APEAPCET 2024 - MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
ALGEBRA
a) Functions: Types of functions – Definitions - Inverse functions & Theorems - Domain, Range
and Inverse.
b) Mathematical Induction: Principles of Mathematical Induction & Theorems – Applications
of Mathematical Induction – Problems on divisibility.
c) Matrices: Types of matrices - Scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices -
Transpose of a matrix – Determinants - properties of determinants - Adjoint and Inverse of a
matrix – Consistency and inconsistency of system of simultaneous equations - Rank of a
matrix - Solution of simultaneous linear equations.
d) Complex Numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers- fundamental
operations - Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib - Modulus and amplitude of
complex numbers–Illustrations - Geometrical and Polar Representation of complex numbers in
Argand plane-Argand diagram.
e) De Moivre’s Theorem: De Moivre’s theorem- Integral and Rational indices - nth roots of
unity- Geometrical Interpretations–Illustrations.
f) Quadratic Expressions: Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable - Sign of quadratic
expressions – Change in signs – Maximum and minimum values - Quadratic Inequations.
g) Theory of Equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation - Solving
an equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation - Equation with
real coefficients, occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences,
Transformation of equations- Reciprocal equations.
h) Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental Principle of counting – linear and circular
permutations- Permutations of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time - Permutations when
repetitions allowed - Circular permutations - Permutations with constraint repetitions -
Combinations-definitions, certain theorems.
i) Binomial Theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral index, Binomial theorem for
rational Index - Approximations using Binomial theorem
j) Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non –repeated linear factors
- Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and when g(x) contains
repeated and/or non-repeated linear factors - Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains
irreducible factors.
TRIGONOMETRY
a) Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations: Trigonometric ratios – Variation - Graphs and
Periodicity of Trigonometric functions - Trigonometric ratios of Compound angles -
Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub- multiple angles - Transformations - Sum and Product
rules.
b) Trigonometric Equations: General solutions of Trigonometric Equations – Simple
Trigonometric Equations – Solutions.
c) Inverse Trigonometric Functions: To reduce a Trigonometric function into a bijective
function – Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric functions – Properties of Inverse Trigonometric
functions.
d) Hyperbolic Functions: Definition of Hyperbolic Function – Graphs - Definition of Inverse
 Hyperbolic Functions – Graphs - Addition formulae of Hyperbolic Functions.
e) Properties of Triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a Triangle - Sine, Cosine,
Tangent and Projection rules- Half angle formulae and areas of a triangle – Incircle and
Excircles of a Triangle.

VECTOR ALGEBRA
a) Addition of Vectors: Vectors as a triad of real numbers - Classification of vectors - Addition
of vectors - Scalar multiplication - Angle between two non-zero vectors - Linear combination
of vectors - Components of a vector in three dimensions - Vector equations of line and plane
including their Cartesian equivalent forms.
b) Product of Vectors: Scalar or dot product of two vectors - Geometrical Interpretations -
orthogonal projections - Properties of dot product - Expression of dot product in i, j, k system -
Angle between two vectors - Geometrical Vector methods – Vector equations of plane in
normal form-Angle between two planes- Vector product of two vectors and properties- Vector
product in i, j, k system- Vector Areas – Scalar triple product – Vector equation of a plane –
different forms, skew lines, shortest distance – plane, condition for coplanarity etc. – vector
triple product – results.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION AND PROBABILITY
a) Measures of Dispersion - Range - Mean deviation - Variance and standard deviation of
ungrouped/grouped data, coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distributions with
equal means but different variances.
b) Probability: Random experiments and events - Classical definition of probability, Axiomatic
approach and addition theorem of probability - Independent and dependent events - conditional
probability- multiplication theorem and Baye’s theorem.
c) Random Variables and Probability Distributions: Random Variables - Theoretical discrete
distributions – Binomial and Poisson Distributions.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
a) Locus: Definition of locus –Illustrations-To find equations of locus-Problems connected to it.
b) Transformation of Axes: Transformation of Axes – Rules, derivations and illustrations –
Rotation of Axes – Derivations – Illustrations.
c) The Straight Line: Revision of fundamental results - Straight line - Normal form –
Illustrations - Straight line - Symmetric form - Straight line - Reduction into various forms -
Intersection of two Straight Lines - Family of straight lines - Concurrent lines - Condition for
Concurrent lines - Angle between two lines - Length of perpendicular from a point to a Line -
Distance between two parallel lines - Concurrent lines - properties related to a triangle.
d) Pair of Straight lines: Equations of pair of lines passing through origin - angle between a pair
of lines - Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles - Pair of
bisectors of angles - Pair of lines - second degree general equation - Conditions for parallel
lines - distance between them, Point of intersection of pair of lines - Homogenising a second
degree equation with a first degree equation in x and y.
e) Circle : Equation of circle -standard form-centre and radius - Equation of a circle with a given
line segment as diameter & equation of circle through three non collinear points - parametric
equations of a circle - Position of a point in the plane of a circle – power of a point-definition
of tangent-length of tangent - Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle-conditions for a
line to be tangent – chord joining two points on a circle – equation of the tangent at a point on
the circle- point of contact-equation of normal-Chord of contact-pole and polar-conjugate
points and conjugate lines- equation of chord with given middle point, Relative position of two
 circles- circles touching each other externally, internally common tangents –centers of
similitude- equation of pair of tangents from an external point.
f) System of circles: Angle between two intersecting circles –condition for orthogonality -
Radical axis of two circles- properties- Common chord and common tangent of two circles –
radical centre - Intersection of a line and a Circle.
g) Parabola: Conic sections –Parabola- equation of parabola in standard form-different forms of
parabola- parametric equations, Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola
(Cartesian and Parametric)- conditions for straight line to be a tangent.
h) Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form- Parametric equations, Equation of tangent and
normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric)- condition for a straight line to be a
tangent.
i) Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form- Parametric equations - Equations of
tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric) - conditions for a
straight line to be tangent-Asymptotes.
j) Three Dimensional Coordinates: Coordinates - Section formulae - Centroid of a triangle and
tetrahedron.
k) Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios: Direction Cosines –Direction Ratios.
l) Plane: Cartesian equation of a Plane –Simple Illustrations.

CALCULUS
a) Limits and Continuity: Intervals and neighborhoods – Limits - Standard Limits–Continuity.
b) Differentiation: Derivative of a function - Elementary Properties - Trigonometric, Inverse
Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, Inverse Hyperbolic Function – Derivatives - Methods of
Differentiation – Second Order Derivatives.
c) Applications of Derivatives: Errors & Approximations - Geometrical Interpretation of a
derivative - Equations of tangents and normal to a curve – Lengths of Tangent, Normal,
Subtangent and subnormal - Angles between two curves and condition for orthogonality of
curves – Derivative as a rate of change – Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s Mean value theorem -
Increasing and decreasing functions - Maxima and Minima.
d) Integration: Integration as the inverse process of differentiation- Standard forms -properties of
integrals - Method of substitution- integration of Algebraic, exponential, logarithmic,
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions - Integration by parts – Integration by the
method of substitution – Integration of algebraic and trigonometric functions – Integration by
parts – Integration of exponential, logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions – Integration
- Partial fractions method – Reduction formulae.
e) Definite Integrals: Definite Integral as the limit of sum, Interpretation of Definite Integral as
an area. Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus. Properties, Reduction formulae,
Application of Definite integral to areas.
f) Differential equations: Formation of differential equation-Degree and order of an ordinary
differential equation - Solving differential equation by i) Variables separable method, ii)
Homogeneous differential equation, iii) Non Homogeneous differential equation iv) Linear
differential equations
 APEAPCET 2024 - PHYSICS SYLLABUS

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
1. PHYSICAL WORLD: What is physics? Scope and excitement of physics. Physics, technology
and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Nature of physical laws

2. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS: The international system of units, Measurement of Length,

Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range
of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurement of time, Accuracy, precision of
instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors, random errors, least count error,
Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures,
Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules
for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations, Dimensions of Physical
Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its
Applications, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Deducing Relation among the
Physical Quantities.

3. MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE: Position, path length and displacement, average velocity
and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for
uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.

4. MOTION IN A PLANE: Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of
vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical
method, resolution of vectors, vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector
and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative
velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum
height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion.

5. LAWS OF MOTION: Aristotle’s fallacy, Laws of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion,
Newton’s second law of motion- momentum, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, conservation
of momentum,Equilibrium of a particle, Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction,
static, kinetic and rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car
on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics.

6. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER: The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic energy,
The work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The work-energy
theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy, The conservation of Mechanical
Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy,
Electrical Energy, The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Principle of
Conservation of Energy, Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one
dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in Two Dimensions.

7. SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION: Rigid body motion, Centre of

mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles,
Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, Angular
acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of force (Torque),
Angular momentum of particle, Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles -
conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of
inertia, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Angular momentum in case of rotation
about a fixed axis - conservation of angular momentum, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of Rolling
Motion.
8. OSCILLATIONS: Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement,
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity
and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in
simple harmonic motion, some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a
spring, The Simple Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, Forced oscillations and resonance.

9. GRAVITATION: Kepler’s laws, Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational
constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and above the
surface of earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites,
Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness.

10. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS: Elastic behavior of solids, Stress and strain,
Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s
Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Elastic potential
energy in a stretched wire, Applications of elastic behavior of materials.

11. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS: Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure

with Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’
Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s Law, Venturi- meter,
Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with
temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy,
Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension.

12. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Temperature and heat, Measurement of

temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat
capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat, Heat transfer –
Conduction, convection and radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of
cooling and its experimental verification.

13. THERMODYNAMICS: Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal

Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity of
water, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Thermodynamic processes, Quasi-
static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic
process, Heat engines , Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible
and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem.

14. KINETIC THEORY: Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charles’
Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature,
Law of equipartition of energy, Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases,
Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free
path.

15. WAVES: Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave displacement relation in a progressive
wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and
frequency, the speed of a travelling wave, speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a
longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves,
standing waves and normal modes, beats, Doppler effect – source moving & Observer stationary,
observer moving and source stationary, both observer and source are moving, applications of
Doppler effect.
16. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors,
Sign convention, Focal length of spherical mirror, Mirror equation, refraction, total internal
reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, refraction at spherical
surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a
prism, dispersion by a prism, natural phenomena due to sunlight – Rainbow, Scattering of light,
optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and
Cassegrain reflecting telescope.
17. WAVE OPTICS: Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens
principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave
by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of
light waves and Young‘s experiment, Diffraction, Single slit, resolving power of optical
instruments, the validaity of ray optics, Polarization by scattering, Polarisation by reflection, plane
polarized light, polaroids

18. ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS: Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging
by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge,
quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field
due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux,
electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane,
physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution,
Gauss’s law, Applications of Gauss’s Law infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, infinite
plane sheet , field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

19. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE: Electrostatic potential, potential

due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges,
equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges,
potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a
system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field,
electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and
capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of
capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff
generator.

20. CURRENT ELECTRICITY: Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift
of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of various
materials, colour code of resistors, Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power.
Combination of Resistors, Series and Parallel, Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in
parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer.

21. MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM: Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic
field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field,
helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, , velocity
selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on
the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force
between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on current loop,
magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current
loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil
Galvanometer; conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.

22. MAGNETISM AND MATTER: The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, Magnetism
and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism, magnetic declination and dip, magnetization and
magnetic intensity,magnetic properties of materials – Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism and
Ferromagnetism, permanent magnets and electromagnets.

23. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic

flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive
force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance,
self-inductance, AC generator.

24. ALTERNATING CURRENT: AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current

and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to
a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, Phasor – diagram solution, analytical
solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance,Power in AC circuit: The power factor, Wattless current
LC oscillations, transformers.
25. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Displacement Current, Maxwell’s equations,
electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves,
electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays,
X-rays, gamma rays.

26. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER: Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect,
Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric
effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current, effect
of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of
Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the
photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer Experiment

27. ATOMS: Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, alpha particle
trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy
levels, Franck – Hertz experiment, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, deBroglie’s explanation of
Bohr’s second postulate of quantization.

28. NUCLEI: Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the
nucleus, Mass - Energy, Nuclear Binding Energy, Binding energy of Nuecleon and its variation
with Mass Number,Nuclear Force, Radioactivity - Law of radioactive decay, half life and mean life
of a Radioactive material, Alpha decay, Beta decay and Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission,
Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion.

29. SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE

CIRCUITS: Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity
and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor, p-type
semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction, forward bias, reverse bias, Semiconductor
diode, Application of junction diode as a rectifier, Zener Diode, Zener Diode as a voltage regulator,
Optoelectronic junction devices, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor,
structure and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor
as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator,
Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated circuits.

30. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology

used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission
medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave, modulation
and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of
signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated
wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave.
 APEAPCET 2024 - CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

Unit-1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Sub Atomic particles, Atomic models, Developments to the
Bohr’s model of atom; Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation; Particle nature of
electromagnetic radiation, Planck’ s quantum theory; Evidence for the quantized electronic Energy
levels : Atomic spectra, Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of
hydrogen; Limitations of Bohr’s model; Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic
particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical
model of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical model of atom; Orbitals and
quantum numbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms.
Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity;
Electronic configurations of atoms; Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit-2: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES:

Genesis of periodic classification, Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table;
Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than100;Electronic configuration of
elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d and f
blocks; Trends in physical properties:(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c) Variation of size in
inner transition elements, (d) Ionization enthalpy, (e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity;
Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation states, (b)
Anomalous properties of second period elements –diagonal relationship; Periodic trends and
chemical reactivity.
Unit-3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: Kossel - Lewis approach
to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, formal charges,
limitations of octet rule; Ionic or electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic
compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, Lattice Enthalpy: General properties of ionic
compounds; Bond Parameters - bond length ,bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-
Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory; Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-
Directional properties of bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals- types of overlapping and nature of
covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds;
Hybridisation- different types of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals- shapes of simple
covalent molecules; Coordinate bond - definition with examples; Molecular orbital theory -
Formation of molecular orbitals, Linear combination of atomic orbitals(LCAO)-conditions for
combination of atomic orbitals-, Types of Molecular orbitals, Energy level diagrams for molecular
orbitals -, Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour, Bonding in some homo nuclear
diatomic molecules- H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2; Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of
hydrogen bond - Types of hydrogen bonds-inter and intra molecular-General properties of hydrogen
bonds.
Unit-4: STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS: Intermolecular forces; Thermal
Energy; Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal
gas equation; Graham’s law of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of partial pressures; Kinetic molecular
theory of gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws from
Kinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds, Kinetic Energy, Behaviour of real gases -
Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases;
Liquification of gases, Liquid state, Vapour Pressure, Surface tension, Viscosity.

Unit-5: STOICHIOMETRY: Significant figures, Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of

Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Atomic and
molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass. Concept of equivalent weight; Percentage
composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds;
Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations- limiting reagent; Methods of Expressing
concentrations of solutions- mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox
reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions- redox reactions in
terms of electron transfer; Oxidation number concept; Types of Redox reactions- combination,
decomposition, displacement and disproportionation reactions; Balancing of redox reactions-
oxidation number method Half reaction (ion-electron)method; Redox reactions in titrimetry.
Unit-6: THERMODYNAMICS: Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings;
Types of systems and surroundings; The state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State
Function. (a)Work (b) Heat (c) The general case, the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications;
Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive and intensive properties; The
relationship between Cp and Cv; Measurement of∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry; Enthalpy change, ∆rH of
reactions- reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changes during
transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of formation, (d) Thermochemical equations (e) Hess’s law
of constant Heat summation; Enthalpies for different types of reactions. (a) Standard enthalpy of
combustion (∆cH0), (b) Enthalpy of atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and
ionization, (c) Bond Enthalpy (∆bondH0), (d) Enthalpy of solution (∆solH0) and dilution-lattice
enthalpy; Spontaneity. (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b) Entropy and
spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs Energy and spontaneity; Absolute
entropy and the third law of thermodynamics.
Unit-7: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES: Equilibrium in Physical process;
Equilibrium in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of
mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium constant in gaseous
systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium
constant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G;
Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of Ammonia
and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids, bases and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-
Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; Ionisation of Acids and Bases - Ionisation constant
of water and its ionic product- PH scale-ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak
bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic Bases-Factors
affecting acid strength- Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases- Hydrolysis of salts
and pH of their solutions, Buffer solutions - Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts.
Solubility product constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.

Unit-8: HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table;
Dihydrogen-Occurrence and Isotopes; Preparation and properties of dihydrogen, uses of H2,
Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; Water: Physical properties; structure
of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, Temporary and permanent
hardness of water; Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation, properties, structure, storage and uses. Heavy
Water; Hydrogen as a fuel.

Unit-9: THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS):

Group 1 Elements :Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic and Ionic radii; Ionization
enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses; General
characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids;
Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonal
relationship; similarities between Lithium and Magnesium; Some important compounds of
Sodium: Sodium Chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Bicarbonate,
Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium.
Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements; Electronic configuration; Ionization enthalpy;
Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties, Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of
compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxy acids
(Carbonates; Sulphates and Nitrates); Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; its diagonal relationship
with Aluminum; Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation and uses of Calcium
Hydroxide, Quick lime, Calcium Carbonate, Plaster of Paris; Cement, Biological importance of
Calcium and Magnesium.

Unit-10: p- BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY): General introduction –

Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical
properties Aluminum reactivity towards acids & alkalies, Important trends and anomalous
properties of boron; Some important compounds of Boron- Borax, orthoboric acid, Diborane, Uses
of boron, aluminum, and their compounds.
Uni-11: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY): General introduction –
Electronic configuration, atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical &
Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Allotropes of carbon;
Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of Carbon and Silicon: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon
dioxide, Silica, Silicones, Silicates, Zeolites.

Unit-12: Environmental Chemistry: Definition of terms: Air, Water, Soil Pollutions,

Environmental Pollution, Atmospheric Pollution, Acid rain, Particulate pollutants, Stratospheric
pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Strategies to control Environmental pollution, Green
Chemistry.
Unit-13: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND
HYDRO CARBONS: General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic
compounds; Structural representations of organic compounds; Classification of organic
compounds; Nomenclature of organic compounds; Isomerism; Fundamental concepts in organic
reaction mechanisms; Fission of covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron
movements in organic reactions; Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect,
resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyper conjugation; Types of Organic reactions;
Methods of purification of Organic compounds, Qualitative elemental analysis of Organic
compounds, Quantitative elemental analysis.
Hydrocarbons: Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism (structural
and conformations of ethane only); Preparation of alkanes; Properties - Physical properties and
chemical Reactivity, Substitution reactions – Halogenation, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation,
Aromatization, and reaction with steam; Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism;
Methods of preparation; Properties-Physical and chemical reactions: Addition of dihydrogen,
halogen, water, Sulphuric acid, Hydrogen halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect,
Markovnikov’s, anti-Markovnikov’s or Kharasch effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and
Polymerization; Alkynes - Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of
preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic character of alkyne,
addition reactions-of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen halides and water. Polymerization; Aromatic
Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene, Resonance and aromaticity;
Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic
substitution. Electrophilic substitution reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-
Craft’s alkylation and acylation; Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted
benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
Unit-14: SOLID STATE: General characteristics of solid state; Amorphous and crystalline
solids; Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic,
metallic and covalent solids); Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography; Crystal
lattices and unit cells. Bravais lattices primitive and centered unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit
cell (primitive, body centered and face centered cubic unit cell);Close packed structures: Close
packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral
voids- formula of a compound and number of voids filled- locating tetrahedral and octahedral
voids; Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; Calculations involving unit
cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; Imperfections in solids-types of point defects-
stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in
metals, semiconductors and insulators- band theory of metals; Magnetic properties

Unit-15: SOLUTIONS: Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions-mass

percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction,
molarity and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid,
Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions.
Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids;
Ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative
lowering of vapour pressure-elevation of boiling point-depression of freezing point-osmosis and
osmotic pressure-reverse osmosis and water purification; Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff
factor
Unit-16: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells: measurement of electrode potentials;
Nernst equation- equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs
energy of the cell reaction; Conductance of electrolytic solutions-measurement of the conductivity
of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration-strong
electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law; Electrolytic cells and
electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis; Batteries: primary batteries
and secondary batteries, Fuel cells, Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy.
Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction:
dependence of rate on concentration- rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction,
molecularity of a reaction; Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions- half-
life of a reaction; Pseudo first order reactions; Temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction -
effect of catalyst; Collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Unit-17: SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and

absorption-mechanism of adsorption- types of adsorption- characteristics of physisorption-
characteristics of chemisorption- adsorption isotherms- adsorption from solution phase-
applications of adsorption;
Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons-autocatalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis- important features of solid catalysts:
(a)activity (b)selectivity- shape-selective catalysis by zeolites- enzyme catalysis-characteristics
and mechanism- catalysts in industry
Colloids: Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and
dispersion medium-classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and
dispersion medium- classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase-
multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids-cleansing action of soaps-preparation of
colloids-purification of colloidal solutions- properties of colloidal solutions: Colligative properties,
Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis;
coagulation-precipitation methods-coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids-
Emulsions; Colloids around us-application of colloids.

Unit-18: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY: Occurrence of metals; Concentration

of ores- levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation leaching; Extraction of crude metal from
concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; Thermodynamic principles
of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram-limitations- applications-extraction of iron, copper and zinc
from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy; Oxidation and reduction; Refining of
crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining;
Uses of aluminum, copper, zinc and iron
Unit-19: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS: Group-15 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration,
atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity, physical and chemical properties;
Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses; Compounds of nitrogen-preparation, properties, and
uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties of nitric acid;
Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine- preparation and properties; Phosphorous halides;
Oxoacids of phosphorous; Phosphorous halides & Oxo acids of phosphorous
Group-16 Elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electro negativity, physical and chemical properties; Dioxygen-
preparation, properties and uses; Simple oxides; Ozone-preparation, properties, structure and
uses; Sulphur-allotropic forms; Sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of
sulphur; Sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses.
Group-17 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Chlorine-
preparation, properties and uses; Hydrogen chloride- preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of
halogens; Interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties and uses.
Group-18 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii,
electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds- XeF2,
XeF4 and XeF6 -preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4
and XeF6 (b) Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3and XeOF4 -their formation and structures-uses of
noble gases.
Unit-20: d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: d and f block
elements: Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the d-block elements; General
properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic
sizes of transition series, ionization enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+
standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and
Eθ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds,
catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Some important
compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxo-anions of metals-uses of potassium dichromate
and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate
ions; Inner transition elements(f-block)-lanthanoids-electronic configuration-atomic and ionic
sizes-oxidation states- general characteristics; The Actinoids- electronic configurations, ionic sizes,
oxidation states, general characteristics and comparison with lanthanoids; Some applications of d
and f block elements.
Coordination compounds: Werner’s theory of coordination compounds; Definitions of some
terms used in coordination compounds; Nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC
nomenclature;
Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a)Stereo isomerism- Geometrical and optical isomerism
(b)Structural isomerism- linkage, coordination, ionization and solvate isomerism
Bonding in coordination compounds. (a)Valence bond theory - magnetic properties of
coordination compounds-limitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field theory (i) Crystal
field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities (ii) Colour in coordination
compounds- limitations of crystal field theory; Bonding in metal carbonyls; Stability of
coordination compounds; Importance and applications of coordination compounds.
Unit-21: POLYMERS: Classification of Polymers -Classification based on source, structure,
mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; Types of polymerization
reactions- addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization- Ionic polymerization, free
radical mechanism-preparation of addition polymers- polythene, Teflon and poly acrylonitrile-
condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization-polyamides- preparation of Nylon 6,6
and nylon 6-polyesters- terylene- bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymer- copolymerization-
Rubber- natural rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic rubbers- preparation of neoprene and
buna-N; Molecular mass of polymers-number average and weight average molecular masses- poly
dispersity index(PDI); Biodegradable polymers- poly β-Hydroxy butyrate-Co β-Hydroxy Velarate
(PHBV), Nylon 2-nylon 6; Polymers of commercial importance- poly propene, polystyrene, poly
vinyl chloride(PVC), urea- formaldehyde resin, glyptal, bakelite- their monomers, structures and
uses
Unit-22: BIOMOLECULES: Carbohydrates-Classification of carbohydrates-Monosaccharides:
preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-Properties and structure of glucose-D, L
configurations and (+), (-) configurations of glucose-Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose-
preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures
of starch, cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates; Amino acids: Natural amino acids-
classification of amino acids-structures and D and L forms-Zwitterions; Proteins-Structures,
classification, fibrous and globular- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of
proteins- Denaturation of proteins;
Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action; Vitamins: Explanation-names- classification
of vitamins - sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins; Nucleic acids:
chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA fingerprinting biological
functions of nucleic acids;
Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases
due to their abnormal activities.
Unit-23: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAYLIFE- Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification
of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis of drug
action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on
the basis of molecular targets; Drug-Target interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic
action of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction Receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic action of
different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: tranquilizers,
analgesics– non- narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and
disinfectants-antifertility drugs; Chemicals in food- artificial sweetening agents, food
preservatives, antioxidants in food; Cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents

Unit-24:HALO ALKANES AND HALO ARENES: Classification and nomenclature; Nature of

C-X bond; Methods of preparation: Alkylhalides and arylhalides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons
(a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium
group (Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by
halogen exchange reactions (Finkelstein reaction); Physical properties-melting and boiling points,
density and solubility; Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) Nucleophilic substitution
reactions (a) SN² mechanism (b) SN¹mechanism (c) stereo chemical aspects of nucleophilic
substitution reactions-optical activity (ii) Elimination reactions (iii) Reaction with metals-Reactions
of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with
metals;
Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane,
triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT
Unit-25: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (ALCOHOLS,
PHENOLS, ETHERS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLICACIDS):
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols, phenols and ethers-classification; Nomenclature:
(a)Alcohols, (b) phenols and (c) ethers; Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups;
Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents;
Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical properties of
alcohols and phenols; Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage
of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification (ii) Reactions involving
cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation (iii) Reactions of
phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer - Tiemann reaction, reaction
with zinc dust, oxidation;
Commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
Ethers-Methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-Physical
properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic
ethers (anisole).
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; Preparation of aldehydes
and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols (3) from
hydrocarbons -Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles and esters (3)
from hydrocarbons-Preparation of ketones (1)from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles (3) from
benzene or substituted benzenes; Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; Chemical reactions
of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to α-Hydrogen
and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction);Uses of aldehydes and
ketones.
Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; Methods of preparation of
carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes (2) from alkyl benzenes (3) from nitriles
and amides (4) from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides (6) from esters;
Physical properties; Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity,
reactions with metals and alkalies (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond- formation of
anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii)
Reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the
hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; Uses of carboxylic acids.

Unit-26: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN:

Amines: Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature; Preparation of amines: reduction of
nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Gabriel
phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Physical properties;
Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction,
reaction with nitrous acid, reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of
aromatic amines (aniline)-bromination, nitration and sulphonation.
DIAZONIUM SALTS- Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization); Physical
properties; Chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of Nitrogen, reactions involving
retention of di azo group –coupling reactions; Importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of
aromatic compounds
Cyanides and Isocyanides:
Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; Preparation, physical properties and
chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanide