English mathematician, is an important
theorem of integral calculus. Using this theorem, certain line integrals may be evaluated
by converting them into double integrals over plane surfaces and vice-versa.
Statement:
u v
If u, v, , are continuous and single valued functions in the region R enclosed by the
y x
 v u 
curve C, then  udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

Example 1 : Evaluate  ( x 2  xy )dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy where C is the square formed by the

C

lines x  1; y  1

Solution:
Green’s theorem states that,

 v u 
 udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

u  x 2  xy ; v  x2  y 2
u v
x ;  2x
y x

v u
  2x  x  x
x y
1 1

 (x  xy )dx  ( x  y )dy    xdxdy

2 2 2

C 1 1
1
1
 x2 
    dy
1 
2  1
1 1
1
    dy
1 
2 2
  ( x 2  xy )dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy  0
C

Example 2: Verify Green’s theorem for  x (1  y)dx  ( x  y 3 )dy where C is the

2 3

boundary of the region defined by the lines x  1; y  1

Solution:
Green’s theorem states that,

 v u 
 udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

Given that

u  x 2 (1  y ) ; v  x3  y 3
u v
 x2 ;  3x 2
y x

v u
  3x 2  x 2  2 x 2
x y

R.H.S:

 v u  1 1

R  x  y  dxdy  1 1 2 x dxdy

2

1
1
 2 x3 
 
3  1
dy
1 

2 2
1
    dy
1 
3 3
4
1
4 1 4 8
   dy   y 1  (2) 
1  
3 3 3 3

L.H.S:

Consider  udx  vdy   udx  vdy   udx  vdy   udx  vdy   udx  vdy.........(1)
C AB BC CD DA

Along AB:
y  1 ; x : 1  1
dy  0
1

 udx  vdy   x (1  1)dx  0

2

AB 1

Along BC:
 x  1 ; y : 1  1
dx  0
1
1
 y4  1 1 
BC   1    4  y    4  1  4  1  2
3
udx vdy ( y 1) dy
  1  

Along CD:
y  1 ; x :1  1
dy  0
1 1
 2 x3   2 2  4
CD udx  vdy  1 2 x dx   3    3  3   3
2

Along DA:
x  1 ; y :1  1
dx  0
1 1
 y4  1 1 
DA   1    4  y    4  1  4  1  2
3
udx vdy ( y 1) dy
 1  
 (1) implies that,
4 8
C udx  vdy  0  2  3  2  3
 L.H.S=R.H.S

Hence the theorem is verified.

Example 3: Verify Green’s theorem for  (3x 2  8 y 2 )dx  (4 y  6 xy)dy where C is the
C

boundary of the region defined by x  y ; y  x 2 2

Solution:
Green’s theorem states that,

 v u 
 udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

Given that

u  3x 2  8 y 2 ; v  4 y  6 xy
u v
 16 y ;  6 y
y x
v u
  6 y  16 y  10 y
x y

R.H.S:

 v u  1 y

R  x  y  dxdy  0 2 10 ydxdy

y
1
  10 yx  y 2 dy
y

0
1
  10 y  y  y 2 dy
0
1
1  2 y 52 y4  2 1 3
 3 
 10  y 2  y dy  10 
3
   10    
   5 4 5 4 2
0 0

L.H.S:

Consider  udx  vdy   udx  vdy   udx  vdy........(1)

C OA AO

Along OA:

y  x2 ; x : 0  1
dy  2 xdx
1

 udx  vdy   (3x  8x  20 x )dx

2 3 4

OA 0
1
 3x3 8 x 4 20 x5 
     1  2  4  1
 3 4 5 0

Along AO:

x  y2 ; y :1  0
dx  2 ydy
0

 udx  vdy   (6 y  22 y 3  4 y )dy

5

AO 1
0
 6 y 6 22 y 4 4 y 2   11  5
     0  1   2  
 6 4 2 1  2  2
 (1) implies that,
5 3
 udx  vdy  1  2  2
C

 L.H.S=R.H.S

Hence the theorem is verified.

Example 4: Verify Green’s theorem for  (3x  8 y )dx  (4 y  6 xy)dy where C is the
2 2

boundary of the region defined by x  0, y  0 and x  y  1

Solution:
Green’s theorem states that,

 v u 
 udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

Given that

u  3x 2  8 y 2 ; v  4 y  6 xy
u v
 16 y ;  6 y
y x

v u
  6 y  16 y  10 y
x y

R.H.S:
1 y
 v u  1

R  x y 
 dxdy  0  10 ydxdy
0
1
  10 yx 0 dy
1 y

0
1
  10 y 1  y dy
0
1
1
 y 2 y3   1 1  10 5
 10   y  y dy  10     10    
2

0 2 3 0  2 3 6 3
Consider

L.H.S

Consider

 udx  vdy  
C OA
 
AB
 
BO
........(1)

       3x  8 y 2  dx  (4 y  6 xy )dy 
2

OA AB BO
 
y 0
dy  0
 x  y 1 
 x 1 y 
 dx  dy 
 dxx00
 

 
  3x 2 dx    3(1  y ) 2  8 y 2 (dy )  {4 y  6 y (1  y )}dy    4y dy
1 1 0

0 0 1

 11 
 
1 1 1
  3x 2 dx   11 y 2  4 y  3 dy   4 y dy  1    2  3   2
0 0 0
3 
5

3

L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence theorem verified.
Example 5: Evaluate by Green’s theorem  e x (sin ydx  cos ydy ) , C being the
C

   
rectangle with vertices (0, 0), ( , 0),   ,  and  0, 
 2  2
Solution:
Green’s theorem states that,

 v u 
 udx  vdy    x  y  dxdy
C R

Given that

u  e  x sin y ; v  e  x cos y
u v
 e x cos y ;  e  x cos y
y x

u  e  x sin y ; v  e  x cos y
u v
 e x cos y ;  e  x cos y
y x

v u
  e x cos y  e x cos y  2e x cos y
x y

2

 e (sin ydx  cos ydy)     2e cos ydxdy

x x

C 0 0

2

 
0
 2e  x  cos ydx
0


2

 2e

  2  cos ydx
0

  2e   2  sin y 0 2
 2 e   1
Exercise Problems:

1. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for  (x  xy 3 )dx  ( y 2  2 xy )dy where C is the
2

square with vertices(0,0),(2,0),(2,2) and (0,2)

2. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for  (x  cosh y)dx  ( y  sin x)dy where C is the
2

rectangle with vertices  0,0 ,  ,0 ,  ,1 and  0,1

3. Find the value of  ( x y)dx  ( y)dy along the closed curve formed by
2

y 2  x and x  y by using Green’s theorem

4. Find the value of  (2 xy  x )dx  ( x  y 2 )dy along the closed curve formed by
2 2

y 2  x and x  y 2 using Green’s theorem

More Problems:

 (x  y 2 )dx  (2 xy)dy where C is the boundary

2
1. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for
C

of the rectangle in the xoy-plane bounded by x  0, x  a, y  0 and y  b

Ans: Common value= 2ab

2

 (15x  4 y 2 )dx  (2 y  3x)dy where C is the

2
2. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for
C

curve enclosing the area bounded by y  x and x  y

2 2

1
Ans: Common value=
5

REFERENCES:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCacTqGzMZQ
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/vector-calculus-engineers/greens-
theorem-lecture-39-7hKzE
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/calculus-through-data-and-
modelling-vector-calculus/greens-theorem-UUXvf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aS7nTIYMx0
5.5 Gauss Divergence Theorem
Gauss divergence theorem, named after the German mathematician Karl Friedrich
Gauss(1777-1855), states that the outward flux of a vector field across a closed surface
is equal to the triple integral of the divergence of the field over the space enclosed by
the closed surface. It thus helps in evaluating certain integrals over closed surfaces by
converting them to volume integrals over the space enclosed by the corresponding
closed surfaces and is one of the most useful tools for studies of electricity, magnetism,
fluid flow etc.

Statement:

The surface integral of the normal component of a vector point function F over a closed
surface ‘S’ enclosing volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F
taken throughout the volume V  F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V

Example 1: For any closed surface S,

Prove that   x( y  z )i  y( z  x) j  z ( x  y) k   nˆ dS  0
S

Proof:
Gauss Divergence theorem states that,

 F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V

  x( y  z )i  y( z  x) j  z ( x  y) k   nˆ dS
S

   
    x( y  z )    y ( z  x)    z ( x  y )   dV
V 
x y z 
   y  z    z  x    x  y   dV
V

   0 dV
V

   x( y  z )i  y( z  x) j  z ( x  y) k   nˆ dS  0
S

Hence Proved.
Example 2: Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk over
the cube bounded by x  0, y  0, z  0, x  1, y  1 and z  1
Solution: Gauss Divergence theorem states that,
 F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V

Given that
F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk
  F  4z  2 y  y  4z  y
R.H.S:
1 1 1

  F dV=    (4 z  y)dxdy dz

V 0 0 0
1 1
    4 zx  yx 0 dy dz
1

0 0
1 1
    4 z  y  dy dz
0 0
1
1
 y2 
   4 zy   dz
0 
2 0
 1
1
   4 z   dz
0 
2
1
 4z2 z  1 3
    2 
 2 2 0 2 2
L.H.S:

Consider
 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    F  nˆ ds
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
 Edge n̂ F  nˆ Equation F  nˆ on S dS  F  nˆ ds
S
1 1 1

  4 z dy dz    4 zy 
1
0
dy
0 0 0
1

S1 x 1 i 4xz x 1 4z dydz   4 z dz
0
1
 4z2 
  2
 2 0
S2 x0 i 4xz x0 0 dydz 0
1 1 1

   1 dx dz    x
1
0
dz
y 1  y2 y 1
0 0 0
S3 j -1 dxdz 1
   dz    z 0  1
1

S4 y0 j y 2
y0 0 dxdz 0
1 1 1

  y dx dy    yx
1
0
dy
0 0 0
1

S5 z 1 k yz z 1 y dxdy   y dy
0
1
 y2  1
  
 2 0 2
S6 z 0 k  yz z 0 0 dxdy 0

1 1 3
  F  nˆ ds  2  1   2 
S
2 2 2

 L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence the theorem is verified.

Example 3: Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  x 2i  y 2 j  z 2 k

where S is the surface of the cuboid formed by x  0, y  0, z  0, x  a, y  b and z  c

Solution:
Gauss Divergence theorem states that,

 F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V
Given that

F  x 2i  y 2 j  z 2 k

  F  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )

R.H.S:
a b c

  F dV=    2( x  y  z )dxdy dz

V 0 0 0
a b c
=2   ( x  y  z )dxdy dz.
0 0 0

 a b c a b c a b c

 2     xdxdy dz     ydxdy dz     zdxdy dz  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
..........(1)

a   b   c   x2 
a b c a
a 2bc
Take    xdxdy dz    xdx    dy    dz      y 0  z 0 
b c

0 0 0 0   0   0   2 0 2
Similarly,
a b c
ab 2 c
   ydxdy dz 
0 0 0
2
a b c
abc 2
0 0 0 zdxdy dz  2
 (1) implies that,
 a 2bc ab 2 c abc 2 

V
 F dV=2  2  2  2   abc(a  b  c)
 

L.H.S:
Consider

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    F  nˆ ds
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
 Surface n̂ F  nˆ Equation F  nˆ on S dS  F  nˆ ds
S
c b c

  a dy dz  a   y 0 dy
2 2 b

0 0 0

xa
c
S1 AEGD x2 a2 dydz
 b dz
i a 2

 a bz 0  a 2bc
2 c

S2 OBFC i  x2 x0 0 dydz 0

c a c

 b dx dz  b 2   x 0 dz
2 a

0 0 0

yb
c
EBFG
2
S3 j y 2
dxdz
b  b 2  a dz
0

 b 2  az 0  ab 2 c
c

S4 OADC j  y2 y0 0 dxdz 0

b a b

  c dx dy  c   x0 dy
2 2 a

0 0 0

z c
b
S5 DGFC z2 c2 dxdy
 a dy
k c 2

 c  ay 0  abc 2
2 b

S6 OAEB k z2 z 0 0 dxdy 0

  F  nˆ ds   a 2bc  ab2c  abc 2   abc(a  b  c)

S

 L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence the theorem is verified.

Example 4: Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  x3i  y 3 j  z 3k

where S is the surface of the cuboid formed by x  0, y  0, z  0, x  a, y  a and z  a

Solution:
Gauss Divergence theorem states that,

 F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V

Given that
F  x 3i  y 3 j  z 3 k

  F  3x 2  3 y 2  3z 2  3( x 2  y 2  z 2 )

R.H.S:
a a a

  F dV=    3( x  y 2  z 2 )dxdy dz

2

V 0 0 0
a a a
=3   ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )dxdy dz
0 0 0

 a a a a a a a a a

 3     ( x )dxdy dz     ( y ) dxdy dz     ( z 2 ) dxdy dz 
2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

..........(1)
a a a
a 2  a  a 
Take    x dxdy dz    x dx    dy    dz 
2

0 0 0 0  0  0 
a
 x3  a5
    y 0  z 0 
a a

 3 0 3
Similarly,
a a a
a5
   y dxdy dz 
2

0 0 0
3
a a a
a5
0 0 0 z dxdy dz  3
2

 (1) implies that ,

 a5 a5 a5 
    3  3  3   3a
5
F dV=3
V  

L.H.S:
Consider

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    F  nˆ ds
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
 Surface n̂ F  nˆ Equation F  nˆ on S dS  F  nˆ ds
S
a a a

  a dy dz  a   y 0 dy
3 3 a

0 0 0

xa
a
S1 AEGD x3 a3 dydz
 a dz
i a 3

 a  z 0  a 5
4 a

S2 OBFC i  x3 x0 0 dydz 0

a a a

a dx dz  a 3   x 0 dz
3 a

0 0 0

S3 EBFG j y 3 ya 3
dxdz
a
a  a 3  a dz
0

 a 4  z 0  a 5
a

S4 OADC j  y3 y0 0 dxdz 0

a a a

  a dx dy  a   x 0 dy
3 3 a

0 0 0

za
a
S5 DGFC z3 a3 dxdy
 a dy
k a 3

 a  y 0  a 5
4 a

S6 OAEB k  z3 z 0 0 dxdy 0

  F  nˆ ds   a5  a 5  a 5   3a 5
S

 L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence the theorem is verified.
Example 5: Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector
F  ( x  yz )i  ( y  zx) j  ( z  xy )k where S is the surface of the cuboid formed by
2 2 2

0  x  a, 0  y  b, 0  z  c

Solution:
Gauss Divergence theorem states that,

 F  nˆ ds    F dV
S V
F  ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy )k

  F  2 x  2 y  2 z  2( x  y  z )

R.H.S:

  F dV
V
a b c
=    2( x  y  z )dxdy dz
0 0 0
a b c
=2   ( x  y  z )dxdy dz
0 0 0

a b c a b c a b c

 2     xdxdy dz     ydxdy dz     zdxdy dz   ..........(1)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

a   b   c   x2 
a b c a
a 2bc
Take    xdxdy dz    xdx    dy    dz      y 0  z 0 
b c

0 0 0 0   0   0   2 0 2
Similarly,
a b c
ab 2 c
   ydxdy dz 
0 0 0
2
a b c
abc 2
   zdxdy dz 
0 0 0
2
 (1) implies that ,
 a 2bc ab 2c abc 2 

V
 F dV=2  2  2  2   abc(a  b  c)
 

L.H.S:
Consider

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    F  nˆ ds
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Surface n̂ F  nˆ Equation F  nˆ on S dS  F  nˆ ds
S
c b

x 2  yz xa a 2  yz   a  yz  dy dz
2
S1 AEGD i dydz
0 0
 c b

S2 OBFC i ( x  yz )
2
x0 yz dydz    yz  dy dz
0 0
c a

y  zx yb   b  zx  dx dz
2
EBFG b  xz
2
S3 j 2
dxdz
0 0
c a

S4 OADC j ( y  zx) 2
y0 xz dxdz    zx  dx dz
0 0
b a

z 2  xy z c c 2  xy   c  xy  dx dy
2
S5 DGFC k dxdy
0 0
b a

S6 OAEB k ( z  xy)
2
z 0 0 dxdy    xy  dx dy
0 0

Along S1 & S2 :

c b c

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    a dy dz  a   y
2 2 b
0
dy
S1 S2 0 0 0
c
a  b dz  a bz   a 2bc
2 2 c
0
0

Along S3 & S4 :

c a c

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    b dx dz  b   x
2 2 a
0
dz
S3 S4 0 0 0
c
b  a dz  b  az   ab 2 c
2 2 c
0
0

Along S5 & S6 :

b a b

 F  nˆ ds   F  nˆ ds    c dx dy  c   x
2 2 a
0
dy
S5 S6 0 0 0
b
c  a dy  c  ay   abc 2
2 2 b
0
0

  F  nˆ ds   a 2bc  ab2c  abc 2   abc(a  b  c)

S

 L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence the theorem is verified.
Exercise Problems:

1. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  ( x 2 )i  zj  yzk

over the cube x  1, y  1, z  1
2. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector
F  (2 x  z )i  x 2 yj  xz 2 k over the cube
x  0, y  0, z  0, x  1, y  1 and z  1
3. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector
F  ( xy )i  yz j  zx k over
2 2 2
the cube
x  0, y  0, z  0, x  1, y  2 and z  3
More Problems:
1. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  ( x 2 )i  zj  yzk over the cube
x  0, y  0, z  0, x  a, y  a and z  a

3a
Ans: Common value=
2
2. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  ( x3  yz )i  2 x 2 yj  2k over the cube
x  0, y  0, z  0, x  1, y  2 and z  3

Ans: Common value=2

3. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector F  (2 xy )i  z 2 yj  xzk over the cube
x  0, y  0, z  0, x  1, y  2 and z  3

Ans: Common value=20

REFERENCES:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSeYksmwjZc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8h3yY0im5XU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCkbBU9E_40
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/vector-calculus-engineers/divergence-theorem-
lecture-35-yTpiM
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/vector-calculus-engineers/divergence-theorem-
example-ii-lecture-48-zAyUA
 Practice Quiz
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Find a vector normal to the curve x 2 y  log y  2 x  0 at the point (2,1)?

(a) 2i  5 j (b) 5i  2 j (c)  25i  5 j (d ) 2i  j

2. Let the temperature at the point (x, y) in a flat plate be given by the
function T ( x, y)  3x 2  2 xy . A tub of margarine is placed at (3, -6) in
what direction should it be moved to cool most quickly?

(a) 6i  6 j (b) i  j (c )  i  j (d ) 2i  j

3. Find the maximum directional derivative of the function

f ( x, y )  x log y  x 2 y 2 at the point (-1,1)?

(a)  2i  j (b) 5(5i  2 j ) (c ) 1 ( d ) 5

4. Let f ( x, y)  x  y 2 . Find the gradient vector f (1,1) at the point (1,1)?

(a)  14i  12 j (b)  i  2 j (c) 14i  12 j (d ) i  2 j

5. Find the curl of F  x 3 y 2 i  3x 2 y j  xyzk .

(a) xzi  yz j  (6 xy  2 x3 y )k
(b) 3 x 2 zi  3 x 2 j  xyk
(c) xzi  yz j  (6 xy  2 x 3 y )k
(d ) xzi  yz j  (6 xy  2 x3 y )k

6. The divergence of curl of a vector is zero. State True or False.

(a) Always true (b) Always false
(c)sometimes it is True (d) sometimes it is False

7. The Laplacian operator is

(a) grad(div V) (b) div(grad V)
(c)curl(div V) (d) div(curl V)

8. When a vector is irrotational, which condition holds good?

(a) Stoke’s theorem gives non-zero value

(b) Stoke’s theorem gives zero value
(c) Divergence theorem is invalid
(d) Divergence theorem is valid
 Practice Quiz
9. The mathematical perception of the gradient is said to be
(a) Tangent (b) Chord (c) Slope (d) Arc

10. The gradient of xi  y j  zk is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

11. Curl of gradient of a vector is

(a) Unity
(b) Zero
(c) Null vector
(d) Depends on the constants of the vector

12. Find the gradient of the function given by x 2  y 2  z 2 at (1, 1, 1)

(a) i  j  k
(b) 2i  2 j  2k
(c) 2 xi  2 y j  2 zk
(d ) 4 xi  2 y j  4 zk
13. Find the divergence of the vector yi  z j  xk .
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3

14. Determine the divergence of F  30i  2 xy j  5 xz 2 k at (1, 1, -0.2) and

state the nature of the field.
(a) 1, solenoidal (b) 0, solenoidal
(c)1, divergent (d) 0, divergent

15. The curl of a curl of a vector gives a

(a) Scalar (b) vector (c) zero value (d) Non-zero value

Find the curl of A  yzi  4 xy j  yk .

16.
(a) xi  j  (4 y  z )k
(b) xi  y j  ( z  4 y )k
(c) i  j  (4 y  z )k
(d ) i  y j  (4 y  z )k

17. Find the value of divergence theorem for A  xy 2 i  y 3 j  y 2 zk for a

cuboid given by 0<x<1, 0<y<1 and 0<z<1.
(a) 1 (b) 4/3 (c) 5/3 (d) 2
 Practice Quiz
18. Find the value of divergence theorem for the field D  2 xyi  x 2 j for
the rectangular parallelepiped given by x=0 and 1, y=0 and 2, z=0 and
3.

(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16

19.
The divergence theorem converts
(a) Line to surface integral
(b) Surface to Volume integral
(c) Volume to line integral
(d) Surface to line integral

20.
Mathematically, the functions in Green’s theorem will be
(a) Continuous derivatives
(b) Discrete derivatives
(c) Continuous partial derivatives
(d) Discrete partial derivatives

21. Find the value of Green’s theorem for F  x 2 and G  y 2 .

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
 Practice Quiz
22. The path traversal in calculating the Green’s theorem is
(a) Clockwise
(b) Anticlockwise
(c) Inwards
(d) Outwards

23. Gauss divergence theorem converts

(a) Line to surface integral
(b) Line to volume integral
(c) Surface to line integral
(d) Surface to volume integral

Answers:

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. d

6. a 7. b 8. b 9. c 10. d

11. c 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. b

16. d 17. c 18. b 19. b 20. c

21. a 22. b 23. d

 Assignments

Assignment -1
Course
Q.No Questions K level
Outcomes
1. Find the angle between the surfaces xy 2 z  3x  z 2 and
3x 2  y 2  2 z  1 at the point 1, 2,1 . K3 CO5

2. Find the equations of the tangent plane and normal line to

K3 CO5
the surface x 2  y 2  z  0 at  2, 1,5 .
3. If F   x 2  y 2  2 xz  i   xz  xy  yz  j   z 2  x 2  k find
  F , (  F ),   F ,   (  F ) &   (  F ) at the point
K3 CO5
1,1,1 .

4. Show that F   2 xy  z 2  i   x 2  2 yz  j   y 2  2 zx  k is
irrotational and hence find its scalar potential. K3 CO5

5. Show that
F   y 2  z 2  3 yz  2 x  i   3xz  2 xy  j   3xy  2 xz  2 z  k is
K3 CO5
both solenoidal and irrotational.

6. Prove that 2 (r n r )  n(n  3)r n2 r .

K3 CO5

Answers:
 3  x  2 y 1 z  5
1.   cos 1   2. 4 x  2 y  z  5; 4  2  1
7 6
3. x  5 z , i  5k ,  ( x  y )i  ( y  z )k , 0 & i  k at 1,1,1 6, i  5k ,  2i  2k , 0, i  k
4.   x 2 y  xz 2  y 2 z  c
 Assignments

Assignment -2

K Course
Q.No Questions
level Outcomes

Find the value of  (cos x sin y  xy)dx  (sin x cos y)dy along the
1. C K3 CO5
closed circle x  y  1 by using Green’s theorem.
2 2

Find the value of  (2 x  y)dx  ( x  y)dy

C
where C is the boundary

2. K3 CO5
of the circle x  y  a in the xoy plane by using Green’s
2 2 2

theorem.

Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for the vector

3. F  ( x  y )i  2 xyj  ( y  xy )k over the cube with center at the
2 2 2
K3 CO5
origin and of side length “a”.

Answers
1. 0
2. 2 a 2
 Part A
Q.No. Questions K Course
level Outcomes
1. PART-A
Find 𝛁. 𝐫
𝐫

𝑟 1 1
Solution: ∇. = ∇. 𝑟 + ∇ .𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1 3 1 K3 CO5
= (3) − 𝑟
.𝑟 = − , since 𝑟. 𝑟 = 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟
2
= .
𝑟

2.
For what value of ‘k’, rk 𝒓is solenoidal.

Solution: Given ∇. 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 = 0
K3 CO5
∇. 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑘 ∇. 𝑟 + ∇ 𝑟 𝑘 . 𝑟 = 3𝑟 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑟 𝑘−2 𝑟 . 𝑟
= 3𝑟 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑟 𝑘 = (3+k)𝑟 𝑘
∴ 𝑘 = −3

3.
Determine f(r), so that f(r)𝒓is solenoidal

Solution:∇. 𝑓 𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑟 ∇. 𝑟 + ∇𝑓 𝑟 . 𝑟
𝑟
= 3 𝑓 𝑟 +𝑓 ′ 𝑟 .𝑟
𝑟

= 3 𝑓 𝑟 +𝑓 ′ 𝑟 𝑟 , since 𝑟. 𝑟 = 𝑟 2
Given∇. 𝑓 𝑟 𝑟 = 0 K3 CO5
′
𝑓 𝑟 −3
=
𝑓 𝑟 𝑟

On integrating , we get , log f(r) = -3 log r + log c

𝑐
∴𝑓 𝑟 =
𝑟3
.
 Part A
4. If 𝑭 = 𝟓𝒙𝒚𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒋 , find 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 where c is the part of
𝒄
the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 between x=1and x=2.

Solution: 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 K3 CO5

Along the curve c , y = x3, dy = 3x2dx
2
∴ 𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 1
5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 94 units.

5. Find 𝒔 𝒓. 𝒅𝒔 ,where s is the surface of the tetrahedren

whose vertices are (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0) and (0,0,1).
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem, K3 CO5
1 1 1
𝑠
𝑟. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣
∇. 𝑟𝑑𝑣 = 0 0 0
3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 3 units.

6. If 𝛁∅ = 𝒚𝒛𝒊 + 𝒙𝒛𝒋 + 𝒙𝒚𝒌 find ∅

Solution: ∇∅ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧𝑗+xy𝑘

𝜕∅
∴ = 𝑦𝑧 ⇒ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 K3 CO5
𝜕∅
= 𝑥𝑧 ⇒ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕∅
= 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
∴ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐.

7. Find ‘a’ so that the vector 𝑨 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒋 is

irrotational.

Solution: Given∇ × 𝐴 = 0

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐴 = = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥
2
−2𝑥𝑦 0 K3 CO5

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⇒ 𝑖 0 − 2𝑥𝑦 -𝑗 0 − (𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕
+𝑘 𝜕𝑥
−2𝑥𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 =0

⇒ 0 𝑖 − 0 𝑗 + −2𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑘=0.
∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 , 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
 Part A
8. Prove that the vector 𝐹 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 𝑖 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 +
4𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑧 𝑘 is both solenodial and irrotaional.

Solution:To prove: ∇. 𝐹 = 0 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 , ∇ × 𝐹 = 0

(irrotational)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑧 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3+5-8 = 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑧 K3 CO5

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 −𝑗 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
8𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 +𝑘 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 𝜕𝑦 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 +
𝜕𝑥

4𝑧

= 4 − 4 𝑖 − 4 − 4 𝑗 + 2 − 2 𝑘=0.

9. Using Green’s theorem ,prove that the area enclosed by

𝟏
a simple closed curve c is 𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙.
𝟐

Solution:
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 1
By Green’s theorem, u= - 2 , v=-2 , =-2 , =2 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

1 1 K3 CO5
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ( + ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑐 𝑅

= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 .

𝑅

10. State Green’s theorem in a plane.

If C is a regular closed curve in the XY-plane and R be the

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
region bounded by C,then 𝑐
𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅
( − )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, K3 CO5
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
where u,v are continuously differentiable functions inside and
on C.
 Part A
11. Define divergence and curl of a vector.

The divergence of 𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑖+𝑉2 𝑗 + 𝑉3 𝑘 is defined as

𝜕𝑉1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
∇. 𝑉 = + 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜕𝑧3
𝜕𝑥

The curl of 𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑖+𝑉2 𝑗 + 𝑉3 𝑘 is defined as K3 CO5

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑉3 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 𝜕𝑉1 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉1
∇×𝑉= =𝑖 − -𝑗 − +𝑘 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3

12. If 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝒙𝒋 + 𝒚𝒌 , show that 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 = 𝟎.

Solution: To prove: ∇ × 𝐹 = 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 = =𝑖 𝑦 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 -
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
K3 CO5
3 𝑧 𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑗 𝑧 − 3 +𝑘 𝑧 − 𝜕𝑦 3 =0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

13. Prove that 𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 = 𝟎 .

Solution: To prove: ∇. ∇ × 𝐹 = 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓1
∇ × 𝐹= =𝑖 − -𝑗 − +𝑘 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 K3 CO5
𝜕 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓1
∇. ∇ × 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 − − − +𝜕𝑧 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑓3 𝜕 2 𝑓2 𝜕 2 𝑓3 𝜕 2 𝑓1 𝜕 2 𝑓2 𝜕 2 𝑓1
= 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧 -𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦𝜕 𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
( since 𝐹 is continuous function = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
 Part A
14. If 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟏𝟒𝒚𝒛 𝒋 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌 , evaluate 𝑭. 𝒅𝒓
𝒄
from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) over the curve x=t, y=t , z= t3. 2

Solution: 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟= (3𝑥 2 +6y)dx+14yz dy+20x𝑧 2 dz

Along x=t, y=𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 =
2
3𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑡 0 𝑡𝑜 1 K3 CO5
1

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = ( 3 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 + 14𝑡 2 𝑡 3 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 20𝑡𝑡 6 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝐶 0
1
= 0
( 9 𝑡 + 28𝑡 + 60𝑡 9 )𝑑𝑡 = 13 units.
2 6

15. State Gauss- divergence theorem.

If 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 a vector point function having continuous first

order partial derivatives in the region V bounded by a
K3 CO5
closed surface S, then 𝑉 ∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑆 𝐹 . 𝑛dS, where𝑛
is the outward drawn normal vector to the surface S.

16. Determine whether 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌 is a

conservative force field.
Solution: To prove: ∇ × 𝐹 = 0
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3 2
2𝑥𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 3𝑥𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 K3 CO5
=𝑖 𝜕𝑦
3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 -𝑗 𝜕𝑥
3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑦+𝑧 3

𝜕 𝜕
+𝑘 𝜕𝑥
𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑧 3

= 0 − 0 𝑖 − 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 𝑗 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑘= 0.
∴ 𝐹 = ∇∅,𝐹 is a conservative vector field.

17. Find the unit normal vector to the surface xy+ yz +zx
=3 at (1,1,1)
Solution: Let ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 − 3
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∇∅ = 𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 = 𝑖(𝑦 + 𝑧)+𝑗(𝑧 + 𝑥) +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑘 (𝑦 + 𝑥) K3 CO5
∇∅ 1,1,1 = 2𝑖+2𝑗 + 2𝑘
∇∅ 2𝑖 +2𝑗 +2𝑘 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
Unit normal = ∇∅ = 4+4+4
= 3
.
 Part B
1. Find the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surface is
5x2  2 yz  9 x  0 and ax2 y  bz 3  4 may cut orthogonally at the
point (1,-1,2). K3 CO5
Ans: a  4, b  1

2. Show that F   6 xy  z 3  i   3x 2  z  j   3xz 2  y  k is irrotational. And

hence find its scalar potential.
K3 CO5
Ans:   3x y  xz  yz  c.
2 3

3. Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy  z 2 at the

points (1,4,2) and (-3,-3,3).
Ans:
K3 CO5
 1 
  cos 1
.
 22 

4.
Find  2  r n  and hence deduce  2   where r  r and r  xi  y j  zk
1
r
.
K3 CO5
Ans:
n  n  1 r n2 ,0

5.
Prove that .r  3   4 .
1 3
r  r K3 CO5

6. If  & satisfy Laplace equation, prove that the vector  
is solenoidal. K3 CO5

7. Evaluate  F . n ds where F   x 2  yz  i   y 2  xz  j   z 2  xy  k and S is



the surface bounded by 0  x  a, 0  y  b, 0  z  c. K3 CO5

Ans: abc  a  b  c 
8. 
Evaluate  F . n ds where F  x 2 i  y 2 j  z 2 k and S is the portion of the
s

1 K3 CO5
plane x  y  z  1 included in the first octant. Ans:
4
 Part B
9. A vector field is given by F   x 2  y 2  x  i   2 xy  y  j. Show that F
is irrotational and find its scalar potential. Hence evaluate the line
integral from the origin to the point (1,1) K3 CO5
x3 x 2 y2 1
Ans:     xy 2   c,
3 2 2  F. d r  3 .

10. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate   3x 2  8 y 2  dx   4 y  6 xy  dy where

c

C is the boundary of the region enclosed by y  x 2 & x  y 2 .

K3 CO5
3
Ans:
2

11. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for   xy  y  dx  x dy where C

2 2

is the closed curve of the region bounded by y  x 2 & x  y.

K3 CO5
1
Ans:
20

12. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate   y  sin x  dx  cos x dy where C is

c

 2x
the triangle formed by y  0, x  , y .
2  K3 CO5
 2 
Ans:    
4 

13. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F  x 2 i  z j  yzk over the

cube formed by the planes x  1, y  1, z  1.
K3 CO5
Ans: 0

14. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F  4 xzi  y 2 j  yzk over the
cube bounded by x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0 and z  1.
3 K3 CO5
Ans:
2
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Course Instructor: Prof. Jithendra Kumar, IIT Kharagpur
Duration : 12 weeks (weeks 1 and 2)

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc21_ma11/preview

 Online Course: Coursera

Course Name: Calculus through Data & Modelling: Vector
Calculus
Course Instructor: Joseph W. Cutrone
Johns Hopkins University
Duration : 3 weeks

https://www.coursera.org/specializations/integral-calculus-
data-modeling

 Online Course: SWAYAM

Course Name: Multivariable Calculus
Course Instructor: Prof. S.K. Gupta, Prof. Sanjeev Kumar,
IIT Roorkee
Duration : 8 weeks (weeks 7 and 8)

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc21_ma11/preview
 Real Time Applications

Hurricanes form from rotating winds driven by warm temperatures over the ocean.
Meteorologists forecast the motion of hurricanes by studying the rotating vector fields
of their wind velocity. Shown is Cyclone Catarina in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2004,
as seen from the International Space Station.

Hurricanes are huge storms that can produce tremendous amounts of damage to life
and property, especially when they reach land. Predicting where and when they will
strike and how strong the winds will be is of great importance for preparing for
protection or evacuation. Scientists rely on studies of rotational vector fields for their
forecasts. Modeling new kinds of integrals over various fields such as magnetic fields,
gravitational fields, or velocity fields plays key role in many practical applications.
Calculating the work done on a charged particle traveling through a magnetic field,
the work done on a particle with mass traveling through a gravitational field, and the
volume per unit time of water flowing through a net dropped in a river are based on
the concept of a vector field.
 Real Time Applications

Vector fields have many applications because they can be used to model real fields such
as electromagnetic or gravitational fields. A deep understanding of physics or
engineering is impossible without an understanding of vector fields. Furthermore, vector
fields have mathematical properties that are worthy of study in their own right. In
particular, vector fields can be used to develop several higher-dimensional versions of
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Vector fields are an important tool for describing many physical concepts, such as
gravitation and electromagnetism, which affect the behaviour of objects over a large
region of a plane or of space. They are also useful for dealing with large-scale behaviour
such as atmospheric storms or deep-sea ocean currents

Examples of Vector Fields

How can we model the gravitational force exerted by multiple astronomical objects?
How can we model the velocity of water particles on the surface of a river?

(Figure)(a) shows a gravitational field exerted by two astronomical objects, such as a

star and a planet or a planet and a moon. At any point in the figure, the vector
associated with a point gives the net gravitational force exerted by the two objects on
an object of unit mass. The vectors of largest magnitude in the figure are the vectors
closest to the larger object. The larger object has greater mass, so it exerts a
gravitational force of greater magnitude than the smaller object.
 Real Time Applications

Figure (b) shows the velocity of a river at points on its surface. The vector associated
with a given point on the river’s surface gives the velocity of the water at that point.
Since the vectors to the left of the figure are small in magnitude, the water is flowing
slowly on that part of the surface. As the water moves from left to right, it encounters
some rapids around a rock. The speed of the water increases, and a whirlpool occurs in
part of the rapids.
(a) The gravitational field exerted by two astronomical bodies on a small object.
(b) The vector velocity field of water on the surface of a river shows the varied speeds of
water.
Red indicates that the magnitude of the vector is greater, so the water flows more
quickly; blue indicates a lesser magnitude and a slower speed of water flow.
 Contents Beyond Syllabus

Vector Calculus for Engineers

The course ‘Vector Calculus for Engineers’ covers both basic theory and applications.
This is a course offered by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

https://www.coursera.org/learn/vector-calculus-engineers#about

SKILLS YOU WILL GAIN:

In this course, you learn about scalar and vector fields, differentiating vector fields,
multidimensional integration and curvilinear coordinate systems.

The course also covers line and surface integrals, and the fundamental theorems of
vector calculus, including the gradient theorem, the divergence theorem and Stokes’
theorem. These theorems are needed in core engineering subjects such as
Electromagnetism and Fluid Mechanics.

To Explore More:

http://www.math.ust.hk/~machas/vector-calculus-for-engineers.pdf

https://youtu.be/qUseabHb6Vk

Practice Worksheets on Vector Calculus:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uYwuxrHcQquU8Z1SNen7XmCVicaAsIky
/view?usp=sharing

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_kEU9YKlTT9Mq9xJAIZlkyMWeZhLMCWt
/view?usp=sharing
 Additional Resources

 Divergence and Curl-Practice Problems

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcIII/CurlDiverge
nce.aspx

 How to determine if a vector field is conservative?

https://mathinsight.org/conservative_vector_field_determine

 Green’s theorem –Practice Problems

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcIII/GreensTheo
rem.aspx

 Using surface integral to calculate area of a given surface

https://opentextbc.ca/calculusv3openstax/chapter/surface-
integrals/
 Mini Project

1. Investigate and report on the methodologies to find the area

enclosed by arbitrary shapes. Highlight on the application of Green’s
theorem in evaluating areas enclosed by simple closed curves.

Example: Find the applications of vector integration techniques

(Green’s theorem) in determining the size of tumor of irregular shape.

References:

https://opentextbc.ca/calculusv3openstax/chapter/greens-theorem/

http://people.math.harvard.edu/~knill/teaching/math21a2000/plani
meter/index.html

http://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/~zakeri/mat208/2320679.pdf

http://persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/footer/Planimeter/Polar&Linear
.htm

2. Applications of vector calculus in Engineering

(Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electrostatics, etc.,)

102
Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

MATRICES AND CALCULUS 22MA101

S.No. TEXT BOOKS

Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John

1
Wiley and Sons, 10th Edition, New Delhi, 2016.

B.S. Grewal, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna

2
Publishers, New Delhi, 43rd Edition, 2014.

REFERENCES :

M. K. Venkataraman, “Engineering Mathematics”, Volume

1 I, 4th Edition, The National Publication Company, Chennai,
2003.
SivaramakrishnaDass, C. Vijayakumari, “Engineering
2
Mathematics”, Pearson Education India, 4th Edition 2019.
H. K. Dass, and Er. RajnishVerma, “Higher Engineering
3
Mathematics”, S. Chand Private Limited, 3rd Edition 2014.
B.V. Ramana, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Tata
4 McGraw Hill Publishing Company, 6th Edition, New Delhi,
2008.
S.S. Sastry, “Engineering Mathematics”, Vol. I & II, PHI
5
Learning Private Limited, 4th Edition, New Delhi, 2014.
James Stewart, “Calculus: Early Transcendentals”, Cengage
6
Learning, 7th Edition, New Delhi, 2015.
 Thank you

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