INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DE CAMBODGE

Département de Génie Industriel et Mécanique

ANOVA

Subject : Design of Experiment

Lecturer : Mr. San Rathana
Group : I5-Indutrial Gr01

Members Gr01: Khechhun Seyhak e20190387

Heang Menglong e20190258
Khuy Chanthrea e20190423
Sieng Soleng e20190970

Acedamic Year : 2023-2024

Contents
I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
II. Methodology....................................................................................................................... 1
1. Theory ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Procedure for Designing Experiments: ........................................................................... 8
III. Application of the ANOVA ................................................................................................ 9
IV. Examples .......................................................................................................................... 10
V. References ........................................................................................................................ 11
 I. Introduction
The observed differences between various treatment groups are caused by one or more factors.
In the above two examples, the hybrid variety and drug are the factors that can vary the mean
between different treatment groups. The methodology used for this comparison is called the
Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA).

II. Methodology
1. Theory
In the Analysis Of Variance, the total variance in the data is resolved into components. Each
one of these components of variance is contributed by a factor in the study. From this we can
estimate the fractional contribution of a factor to the total variance. Under the null hypothesis
of equality of population means compared, a test statistic involving the ratios of these variances
is known to follow an 𝐹 distribution with two degrees of freedom determined by the sample
sizes.
We consider the following three categories of the Analysis Of variance:

1. One factor ANOVA (one way ANOVA)

Definition 1
The mean of a data set 𝑖 is computed as,

where the dot in the symbol 𝑋bar 𝑖. indicates that for a given data set 𝑖, the summation over
elements 𝑗 have been carried out. Hence, we replace 𝑗 by dot symbol.
The mean of the whole data set (grand mean) is computed by summing all the data sets and
dividing by the total number of data points in all of them together:

The sample variances are denoted by 𝑆12, 𝑆22, . . ., 𝑆𝑚2, respectively:

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Theorem 1: STT=SSTr+SSE
Definition 2

Definition 3
Mean square for treatment (MSTr) is defined by

Mean square for error (MSE) is defined by

Theorem 2

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Theorem 3

Theorem 4

Theorem 5

The computations are often summarized in a tabular format, called an ANOVA table. Tables
produced by statistical software customarily include a 𝑃-value column to the right of 𝑓.
ANOVA Table

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 2. Multiple Comparisons in ANOVA)
Tukey’s Procedure (the 𝑇 Method)
Tukey’s procedure involves the use of another probability distribution called the Studentized
range distribution. The distribution depends on two parameters: a numerator df 𝑚 and a
denominator df 𝜈.
Definition 1

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 3. More on Single-Factor ANOVA
The ANOVA Model

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 4. Two-Factor ANOVA with 𝐾𝑖𝑗 = 1
When factor 𝐴 consists of 𝐼 levels and factor 𝐵 consists of 𝐽 levels, there are 𝐼 𝐽 different
combinations (pairs) of levels of the two factors, each called a treatment. With 𝐾𝑖𝑗 = the
number of observations on the treatment consisting of factor 𝐴 at level 𝑖 and factor 𝐵 at level
𝑗, we restrict attention in this section to the case 𝐾𝑖𝑗 = 1, so that the data consists of 𝐼 𝐽
observations. Our focus is on the fixed effects model, in which the only levels of interest for
the two factors are those actually represented in the experiment. Let
𝑋𝑖𝑗 = the rv denoting the measurement when factor𝐴 is held at level 𝑖 and factor 𝐵 is held at
level 𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = the observed value of 𝑋𝑖𝑗

The fundamental identity is 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝐴 + 𝑆𝑆𝐵 + 𝑆𝑆

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 5. Two factor ANOVA with multiple observation per cell (𝐾𝑖𝑗 > 1)
Notation:

from which: 𝜇𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇 + 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗 + 𝛾ij

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 2. Procedure for Designing Experiments:

Figure 1 Guidelines for Designing an Experiment

To use the statistical approach in designing and analyzing an experiment, it is necessary for
everyone involved in the experiment to have a clear idea in advance of exactly what is to be
studied, how the data are to be collected, and at least a qualitative understanding of how these
data are to be analyzed.
1. Recognition of and statement of the problem: it is necessary to develop all ideas about
the objectives of the experiment. It is usually helpful to prepare a list of specific
problems or questions that are to address by the experiment. A clear statement of the
problem often contributes substantially to better understanding of a situation that
observes to happen with our study and the final solution of the problem.
a. Factor screening or characterization: Often there are many factors. This usually
indicates that the experimenters do not know much about the system so screening is
essential if we are efficiently to get the desired performance from the system.
b. Optimization: we are reasonably certain that the important factors have been
identified, the next objective is usually optimization that find the settings or levels of
the important factors that result in desirable values of the response.
2. Selection of the response variable: For this point that is very important, because the
experiments must decide how each response will be measured, and address issues.
3. Choice of factors, levels, and range: when considering the factors that may effective the
performance of a process or system, the experimenter usually discovers that these
factors can be classified. In such situations, our objective is usually to find the settings
of the controllable design factors that minimize the variability transmitted from the
noise factors.
4. Choice of experimental design: Choice of design involves consideration of sample size
(number of replicates), selection of a suitable run order for the experimental trials, and
determination of whether are involved.

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 5. Performing the experiment: when running the experiment, it is essential to monitor the
process carefully to ensure that everything is being done according to plan.
6. Statistical analysis of the data: For this method, we use analysis of variances (ANOVA)
to analyze the data so that results and conclusions are objective rather than judgmental
in nature. If eh experiment has been designed correctly and performed according to the
design, the statistical methods required are not detail.

III. Application of the ANOVA

NOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or
more groups or ANOVA is used to compare treatments, analyze factors impact on a variable,
or compare means across multiple groups. It can be applied in various fields and disciplines,
including:
1. Experimental research: ANOVA helps determine if there are statistically significant
differences between the means of different treatment groups in experiments. For
example, in a pharmaceutical study, ANOVA can be used to analyze the efficacy of
different medications.
2. Quality control: ANOVA can be utilized to assess the variation in manufacturing
processes to ensure product quality. It helps determine if there are significant
differences among different production lines, machines, or operators.
3. Social sciences: ANOVA can be applied in social science research to compare means
across different groups. For instance, it can be used to analyze the impact of different
teaching methods on student performance or to understand differences in satisfaction
levels amongst different demographic groups.
4. Market research: ANOVA can be useful in market research to compare consumer
preferences or attitudes of different target segments towards a product or brand.
5. Biological and medical research: ANOVA can be used to compare the means of
different groups, such as treatment and control groups, in studies related to diseases,
drug effectiveness, or genetic analysis.
6. Environmental science: ANOVA can analyze the impact of different factors (e.g.,
temperature, pH levels) on plant growth, air or water quality, or the overall health of an
ecosystem

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IV. Examples
Example 1: Three different kinds of food are tested on three groups of rats for 5 weeks. The

objective is to check the difference in mean weight(in grams) of the rats per week. Apply one-
way ANOVA using a 0.05 significance level to the following data:
Solution:
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Standard Deviation
Food1 6 64 10.667 21.46666667 4.633213428
Food2 6 35 5.8333 3.766666667 1.940790217
Food3 6 55 9.1667 5.766666667 2.401388487

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 73.44444444 2 36.722 3.553763441 0.054529715 3.682320344
Within Groups 155 15 10.333

Total 228.4444444 17

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V. References
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/anova-formula/
2. Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (AMS) Chapter5: VANOVA by
PHOK Ponna
3. [Sons, J. W. (2013). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Arizona: Courier Westford.]
4. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2018/01/anova-analysis-of-variance/

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