Practical File

On

Computer Fundamentals

Submitted to
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMISNISTRATION
(Regular Degree)
(Ist SEMESTER)
Submitted by

Name: DEEPAK KUMAR RAJ

Reg. no: 2116241086

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STUDENT DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Practical File on Subject “Computer Fundamentals”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Business Administration (Regular Degree)
To
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
Is my original work and the same has not been submitted for the award of any
other degree/ diploma/ fellowship.

NAME: DEEPAK KUMAR RAJ

REG. No. 2116241086

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INDEX
S No. Topic Name Page No. Faculty Signature
1 Digital and Analog Computer 5-8
2 Evolution of Digital Computer 8 - 12
3 Components of Digital Computer 12 -14
4 Hardware 14 - 16
5 Software 17 - 18
6 Firmware, Middleware, Freeware 18 - 20
7 Input and Output Devices and its 20 -26
Types
8 Memory and its Types 27 - 30
9 Number system 31 - 32
10 Advantages and Disadvantages of 32
number system
11 Binary Number System 32 -33
12 Octal Number System 33
13 Hexadecimal Number System 33 - 34
14 Conversion from Binary to 34 - 35
Decimal
15 Conversion from Decimal to 35 - 36
Binary
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16 Addition of Binary Numbers 36 - 37
17 Subtraction of Binary Numbers 37 - 38
18 Subtraction of 1’s Complement 38 - 40
19 Subtraction of 2’s Complement 40 - 41
20 Application of Computer in Office 42 - 43
21 Application of Computer in Book 43 - 44
Publication
22 Desktop Publishing system 45
23 Application of Computer in 45 - 48
Education
24 Application of Computer in Bank 48 - 49
25 Application of Computer in Offices 49 - 52
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UNIT – 1
COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCTION
1. Digital and Analog Computer.

( i) Digital Computer

1. Digital Computer is a machine or a device that

helps to process any kind of information. These
are the devices through which we provide some
input and get the output within a fraction of
seconds. Some of the basic examples of digital
devices are Personal computers, Desktops,
Laptops, Smart phones, and Mobile etc.

(ii) Analog computer

2. An analog computer or analogue computer is a

type of computer that uses the continuous
variation aspect of physical phenomena such as
electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being solved. Analog
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computers can have a very wide range of

complexity.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMPUTER.

3. ANALOG COMPUTER

 It works with continuous values, they process

continuous data.
 The speed of such computers is less than that of
digital computers.
 It has very less memory, and can store limited amount
of data.
 It doesn’t have any state.
 They are not as reliable as digital computers.
 It doesn’t provide performance as good as digital
computers.
 Its processing speed is low.

4. DIGITAL COMPUTER

 They work with discrete values, they process discrete

data.
 The speed of digital computers is more in comparison
to analog computers.
 It has more memory space, hence stores large
amounts of data.
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 It has two steps: On and Off.

 It is more reliable.

 Evolution of Digital Computers

Computers in the form of personal desktop computers,

laptops and tablets have become such an important part of
everyday living that it can be difficult to remember a time
when they did not exist. In reality, computers as they are
known and used today are still relatively new. Although
computers have technically been in use since the abacus
approximately 5000 years ago, it is modern computers that
have had the greatest and most profound effect on society.

1. MECHANICAL ERA
There were many attempts to create a m/c that could
help to perform various calculations. In 1823, Charles
Babbage tried to build a mechanical as computing m/c
capable of performing automatic mathematical
calculations. This was designed to compute tables of
functions such as logs functions etc. In 1830’s
Babbage made a more powerful mechanical computer.
This m/c was designed to perform any mathematical
calculation automatically.
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It could perform addition etc. It had a memory unit.

2. First Generation Electronic Computer

The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for

circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These
computers were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine

language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time. It would take operators days or even weeks to
set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched
cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of

first-generation computing devices.

3. SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER.

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The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes

in the second generation of computers. The transistor
was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.

The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,

allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over
the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still
relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.

4. THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The development of the integrated circuit was the

hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users

interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
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an operating system, which allowed the device to run

many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

5. FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of

computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first
generation filled an entire room could now fit in the
palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in
1971, located all the components of the computer from
the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls on a single chip. Microprocessors also moved
out of the realm of desktop computers and into many
areas of life as more and more everyday products
began to use microprocessors.
6. FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and
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superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a

reality. Quantum computation and molecular
and nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation
computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

 Components of a Digital Computer

The digital computer is a digital system that performs

various computational tasks. The word digital implies that
the information in the computer is represented by
variables that take a limited number of discrete values.
These values are processed internally by components that
can maintain a limited number of discrete states.
Input Unit
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to
solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data
and instructions into the computers. The input unit
consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one
of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly
used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive,
magnetic tape, etc.
OUTPUT UNIT
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The output unit of a computer provides the information and

results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual
Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output
devices. Previously CRT monitor was used as VDU , now-
a-days LCD monitors are widely in practice. Other
commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard
disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.
STORAGE UNIT
The data and instructions that are entered into the
computer system through input units have to be stored
inside the computer before the actual processing starts.
The results produced by the computer after processing
must also be kept somewhere inside the computer system
before being passed on to the output units. Moreover, the
intermediate results produced by the computer must also
be preserved for ongoing processing. The Storage Unit or
the primary / main storage of a computer system is
designed to do all these things. It provides space for
storing data and instructions, space for intermediate
results and also space for the final results
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 HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical elements that make up a
computer or electronic system and everything else
involved that is physically tangible. This includes the
monitor, hard drive, memory and the CPU. Hardware
works hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a
computer function. Hardware is an encompassing term
that refers to all the physical parts that make up a
computer. The internal hardware devices that make up the
computer and ensure that it is functional are called
components, while external hardware devices that are not
essential to a computer’s functions are called peripherals.
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1.External hardware examples

Flat-panel, monitor, and LCD , Gamepad , Joystick,
Keyboard , Microphone , Mouse , Printer , Projector ,
Scanner , Speakers , USB thumb drive etc.

2. Internal hardware examples

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CPU (central processing unit) , Drive (e.g. Blu-ray, CD-

ROM, DVD, floppy drive, hard drive, and SSD). , Fan (heat
sink) , Modem , Motherboard , Network card Power
supply , RAM Sound card , Video card etc.
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 SOFTWARE
Software is a collection of instructions that enable the user
to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks.
Without software, most computers would be useless. For
example, without your Internet browser software, you
could not surf the Internet or read this page. Without an
operating system, the browser could not run on your
computer.
It is divided into three categories:-
(i) System Software
System software serves as a base for application
software. System software includes device drivers,
operating systems (OSs), compilers, disk formatters, text
editors and utilities helping the computer to operate more
efficiently. It is also responsible for managing hardware
components and providing basic non-task-specific
functions.
(ii) Programming Software
Programming software is a set of tools to aid developers in
writing programs. The various tools available are
compilers, linkers, debuggers, interpreters and text editors.
(iii) Application Software
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Application software is intended to perform certain tasks.

Examples of application software include office suites,
gaming applications, database systems and educational
software. Application software can be a single program or
a collection of small programs. This type of software is
what consumers most typically think of as “software.”

 FIRMWARE , MIDDLEWARE AND

FREEWARE
1. Firmware
Firmware is a software program permanently etched into a
hardware device such as a keyboards, hard drive, BIOS,
or video cards. It is programmed to give permanent
instructions to communicate with other devices and
perform functions like basic input/output tasks. Firmware is
typically stored in the flash ROM (read only memory) of a
hardware device. It can be erased and rewritten.
There are three levels of firmware :-
(i) Low Level Firmware
This is found in ROM, OTP/PROM and PLA structures.
Low level firmware is often read-only memory and cannot
be changed or updated. It is sometimes referred to as
hardware.
(ii) High Level Firmware
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This is used in flash memory for updates that is often

considered as software.
(iii) Subsystems
These have their own fixed microcode embedded in flash
chips, CPUs and LCD units. A subsystem is usually
considered part of the hardware device as well as high
level firmware. But firmware in storage devices usually
gets overlooked; there are no standardized systems for
updating firmware. Fortunately, storage devices do not
need to be updated often.

 MIDDLEWARE
Middleware is a software layer situated between
applications and operating systems. Middleware is
typically used in distributed systems where it simplifies
software development by doing the following:-
• Hides the intricacies of distributed applications.
• Hides the heterogeneity of hardware, operating systems
and protocols.
• Provides uniform and high-level interfaces used to make
interoperable, reusable and portable applications.
• Provides a set of common services that minimizes
duplication of efforts and enhances collaboration between
applications.
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Middleware is similar to an operating system because it

can support other application programs, provide controlled
interaction, prevent interference between computations
and facilitate interaction between computations on
different computers via network communication services.
 FREEWARE
Freeware is any copyrighted software, application or
program that may be freely downloaded, installed, used
and shared. Such programs are available for use at no
cost to general end users. Freeware differs from free
software, as the latter allows a user to modify source code
for republishing or integration with other software.

 INPUT and OUTPUT DEVICES AND ITS

TYPES :-
 INPUT DEVICE
An input device is any hardware device that sends data to
a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
The picture shows a Logitech trackball mouse, which is an
example of an input device. The most commonly used or
primary input devices on a computer are the keyboard and
mouse. However, there are dozens of other devices that
can also be used to input data into the computer
 Types of Input Devices :-
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1. Keyboard
The keyboard is a basic input device that is used to enter
data into a computer or any other electronic device by
pressing keys. It has different sets of keys for letters,
numbers, characters, and functions. Keyboards are
connected to a computer through USB or a Bluetooth
device for wireless communication.

2. Mouse
The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to
move cursor or pointer across the screen. It is designed to
be used on a flat surface and generally has left and right
button and a scroll wheel between them. Laptop
computers come with a touchpad that works as a mouse.
It lets you control the movement of cursor or pointer by
moving your finger over the touchpad. Some mouse
comes with integrated features such as extra buttons to
perform different buttons.
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3. Scanner

The scanner uses the pictures and pages of text as input.

It scans the picture or a document. The scanned picture or
document then converted into a digital format or file and is
displayed on the screen as an output. It uses optical
character recognition techniques to convert images into
digital ones.
4. Joystick

A joystick is also a pointing input

device like a mouse. It is made up of a stick with a
spherical base. The base is fitted in a socket that allows
free movement of the stick. The movement of stick
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controls the cursor or pointer on the screen. In joystick, the

cursor keeps moving in the direction of the joystick unless
it is upright, whereas, in mouse, the cursor moves only
when the mouse moves.
5. Light Pen

A light pen is a computer

input device that looks like a pen. The tip of the light pen
contains a light-sensitive detector that enables the user to
point to or select objects on the display screen. Its light
sensitive tip detects the object location and sends the
corresponding signals to the CPU. It is not compatible with
LCD screens, so it is not in use today. It also helps you
draw on the screen if needed.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
An output device is any device used to send data from a
computer to another device or user. Most computer data
output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or
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video. Thus, most output devices used by humans are in

these categories.
 Types of Output Devices :-
1.Monitor

Monitors, commonly called

as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device
of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels
that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of
the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
(i)• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) (ii)• Flat-Panel Display
2.Printer
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A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It

enables the user, to print images, text or any other
information onto the paper. Based on the printing
mechanism, the printers are of two types: Impact Printers
and Non-impact Printers.
(a) Impact Printers: They are of two types:
(i) Character Printers
• Dot Matrix printers
• Daisy Wheel printers
(ii) Line printers
• Drum printers
• Chain printers
(b) Non-impact printers: They are of two types:
• Laser printers
• Inkjet printers
3. Projector
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A projector is an output device that enables the user to

project the output onto a large surface such as a big
screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and
similar devices to project their output onto a screen. It
uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts, images,
and videos. So, it is an ideal output device to give
presentations or to teach a large number of people.
Modern projects (digital projectors) come with multiple
input sources such as HDMI ports for newer equipment
and VGA ports that support older devices. Some
projectors are designed to support Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as
well.
A digital projector can be of two types:
(i) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) digital projector: This type
of digital projectors are very popular as they are
lightweight and provide crisp output. An LCD projector
uses transmissive technology to produce output. It allows
the light source, which is a standard lamp, to pass through
the three colored liquid crystal light panels. Some colors
pass through the panels and some are blocked by the
panels and thus images are on the screen.
(ii) Digital Light Processing (DLP) digital projector: It has a
set of tiny mirrors, a separate mirror for each pixel of the
image and thus provide high-quality images. These
projectors are mostly used in theatres as they fulfill the
requirement of high-quality video output.
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 MEMORY
In computing, memory is a device or system that is
used to store information for immediate use in a
computer or related computer hardware and digital
electronic devices. The term memory is often
synonymous with the term primary storage or main
memory.
1. MAIN MEMORY
The main memory in a computer is called Random Access
Memory. It is also known as RAM. This is the part of the
computer that stores operating system software, software
applications and other information for the central
processing unit (CPU) to have fast and direct access when
needed to perform tasks. It is called “random access”
because the CPU can go directly to any section of main
memory, and does not have go about the process in a
sequential order.
 Types of Main Memory are :-
(i).DRAM
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most
common kind of main memory in a computer. It is a
prevalent memory source in PCs, as well as workstations.
Dynamic random access memory is constantly restoring
whatever information is being held in memory. It refreshes
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the data by sending millions of pulses per second to the

memory storage cell.
(ii) SRAM
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is the second
type of main memory in a computer. It is commonly used
as a source of memory in embedded devices. Data held in
SRAM does not have to be continually refreshed;
information in this main memory remains as a “static
image” until it is overwritten or is deleted when the power
is switched off.
2.SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-
volatile and persistent in nature and is not directly
accessed by a computer/processor. It allows a user to
store data that may be instantly and easily retrieved,
transported and used by applications and services. It is
also known as secondary storage.
(i) Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks
called platters arranged one over the other almost ½
inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non-
magnetic material like aluminum alloy and coated with 10-
20 nm of magnetic material.
(ii) CD Drive
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CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks that

use optical rays, usually lasers, to read and write data.
They are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of storage
space
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory): The
data on these CDs are recorded by the manufacturer.
Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on CD-
ROMs.
• CD-R (Compact Disk – Recordable): Data can be written
by the user once on the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or
modified later.
• CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable): Data can be
written and deleted on these optical disks again and again.
(iii)DVD Drive
DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD are optical
devices that can store 15 times the data held by CDs.
They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that
need high storage capacity. DVDs also come in three
varieties – read only, recordable and rewritable.
(iv) Pen Drive
Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid
state memory rather than magnetic fields or lasers to
record data. It uses a technology similar to RAM, except
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that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB drive, key drive

or flash memory.
(v) Blu-Ray Disk
Blu-Ray Disk (BD) is an optical storage media used to
store high definition (HD) video and other multimedia filed.
BD uses shorter wavelength laser as compared to
CD/DVD. This enables writing arm to focus more tightly on
the disk and hence pack in more data. BDs can store up to
128 GB data.
3.BACKUP MEMORY
Backup storage refers to a storage device, medium or
facility that is used for storing copies and instances of
backup data. Backup storage enables the maintenance,
management, retrieval and restoration of backup data for
any individual, application, computer, server or any
computing device.
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UNIT – 2 DECIMAL
NUMBER SYSTEM
 Number System
It represents value of number with respect to its given
base. Based on its Base value, a number has unique
representation. For example, Binary(2), Octal(8),
Decimal(10), and Hexadecimal Number(16) Systems
are used in microprocessor programming.
If the Base value of a number system is 10 then it is
called Decimal number system. It is also known as
base-10 number systems which has 10 symbols, these
are: 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
DECIMAL=BASE VALUE OF A NUMBER SYSTEMS 10
BASE 10 MEANS = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
EXAMPLE 1 :
(2025)10 = 2x103+0x102+2x101+5x100
=2000+0+20+5
=2025
EXAMPLE 2:
(25)10=2x101+5x100
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=20+5
=25
EXAMPLE 3 :
(30.28)10=3x101+0x100+2x10-1+8x10-2
=30+0.2+0.008
=30.008
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
NUMBER SYSTEM
 The advantages are easy readable, used by humans,
and easy to manipulate.
 The disadvantages are wastages of space and time.
Since digital system (e.g., Computers) and hardware
is based on binary system (either 0 or 1), so we need
to 4 bit space to store each bit of decimal numbers,
hexadecimal number is also needed only 4 bit space
and hexadecimal number has more digits than
decimal number which is an advantage of
hexadecimal number system.

 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2
numeral system or binary number system, a method of
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mathematical expression which uses only two symbols :

typically “0” (zero) ad “1”(one).
EXAMPLE 1 :(11011)2=1x24+1x23+0x22+1x21+1x20
=16+8+0+2+1
=(27)10
EXAMPLE 2 :(11101)2=1x24+1x23+1x22+0x21+1x20
=16+8+4+0+1
=(29)10
 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEMS
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8
number systems, and uses the digits 0 to 7
In the octal system, each place is a power of eight.
EXAMPLE
(121)8=1x82+2x81+1x80
= 64+16+1
= (81)10
 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The hexadecimal number system is a type of number
system is a type of number system , that has a base value
equal to 16. It is also pronounced sometimes as “hex”.
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Hexadecimal numbers are represented by only16

symbols. These symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. Each digit represents a decimal
value.
EXAMPLE
(12)16=1x161+2x160
=16+2
=(18)10

 CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO DECIMAL

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM = BASE VALUE 2
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM = BASE VALUE 10
EXAMPLE 1:
= (10101)2 = 1x24+0x23+1x22+0x21+1x20
= 16+0+4+0+1
= (21)10
EXAMPLE 2:
= (101.1)2 = 1x22+0x21+1x20+1x2-1
= 4+0+1+0.5
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= (5.5)10
 CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
HOW TO CONVERT DECIMAL TO BINARY
 Divide the number by 2.
 Get the integer quotient for the next iteration .
 Get the remainder for the binary digit .
 Repeat the steps until the quotient is equal to 0.
EXAMPLE 1:
= (262)10 = 2 262
2 131 0
2 65 1
2 32 1
2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
1 0
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= (100000110)2
EXAMPLE 2:
= (550)10 = 2 550
2 275 0
2 137 1
2 68 1
2 34 0
2 17 0
2 8 1
2 4 0
2 2 0

1 0

= (1000100110)2
 ADDITION OF BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
RULES OF ADDITION OF BINARY NUMBERS
1. 0+0=0
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2. 0+1=1
3. 1+0=1
4. 1+1=10 ( carry 1 to the next significant bit )
5. 1+1=11 ( carry 1 to the next significant bit )
EXAMPLES
1) 1 2)
1111 0111
1010 00111
+ 1001 10101
11001 11100

 SUBTRACTION OF BINARY NUMBER

SYSTEM
BINARY SUBTRACTION RULE
Binary Number Subtraction Value
0–0 0
1–0 1
0–1 1 (Borrow 1 from next
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High order digit)

1–1 0
EXAMPLE 1: 0011010 – 001100
1 1 Borrow
0011010
(-)0 0 0 1 1 0
0001110

EXAMPLE 2 : 0100010 – 0001010

01
0100010
(-) 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0011000

 SUBTRACTION OF 1’s COMPLEMENT

RULES OF 1’s Complement
A–B
First Step : find the 1’s complement of B
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Second Step : add the complement with A.

Third Step : if got a carry , add the carry to output,
if not a carry then take 1’s complement of the
result which will be negative.
EXAMPLE 1 : Subtract (100101)2 from (110101)2
 1’s complement of 100101 is “011010”.
 Add the complement with 110101
1
110101
+011010
1001111

Carry
 Add the carry 1 to the 001111
1111
001111
+1
010000
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EXAMPLE 2 : Subtract (110101)2 from (100101)2

 1’s complement 110101 is 001010
 Add the complement with 100101

100101
+001010
101111

 Take 1’s complement of 101111 is

010000, the result will be negative = -
-010000.
 SUBTRACTION OF 2’s COMPLEMENT
Rules of 2’s Complement
= A–B
Step 1 : find 2’s complement of B.
Step 2 : add the complement with A.
Step 3 : if got a carry , then discard it and if not a carry,
then else take 2’s complement of the result which will
be negative.
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EXAMPLE 1: Subtract (0101)2 from (1100)2

 2’s complement of 0101 is 1011
 Add the complement with 1100
1100
+1011
10 111

 Discard the carry

= 0111
EXAMPLE 2 : Subtract (1100)2 from (0101)2
 2’s complement of 1100 is 0100
 Add the complement with 0101
0101
+0100
1001
 Take 2’s complement of 1001 is 0110, the
result will be negative = -0111.
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UNIT – 4 COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
 Computer Applications in Offices

1. Uses of Computer in office work

Some of the many uses of computers in office work
are writing letters, sending emails, scheduling
meetings and collaborating with co-workers and
clients. Professionals now use to read and respond
to email, access business files, update social media
and more.
2. Uses of Computer in customer outreach
Finding and nurturing customers is what keeps a
business going. Use a computer to create and
maintain a database of prospects. Use technology
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to follow up or take further action based on the

customer’s initial response.
3. Uses of Computers in Customer Management
Customer service is an important part of any
business, and computers are essential in that
function. CRMs are more advanced than ever,
offering insights about the contacts stored inside
that can help you customize your interactions.
4. Uses of computers in accounting practices.
Businesses can log invoices and manage payment
approvals using a cloud-based software solution.
Paper can be scanned into a document
management system where it can easily be
accessed when needed.
 Computer application in book publication
Publishers use computers to design and produce
hard-copy books and e-books, market books to
readers and track sales.
1. Behold the E-Book
Digital books make up 30 percent of the book-
publishing marketplace at the time of publication.
Special-interest magazines for niche markets thrive
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online, where they save on hard-copy printing and

paper costs. Digital publishing makes it easier for
writers.
2. Designing the word
Computers make designing books both faster and
more complex. Designers and self-published writers
use page-layout and illustration software to pull
together illustrations, cover designs, layouts and
typefaces in a fraction of the time it would take by
hand.
3 .Going to Market
Computers and the Internet are vital marketing
tools. Self-published authors use email and social
media to publicize their work or send out digital
copies to book-review websites.
4. The Booksellers
Selling books online was a radical idea. Even
brick-and-mortar stores do a lot of online business,
and publishers offer books on their own websites.
Online bookselling works well for publishers.
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 DESKTOP PUBLISHING SYSTEM

Desktop publishing (DTP) is the creation of
documents using page layout software on a
personal ("desktop") computer. It was first used
almost exclusively for print publications, but now it
also assists in the creation of various forms of
online content.
 Desktop publishing
The use of a personal computer to
perform publishing tasks that would otherwise
require much more complicated equipment and
human effort. Desktop publishing allows an
individual to combine text, numerical data,
photographs, charts, and other visual elements in a
document that can be printed on a laser printer or
more advanced typesetting machine.
 Application of Computer in Education
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The computer provides a tool in the education

system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education).Computer education is rapidly
increasing the graph of number of computer
students. There are a number of methods in which
educational institutions can use a computer to
educate the students.

 Storage of information.
 Quick data processing.
 Audio-visual aids in teaching.
 Better presentation of information.
 Access to the Internet.
 Quick communication between students, teachers and
parents.


1. Computers are brilliant aid in teaching

Computer technology has made the dream of distance
learning, a reality. Education is no longer limited to
classrooms. It has reached far and wide, thanks to
computers. Physically distant locations have come
closer due to Internet accessibility.
2. Computers have given impetus to distance
education.
Computers facilitate effective presentation of
information. Presentation software like PowerPoint and
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animation software like Flash among others can be of

great help to teachers while delivering lectures.
Computers facilitate audio-visual representation of
information, thus making the process of learning
interactive and interesting.
3. .Computer software help better presentation of
information.
Internet can play an important role in education. As it is
an enormous information base, it can be harnessed for
retrieval of information on a variety of subjects. The
Internet can be used to refer to information on different
subjects.

4. Computers enable access to the Internet which has

information on literally everything.
Computers enable access to the Internet which has
information on literally everything. Presentations, notes
and test papers can be stored and transferred easily
over computer storage devices. Students can submit
homework and assignments as soft copies.

5. Computer, hard drives and storage devices are an

excellent way to store data.
They are of great use in every field. Today, a life
without computers is unimaginable. This underlines the
importance of computer education. Knowledge of
computers can propel one's career in the right
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direction. Computers are a part of almost every industry

today. They are no longer limited any specific field.

 Application of Computer in Banks

Computers in the banking sector have enhanced
customer service and productivity regarding account
management.

1. Account Management
Activities start with banks automating customer
accounts, which allows personnel to create, update and
maintain customer records. Banking hardware and
software have enhanced the accuracy of accounts that
tellers and other banking personnel process.

2. Hardware Technology
Bank hardware consisted of a mainframe and a punch
card machine. Punch cards contained customer
account information and were read into the main
system by a punch card machine. Midrange and
client/server hardware configurations, which are no
larger than a minitower system.

3. Electronic Transactions
Banking systems must perform electronic transactions.
Direct deposit is an example of an electronic
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transaction. Computers processing electronic

transactions must have hardware and software
encryption capabilities to keep data from being
compromised during a transmission.

4. Web-based Banking
Web-based banking systems use a dedicated server
through a bank network system. An area of the banking
system is partitioned for Internet applications. Web-
based banking systems by law must include secure
servers and authenticated certificates regarding
transactions from the Federal Deposit Insurance
Company and the Federal Reserve Board.

 Application of Computer in Medical Field

The application of the computer in health care has

helped doctor’s in advance medical science while
expanding the level of care for patients.
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1. Medical Imaging
Medical image processing is one of the applications of
computer vision technology. 3D images obtained with
the help augmented reality help radiologist to deliver a
clear picture of the structural anomalies and provides a
more accurate diagnosis.

2. Patient Monitoring

Wearable devices with embedded sensors can monitor

patient condition whole day long and can notify the
doctor. With the Personal Healthcare Devices, an
object in an IOT system medical staffs can monitor their
patients at home.

3. Computer - Assisted Surgery

Surgical procedures planning, teaching and performing
of many surgical procedures are assisted by
computers. This helps surgeons to align patients’
bones and joint implants with more accuracy.
Computers offers visual mapping that helps doctors to
take crucial decisions during orthopedic surgeries.

4. Telemedicine

Patient’s far away from rural areas can communicate

with doctors with the help of computers or smart
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phones Thus telemedicine offers an opportunity for

medical institutions to start early treatment of faraway.

5. Network and Digital communication

Computers network and internets have increased the

means of communication between media professional
with emails, instant messaging, video chats and
webinars.

6. Electronic Health Records

One of the major developments in health care, the
electronic health record is also one of the most far
reaching. An LHR is a digital version of patient’s paper
chart that is instantly available to authorized health
providers.

7. Medical Database
Computers have brought the development of many
useful software solutions in the medical field. Large
public health organizations like WHO and Centers for
Disease Control have amassed huge databases of
information related to diseases health statistics.

8. Medical Research
Much of the current research being done into incurable
diseases like aids and cancer involves the creation of
complex simulations. Supercomputers and distributed
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computers are able to handle massive amounts of

research data.

9. Computers and Hospital Administration

Most hospitals depend heavily on computers and
specialized software that handles patient records,
supply inventory, personnel scheduling and all other
details required to care for patients

10. Uses of Computer in Offices

The typical Offices doctor’s office relies heavily on

computer technology for day to day operations.
Everything from patient scheduling to billing to filling
insurance claims takes place through a computer.
Many doctors no longer writes prescriptions, but
instead send a digital prescription from their office
computer directly to patient’s pharmacy.