Introduction to java

programming language
 Characteristic of Java programming langauge

• Java is programming language that is

portable. Java program is interpreted
into intermediate code called byte code
that is platform independent, the byte
code is interpreted into platform specific
code and executed in executing
computer.
• Java can be downloaded from the
Internet free of charge and installed in
your computer.
• Java language is case sensitive.
 OO Java Characteristic
- It an object oriented programming language
-Java has the following object oriented
characteristics : Object/class,
1. Identity
2. Classification
3. Inheritance
4. polymorphism,
5. encapsulation,
6. whole/part,
7. association,
8. abstraction,
9. reuse,
10. Information/implementation hiding,
 Object and Class
- A Class is a group of objects with same
properties
- An object is an instance of a class.
- Any object belongs to a class.
- A class allows you to describe and combine
methods and data structures.
- It also allows you to restrict internal access by
use of keywords public and private.
- A public method or variable is accessible from
outside the class.
- A private variable is only accessible by members
of class. Members are methods and variables in
the class.
 Object and Class

- Almost any noun can be represented as

an object with attributes such color, size
and name and behaviors like move,
communicate and calculate
- Performing a task requires a method
- Classes in OO language are created to
house set of methods to perform its
tasks
- Classes enable reuse – classes in one
program are used as components when
writing another program.
 Foundations of Java program

class { }. The members of a class are

enclosed in braces.

Every Java applications execution starts in a

method called main.
public static void main(String[] args) {
// statements
}
The first line declares a method main that
contains program instructions within curly
brackets. String[] args is used when passing
values to program.
 Java program Hello world program

Program to print Hello world

public class Habari {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// greeting java program
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}
You save this file in a file called
Habari.java. The class name must be the
same as the file name.
 Explaining Hello world program

// Java comments, comments

terminate at end of line where //
appears
/* */ comments that can spread several
lines
- Spaces in statements are used to
improve readability
- Class declaration is immediately
followed by class name. every class
name must start with public keyword
 Explaining Hello world program
System.out.println(“vvvvvv”) – instructs
computer to display text between
double quotes
System.out is a predefined object and
is standard output object
 Naming classes
- By conventions class names start with
Capital letter and each subsequent name
starts with capital letter. If you don’t
follow naming convention you don’t get
errors but your programs may not be easy
to read especially for experience java
programmers.
- A class name is an identifier is a series of
characters consisting of letters, numbers,
underscore (_) and dollar ($) that doesn’t
begin with a number or contain spaces
$num, _salary, overtime are valid 5amount
and fe e are invalid identifies
 User defined and java library classes
In developing java programs you use both user
defined and system defined classes.
- Related Classes are grouped into groups
called packages or all collectively as
application programming interface (API)
- To tell your program java library classes to
use you use import keyword. Import
keyword tell java where to find class used in
program
- To tell java user defined classes to use
(where they are located) the package key
word which should be the first keyword in
your program, only comments can be written
before the package keyword.
 java library classes (Packages)
- Packages make writing java programs easy
because for example if you want to search
data import package search class is in and
use search method these usually about two
statements. But writing you own search
program may be 100 lines of code.
- The java package class is more reliable
because java programmers have been using
around the world and if any errors were
found they were corrected.
- The Java package is written by experience
programmers and tested by teams usually
alpha and beta tests.
 Java operators
Logical operators: && and, || or, ! not

Arithmetic operators: *, - , +, /, *, =+, =*,

=/, =%

Comparison operators:
Eqality operators
== = Equality,
inequality,  !=

Relational operators
>, ,>=, <, <=,
 Java keywords
abstract assert boolean break byte
case catch char catch continue
default do double else Enum
extends final Finally float For
If implements import Instanceof int
interface long native new package
private protected public return package
static strictfp super switch synchronized

this throw Throws transient try

void volatile while const not goto-
used
class
 goto keyword
• Structured programs don’t use goto
statement
• goto statement makes programs
complex and its use is discouraged
• goto cause program to jump to anywhere
in program while selection (if else,
switch etc.) and (iteration while, for
loops etc.) when program exits control
moves to end of conditional or loop
block.
• Structured programming uses sequence,
selection and iteration
 Java Data types
char - a single unicode character
String – a string (combination) of several
unicode characters
int - an integer for +2.14 billion to -2.14
billion
float a floating point number with a decimal
Boolean – a boolean value of true or false
long – integer exceeding 2.14 billion – holds
larger numbers than int
double - a floating point number of double
precision, can hold larger numbers than float
 console scanner Reading programm
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ScanAdd {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner input= new Scanner(System.in);
float num1, num2, sum;
System.out.println("enter number 1");
num1= input.nextDouble();
System.out.println("enter number 2");
num2=input.nextDouble();
sum=num1+num2;
System.out.printf("%s%d","The sum is
=",sum);
}
}
 Explaining scanner program
Import java.util package enable the program
to find Scanner class reads data number,
strings , data may come from keyboard or
file. Before using scanner you must declare it
and specify source of data.
= new Scanner(System.in) initializes object
new Keyword is required to declare Scanner
object
System.in indicates source of data is from
keyboard.
Objects and variables must be declared and
initialized before they can be used.
System.out.printf("%s%d","The sum is
=",sum);
 Types read by Scanner
• nextInt() – reading integer
• nextDouble() – reading double
• nextLong() – reading a long integer
• nextLine() – reading a line of String
• nextByte() – reading bytes
• nextFloat()- reading float
• nextShort() – reading short integer
• nextBoolean() – reading boolean
 if statement
- A condition is statement that can be true or
false
- If statement allows a program to make decision
depending on condition value
- Condition can be formed using equality
operators (== !=) and relational operators (>,
,>=, <, <=)
- Equality operators associate from left to right
- Relational operators have same precedence
(the order of evaluation starts with left most
and continues to the next)
 If statement
If is single selection statement

If(condition) {
System.Out.Prinltn(“kweli”);
}
 If else statement
• If else is double selection statement
• When condition is true the statements after if are
executed, when false statement after else are executed
If(condition) {
system.out.prinltn(“kweli”);
}
else {
system.out.prinltn(“uwongo”);
}
If you copy single and double quoted from word
processors and other application copied double quotes
may not be ASCII double quote so may get errors. If this
happens delete the double quotes and type in the IDE.
 If (condition)- else if(condition)- else statement
if(condition) {
System.Out.Prinltn(“first”);
{
else if(condition) {
System.Out.Prinltn(“second”);
}
else if(condition) {
System.Out.Prinltn(“third”);
}
else {
System.Out.Prinltn(“fourth”);
}
If you copy single and double quoted from word processors and other
application copied double quotes may not be ASCII double quote so
may get errors. If this happens delete the double quotes and type in
the IDE.
 printf formatings
• printf displays formatted data
Printf formatting – insert table
%d – refers to decimal integer (int, long, short
byte) data type
%f - refers to floating data type [float, double}
%s – refers to string data type
%c – refers to character data type
 for loop statement
for( declare and initialize loopctr variable;
loopcondition;
Increment loop control variable) {
Statements to be executed
}

for(int loopctr=1; loopctr<10; loopctr++) {

Statements to be executed
}
 Print and printf programs
• Program printf with different formats – insert
program
 Escape sequences
\n newline –places screen cursor at
beginning of next line
\t horizontal tab position screen cursor
at tab stop
\\ backslash used to print backslash
character
\” Double quote used to print double-
quote character.
Comparison operator program
Scanner input= new Scanner(System.in);
int num1, num2, sum;
System.out.print("Enter first Integer");
num1= input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter Second Integer");
num2=input.nextInt();
sum=num1+num2;
System.out.println("Total ="+sum);
if(num1==num2) {
System.out.printf("%d == %d%n", num1,num2);
}
if(num1!=num2) {
System.out.printf("%d != %d%n", num1,num2);
}
if(num1<num2) {
System.out.printf("%d < %d%n", num1,num2);
}
if(num1>num2) {
System.out.printf("%d > %d%n", num1,num2);
}

if(num1<=num2) {
System.out.printf("%d <= %d%n", num1,num2); }

if(num1>=num2) {
System.out.printf("%d >= %d%n", num1,num2); }
Release product release terminology
Alpha software is earliest released of software
that is under active development. Its
incomplete, unstable and has errors. Its
released for small number of developers for
testing
Beta software is released to a large number of
developer more stable features nearly
complete and most bugs fixed. Beta is still more
stable but still subject to change.
Acceptance testing is final test where users test
software to determine its acceptable
Release product release terminology …
Release candidate – feature complete, mostly
bug free for testing by community which
provides a more diverse testing environment.
Final release – all bugs in release candidate
fixed
Continuous beta – these software like Google
search or Gmail don’t have version numbers. Its
installed on the cloud not installed in user
computers and is always evolving so users have
latest version.
 Google Android
• Android is based on Linux Kernel and
Java
• Android was developed by Android Inc
and acquired by Google in 2005.
• In 2007 open handset alliance was
formed to maintain and evolve
android, driving innovation I mobile
technology innovation, improve user
experience while reducing costs
Individual Exercise 1
Write a java programs that asks user to
enter three numbers, multiplies them and
displays product.

Copy program in MS word and submit on

blackboard week2 linkname Multiply3

Do course self review exercises pg. 83 – 84

and confirm with answer on page 84.
 Self review exercises !

Do all self review exercises in

course text for all chapters will
shall cover. Some questions in
CAT will come from self review
exercises.