L4:Python

Computer Programming with Python
06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 1

Operator precedence
2+3*6
evaluates to 20 (where the multiplication is done first)
or
30 (where the addition is done first)
>>> 2 + 3 * 6
20
>>> (2 + 3) * 6
30

Operator precedence
>>> 6-3+2
5
>>> 6-(3+2)
1
>>> 2*5//2
5 [2*(5//2) gives 4]
>>> -3 ** 2
-9 [-(3 ** 2) = -9] [To get 9, you have to write (-3)**2]
>>> 5 * 5 // 5 + 5 - 4 ** 2
-6 [5 * 5 // 5 + 5 – 16 = 25 // 5 + 5 – 16 = 5 + 5 – 16 = 10 – 16 = -6]
Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left-to-right.

Operator precedence
Python follows the PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation, Multiplication, Division,
Addition and Subtraction)order of operations.

Operator Precedence
5
06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University
Operator Associativity
Whenever two or more operators have the same precedence or an expression
contains more than one same operators, then associativity defines the order of
operations. Hence, associativity is the order in which Python evaluates an
expression containing multiple(or same) operators of the same precedence.
Almost all operators except the exponent (**) support the left-to-right
associativity.
5 * 2 // 3 = 3 // Left-right associativity
2 ** 3 ** 2 = 2 ** 9 = 512 // Right-to-left associativity

(2 ** 3) ** 2 = 8 ** 2 = 64
Nonassociative Operators
Python does have some operators such as assignment operators and comparison
operators which don’t support associativity. Instead, there are special rules for
the ordering of this type of operator which can’t be managed via associativity.
For example, the expression 5 < 7 < 9 does not mean (5 < 7) < 9 or 5 < (7 < 9). Also,
the statement 5 < 7 < 9 is same as 5 < 7 and 7 < 9, and gets evaluated(True) from
left-to-right.
>>> 5 < 7 > 9
False
A chained comparison like a < b < c is interpreted as (a < b) and (b < c), not
equivalent to either (a < b) < c or a < (b < c)

Nonassociative Operators
Since assignments are statements, not operations, the assignment operator does
not have a value and is not associative.
Moreover, chaining of assignments operators like a = b = c is perfectly alright
whereas the ‘a = b += c’ will result in an error.
>>> x,y,z=11,12,13
>>> x = y += 12 // not legal in Python, though they are legal C
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Type Conversions/casting
Conversion of value from one data type into another.
Mixed-mode arithmetic
Expression of int produces an int,
Expression of float creates another float. But
Expression that mixes an int with a float - produce what?
How Python should handle these situation?
In mixed-typed expressions, Python will automatically convert ints to floats and
perform floating-point operations to produce a float result.
a)Implicit(perform a type conversion automatically) and
b)Explicit(perform a type conversion ourselves)
>>> 3.14*3**2
28.26 // the value 9 is converted to 9.0 before the multiplication
Type Conversions/casting function
>>> int (4.5)
4
>>> float (int (3.3) )
3.0
>>> int (float (3.3))
3
>>> float(3)
3.0
>>> 2 + 4.0, 2.0 ** 2
(6.0, 4.0)
>>> oct(10)
'0o12'
>>> hex(10)
'0xa'
>>> bin(10)
'0b1010'06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 10
Type Conversions/casting function
>>> x=-4.66
>>> round(x)
-5
>>> int(x)
-4
>>> int(round(x))
-5
>>> round(3.1429, 2)
3.14
>>> abs(x)
4.66
>>> math.floor(x)
-5
>>> math.ceil(x)
-4
>>> math.trunc(x)
-4
>>> round(x)
-5
>>> round(3.4)
3
>>> round(3.7)
4
>>> pi = 3.141592653589793
>>> round (pi, 2)
3.14
>>> round (pi, 3)
3.142 06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 12
What are the differences between round() and trunc() function?
1]round() function may take one or two arguments but trunc() takes exactly one argument
2] One need to import math module to use trunc() function, which is not the requirement for
round() function
3] round() function rounds off to the given number of digits and returns the floating point
number, if no number of digits is provided for round off , it rounds off the number to the nearest
integer, trunc() function remove the decimal values from specified expression and return the
integer value.
trunc() function behaves as a ceiling function for negative number and floor function for positive
number

Print a number upto a specific digit
Which one is the correct syntax for printing a number upto 2 digit?
(a) print("%5.2f", 3.1429)
(b) print(%5.2f, 3.1429)
(c) print('%5.2f', 3.1429)
(d) print("%5.2f%", 3.1429)
(e) print("%.2f" % 3.1429)
Ans : (e) print("%.2f" % 3.1429)

L4:Python

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Computer Programming with Python

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 1

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 2

Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left-to-right.

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 4

2 3 2 = 2 ** 9 = 512 // Right-to-left associativity

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 7

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 8

06/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 13

07/08/2018 Debajyoti Ghosh, Asst. Prof, BML Munjal University 14

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