SimaPro Tutorial

SimaPro Tutorial

Title: SimaPro Tutorial

Written by: PRé Sustainability

Version: 6.0

Date: April 2023

Copyright: © 2023 PRé Sustainability B.V. All rights reserved.

PRé grants the right to distribute and print the unchanged PDF
version of this manual for non-commercial purposes only.

Parts of the manual may be reproduced in other work only after

permission and if a clear reference is made that PRé is the author.

About SimaPro
SimaPro was developed by PRé with the goal of making sustainability a fact-
based endeavor. PRé has been a leading voice in sustainability metrics and
life cycle thinking development for more than 30 years, pioneering the field
of environmental and social impact assessment. We develop tools that help you create value and
drive sustainable change.
SimaPro is distributed through a Global Partner Network. All partners were carefully selected by
PRé. A partner in your country will act as your local SimaPro sales and support representative
and can show you a personal demo or provide more information.
Find your local partner: simapro.com/global-partner-network

Get in touch
T +31 33 450 40 10
E support@simapro.com
W simapro.com | support.simapro.com | pre-sustainability.com

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Table of contents
Quick-start guide .................................................................................... 4
Creating a new project 5
Opening an existing project 5
Creating a new process 5
Selecting processes 6
Background data 7
Buttons in SimaPro 8

1 Introduction.................................................................................. 10
1.1 The goal of the tutorial 11
1.2 Tutorial structure 11
1.3 SimaPro training 12

2 SimaPro basics .............................................................................. 13

2.1 Building blocks of SimaPro 14
2.2 General data 15
2.3 Libraries 15
2.3.1 Library design 16
2.3.2 Library types in SimaPro 17
2.4 Projects 21
2.4.1 Goal and Scope 22
2.4.2 Inventory 27
2.4.3 Impact assessment 41
2.4.4 Interpretation 42

3 Building your first model .............................................................. 43

3.1 Overview of a road bike life cycle 44
3.1.1 The bike description 45
3.2 Modelling the bike 47
3.2.1 Goal and scope of the bike project 47
3.2.2 Bike frame inventory data 48
3.2.3 Modelling the aluminium frame 49
3.2.4 Analysis of the aluminium bike frame 51
3.3 Exercises 63
3.4 Comparison of the frames 65

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4 Building an advanced model ......................................................... 68

4.1 Saddle sub-assembly 69
4.1.1 Exercise 70
4.2 Final bike assembly 73
4.2.1 Exercise 75
4.3 Use stage of the bike 76
4.3.1 Exercise 77
4.4 Disposal of the bike 77
4.4.1 Exercise 81
4.5 Disassembly 81
4.5.1 Components disposal scenario’s 82
4.5.2 Exercise 83
4.6 Reuse 83
4.6.1 Exercise 84
4.7 Environmental impacts of aluminium frame bike life cycle 84
4.7.1 Network and Tree diagram 84
4.7.2 Analysis diagram 87
4.8 Comparison of bike life cycle using different frames 87

5 A parameterized bike model ......................................................... 89

5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Variable transportation distances for bike maintenance 91
5.2.1 Exercise 94
5.3 Compare aluminium from different regions 94
5.3.1 Exercise 99
5.4 Different modes of transportation depending on distance 99
5.5 Other features in Parameters 104

6 Support and Training ................................................................... 105

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Quick-start guide

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Quick-start guide
This section contains some general information about modelling in SimaPro. This, by no means,
replaces the explanations on the next chapters. Please still follow each chapter carefully to get a
thorough understanding of SimaPro and use this short guide as reference.

Creating a new project

To create a new project in SimaPro:
1. Open SimaPro
2. Open the Professional database. The database name is found in the top left corner of the
SimaPro window. If the database is not yet opened, go to File > Open SimaPro database
and select the Professional database or another database you want to create the project
in. If you do not see the database name on the ‘’Open database’’ window, you can click
Browse and choose the right database. The default location for the SimaPro database is
C:\Users\Public\Documents\SimaPro\Database. The default location for the SimaPro
database is C:\Users\Public\Documents\SimaPro\Database
3. Once your database is opened, click New
4. Enter the name of your project
5. Select the libraries you want to use in your project
6. Make sure to also select the Methods library because it is needed to calculate the impact
assessment

Opening an existing project

You do not always need to create a new project. You can, for instance, continue working on your
existing project. After selecting the right database you want to work in, you can simply open your
project:
1. Select the project you want, click Open
2. Alternatively, select the project and press Enter and or open by double-click the project

Creating a new process

After you created a new project, you want to start entering your data and building your model. To
create a new process:
1. Go to Inventory > Processes
2. Select Processes > Material
3. Right-click under Material and choose New category. Alternatively, you can also create the
new process under the existing sub-categories directly
4. Enter the name of your category
5. Select the newly added category and then click New
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6. You can now start to fill in your process data under the Input/output tab. To do this,
simply double-click or press Enter on the Add button
7. To move from one field to another under the same section (for instance, from Amount to
Unit under the Outputs to technosphere), you can simply click the field or use the Tab key
8. You can also add more comments under Documentation tab, parameters under
Parameters tab, and details of the system under System description tab
9. Once you are done with entering your data, click the disc icon on the toolbar to save your
entry. Alternatively, you can press CTRL + S
Mostly, we model under the Processes / Material category. However, in some cases you may also
use the Processes / Processing category or model under Product stages. Further explanation on
when to use what and the differences between the two is explained in Chapter 2.

Selecting processes
To easily find the required material/process from the large inventory database, determine the
material/process type and search it accordingly under the respective categories.
When you click on the Show as list checkbox on the right side of the process window, you will see
the complete list of materials and processes from the libraries with background datasets that you
have selected. You can then use the Filter on option at the bottom of the window to search for
the materials/processes under different sub-categories by entering its name/other
corresponding keywords, as seen in the image below.

You can also select multiple items at once in SimaPro. To do that, SimaPro uses the Windows
conventions. Hold down CTRL + mouse click to select multiple individual entries and use SHIFT +
mouse click to select a list of items. CTRL + A will select all items within the category.

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Background data
The following data is used as the default throughout this tutorial:
• Library: Ecoinvent 3 – allocation, cut-off by classification – system (ecoinvent 3.9.1)
• Method: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) (version 1.08)
Normalization/Weighting set: World (2010) H/A

Geography abbreviations
Processes may be available for different geographical resolutions, whether it is national, regional,
or global. In this tutorial, the global type market process {GLO} is used whenever possible for all
materials and processes involved in the bike components production and during the bike life
cycle stage. If no relevant market process is available or if there is no appropriate data for these
materials and processes, then the data for the average of all European countries {RER} is used.
For aluminium-data related, the {IAI} regions are used wherein IAI stands for International
Aluminium Institute.

For freight transport processes, we use the EURO5 data as the default. EURO5 refers to vehicles
manufactured according to the 5th European Emission Standard. The European Emission
Standard specifies the acceptable exhaust emission limits for vehicles. The unit used to represent
freight transport is kgkm which represents the mass of one kg of goods transported over one km
of distance.

Transport formula
The following formula is used to calculate the amount of freight transport needed

𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 (𝒌𝒈𝒌𝒎)

= 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒔 (𝒌𝒈) 𝒙 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝒌𝒎)

However, ecoinvent also includes data on passenger transport. The amount of passenger
transport is represented by km unit, which refers to the transport of an average number of
passengers over one kilometer.
Note that for passenger transport only the distance is important as input value, while for freight
transport both distance and weight are important input values.

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Buttons in SimaPro
In the LCA Explorer screen, you will find some buttons in the Toolbar that will often be used
throughout this tutorial. These are briefly mentioned below.

Buttons Function name

New project

Open project

Close project

Save

Network

Tree

Analyze

Compare

Uncertainty analysis

Show data of all projects

In the Network and Tree window, you will find additional buttons. Only some of the important
and commonly used buttons are listed below. For complete explanation, please refer to section
3.2.4.

Buttons Function name

Show cumulative indicator

Show indicator as percentage

Exclude long-term emissions

Show flow indicator

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Node cut-off

Show navigator

Show process or product stage and calculation details

Show analysis groups

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1 Introduction

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1 Introduction
1.1 The goal of the tutorial
This tutorial aims to guide you through your first experience with SimaPro desktop by taking you
through a series of simple examples. For the SimaPro Online Platform, separate guides are
available on the SimaPro Help Center.
This tutorial does not attempt to explain the theory behind LCA and all its methodological issues.
The basic theory and main concepts behind LCA are described in a separate manual ‘Introduction
to LCA with SimaPro’. This tutorial focuses on environmental LCA, not paying attention to social
impact and life cycle costing. Each chapter in this tutorial starts with a summary of what you will
learn and what you should read beforehand. For better understanding, we suggest you use this
tutorial in complement to the SimaPro software.

Following the examples in the tutorial

You need to have a registered version of SimaPro. The demo version has the same functionalities
as the full version, but there are some important differences: you can enter, edit and save data,
but you cannot create new projects and the save command can only be used 16 times. Copying
and editing the library data is also not possible if you are using the SimaPro demo version. Please
note that reinstalling the demo will not reset the counter.

SimaPro 9.5
Please note that this manual has been developed using SimaPro 9.5. If you are using another
version of SimaPro, your results and screens may differ from what is presented here.

1.2 Tutorial structure

We have used one broad example of a road bike model throughout this tutorial to help you get
acquainted with SimaPro. Using this example, we have also prepared similar LCA model exercises
so that you can model LCA projects using SimaPro efficiently in the future.

Important remark
All inventory data for modelling examples in this tutorial is fictious and does not reflect any
actual case. Therefore, results from these cases should be regarded as such.

Chapter 2: SimaPro – Basic Introduction

This chapter gives you an idea of how the SimaPro databases are designed and explains the use
of different options and SimaPro features. In addition, you will learn how to build LCA models
theoretically. It also serves as an introduction to Chapter 3 where you will start modeling
yourself.

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Chapter 3: Building your first model

This chapter will explain how to model the impacts over the life cycle of a road bike. You will first
model the different types of frames used in a road bike and then analyze, compare, and interpret
their impacts. We will show you an example to model one bike frame from which you will model
the remaining frames in the form of exercises.
Chapter 4: Building an advanced model
You will model the different components used in a road bike, its use stage, and final disposal
stages i.e., in short, you will be building a more advanced model of the road bike.
Chapter 5: A parameterized bike model
Sometimes, you have to input data assumptions for your LCA model which might/will result in
uncertain calculations. Using the Parameters option in SimaPro, you can compare the impacts of
different input scenarios. In this case, we will compare the impacts of different scenarios with
respect to the inputs of the road bike LCA model.

1.3 SimaPro training

With this tutorial, you will learn how to use SimaPro by yourself. If you want to develop more
advanced skills, PRé and its global partners provide dedicated SimaPro trainings. Please check
this page for more information. Some trainings require you to first perform some of the lessons
in this tutorial, to ensure that everyone attending the course understands the basics. This also
allows for more time to be spent on more advanced subjects.

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2 SimaPro basics

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2 SimaPro basics
What you will learn Get to know the structure of SimaPro databases, become familiar
with the result screens and explore the features of SimaPro. This
chapter serves as the basis to build your models.

Required entry level Basic understanding of what LCA is about - this is intended to be your
first experience with SimaPro

Recommended Introduction to LCA with SimaPro, Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4

reading

SimaPro license type Classroom/Faculty/PhD/Analyst/Developer

2.1 Building blocks of SimaPro

A SimaPro database consists of projects, libraries, and general data as seen in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Building blocks of SimaPro

General data: The common supporting data for all libraries and projects are stored in the General
data. This includes literature references, substances, units, and quantities. Each of these
elements is explained in section 2.2.
Libraries: Life cycle inventory (LCI) databases are stored as libraries. SimaPro includes many LCI
databases, like the renowned ecoinvent database and the industry-specific Agri-footprint
database. LCI databases contain information about the inputs, outputs, and emissions of
industrial and agricultural processes. These processes can be used as background data for your
LCA model. Further information is available in section 2.4.

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Projects: Your model is saved in a project. Enter the input data for your model by creating your
own processes (if you have detailed data) and/or by linking the processes already predefined in
the LCI databases to your project. The projects are interlinked with the general substances and
different libraries since they are modeled using the data from these substances and libraries.

2.2 General data

Once you start SimaPro, you will see the “General data” column below on the left (indicated with
a green box in Figure 2.2) with different categories under it.

Figure 2.2 LCA Explorer: General data

These include:
Literature references: Contain website links and references to the documents of the datasets
used as part of the different Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) libraries or to your projects.
Substances: A single list of all the substances which are linked to the various materials and
processes in the database.
Units: Define the conversion factors and units for the different quantities in SimaPro.
Quantities: Overarching the various quantities (like mass, volume, energy, etc.) to group units.

2.3 Libraries
You will see Figure 2.3 when you click on Libraries on the left column under “Goal and scope”
after opening a project or creating a new project. These libraries contain the inventory databases
for all the processes you can select for your model and one library project that contains all
default methods.

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Figure 2.3 LCA Explorer: Libraries

Additional data available for SimaPro users

Figure 2.3 provides an overview of the default libraries in the SimaPro Professional database
(given users have a valid ecoinvent license). For a full overview of data available for SimaPro
users, please refer to this article.

2.3.1 Library design

Any model will have four main life cycle stages associated with it as shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Overall life cycle stages of products

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During these life cycle stages, background processes are also involved. Background processes are
not the direct subject of your LCA but are necessary to model your result. For example,
transportation- and energy- processes each cause raw material usage and emissions. The
amounts and type of transport and energy needed for your model are foreground information,
the processes describing transport and energy production are background processes.
The LCI libraries (inventory databases) include processes containing inputs and outputs. The
input can come from nature as well as from other industrial processes included in the same
library. The outputs are products, emissions to air, water and soil and also material for further
processing (waste treatment). Figure 2.5 gives an overview of how SimaPro inventory processes
are built.

Figure 2.5 SimaPro inventory processes

2.3.2 Library types in SimaPro

From Figure 2.3 you can see that different libraries can be used for your project. Overall, apart
from the one library project that contains all default methods, there are two types of libraries
with inventory data: process data and input-output data libraries.
The process data libraries should be used to determine the environmental impacts of products
or processes according to their mass or other relevant quantities. For example, what is the
environmental impact of using 1 kg of cement or 1 kWh of electricity from the grid in The
Netherlands?
Similarly, the input-output data libraries are used to determine the environmental impacts of
investments or purchases you make within a sector or between different sectors. For example,
what is the impact of buying X euros of goods from the agricultural sector in the country of
region Y?

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2.3.2.1 Process Databases

Agri-footprint
This library developed by Blonk Consultants allows you to do agricultural LCAs, provides
information about bio-based production methods for the chemical and energy industry, and
allows you to perform ISO-compliant LCAs. It contains thousands of products and processes
specific to agricultural LCA: crops, products and intermediate products, feed compounds, food
products, animal production systems, and background processes such as transport, auxiliary
inputs for processing, and fertilizers. Most of these products have three predefined allocation
options – mass, energy, and economic- and have entries for different locations in the world. Read
more about the detailed list of products included in the database on the Agri-footprint website.
Extensive documentation on the methodology and modelling principles is available. The
description of data is also well documented.

ecoinvent
The ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database developed by the ecoinvent center is the most
complete and well-documented LCI database that is currently available. It consists of many
thousands of datasets on energy supply, agriculture, transport, biofuels and biomaterials, bulk
and specialty chemicals, construction materials, packaging materials, basic and precious metals,
metals processing, ICT and electronics, dairy, wood, and waste treatment. Read more about the
ecoinvent methodology at ecoinvent overview and methodology.
The following ecoinvent databases are available for SimaPro: Allocation at point of substitution
(APOS), Allocation cut-off by classification, Substitution, consequential, long-term and Allocation,
cut-off, EN15804. For more information see the ecoinvent system models. System and unit
processes are available for all four modelling options.

What is the difference between unit and system processes?

The unit process contains only emissions and input of raw materials from one process step, plus
references to inputs from other unit processes. So, for instance a unit process called
“Steelmaking”, contains data on “transports of hot metal and other input materials to converter,
steelmaking process and casting”. This means the unit process starts at the point where molten
iron comes in from another process. The environmental load connected to ironmaking is
described in a series of upstream unit processes, which you can look into. When you select this
process, SimaPro will automatically include all these upstream processes.
For the same steelmaking process, the system process version includes all emissions from
mining to steelmaking as part of this one process record. You will also find that there are no links
to other processes. A system process is the aggregated inventory result of an overall LCA on steel
making and gives no insight into the inputs and outputs of the separate supply chain processes
in the production system. A system process is, therefore, considered as a black box. The outcome
of a calculated inventory of a unit process (including infrastructure processes) is identical to that
of the system process with the same name.

The main differences between unit and system processes are visible in Figure 2.6 and Table 2.1.

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Figure 2.6 infographic on unit process (left) and system process (right). Unit process consists of large
network for every process, while system process is aggregated data (one box per process)

Table 2.1 main differences between unit and system processes

Unit process System process

Transparent (but big) process tree, that allows One aggregated process. No process tree or
you to trace the contribution of all individual network with individual unit processes
unit processes
Contains uncertainty information, which No uncertainty information
allows you to run statistical analysis (Monte
Carlo)
Relatively slow calculation Fast calculation

Whether you use Unit processes or System processes, will not influence the final results.
However, it is recommended to choose System processes by default as this will greatly improve
the calculation speed in SimaPro. Additionally, using System processes is handy to deal with
confidential data as datasets may be transformed into a single system process and all underlying
details are removed. On the other hand, using the unit processes when analyzing provides
insight into where a certain emission or impact upstream exactly takes place.

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Library switch feature

Although we recommend the use of System processes by default, your project might
benefit from using the Unit processes, and vice versa. An easy way to switch between these two
libraries in SimaPro is by using the library switch function. This allows you to replace all data from
one library to another, given that processes in both libraries have the same names. To do this, go
to the Calculation setup window. Select the library the process is now using under the Current
library field and then click the library you want to switch to under the Replacing library field.
This switch can not only be used to switch between System and Unit libraries, but also between
different ecoinvent system models as long as processes have the same names in both libraries.

USLCI
The U.S. Life Cycle Inventory (USLCI) database developed by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) allows you to analyze the environmental impacts of a
material/component/assembly manufactured in the USA. Read more about the plans to achieve
the goals of the LCI Database project in U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database Roadmap. Sometimes
this USLCI library in SimaPro contains dummy processes (i.e., no environmental impacts are
associated with these processes). In that case, the LCA practitioner should use proxy data from
other sources to bridge the gaps.

Industry data 2.0

This library contains more than 300 datasets collected by industry associations, Plastics Europe,
World Steel, and ERASM (European Detergents and Surfactants Industries). These three industry
databases contain data that is specific to each industry but are also relevant to many other
sectors downstream. The data is provided in aggregated form (as system processes) meaning
that unit processes are not available. PlasticsEurope contains roughly 85 system-level datasets
including high volume, bulk polymers, some of the widely used engineering plastics and other
common plastic conversion processes. Worldsteel contains 46 datasets related to steel products.
ERASM includes 32 life cycle inventories for unit processes, covering 15 surfactants and 17
precursors. Read more about the industrial associations at Plastics Europe, worldsteel and
ERASM.

2.3.2.2 Input Output Databases

Input output databases allow you to assess the environmental impact of services and study
consumption patterns. They are also useful for screening LCAs or to assess the importance of
missing data. You can find out more about input output databases under Help> SimaPro
Manuals. The following input-output database is available in SimaPro by default:

EU & DK Input Output Database

The European Union and Denmark (EU & DK) input output database allows you to model the
environmental impacts for the imported products to Denmark and produced in 27 EU countries.
Read more about this database at EU & DK Input Output Database Manual.
See our website for more information on databases available for SimaPro.

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Editing library data

If you want to make changes in the library data, please always first copy these library
processes or methods to your project and then make the changes to the data accordingly in the
copied library datasets. By doing so you keep the libraries as delivered by PRé intact and prevent
unwanted overwriting of your adapted processes or methods when updating a library.

2.4 Projects
Your work in SimaPro will be saved in a project. When you open SimaPro, and whenever you click
on the “Open project” icon , you will see a window like Figure 2.7 with all projects listed.

Figure 2.7 Projects window

To start a new project, select New to enter the name of your project and click OK to save it. To
continue working on an already existing project, select a project and click on Open to continue
building your model. Or simply double-click on a project’s name. For this tutorial, we used the
“Tutorial” project, as available in the SimaPro Professional database. You could use this project
for modelling the tutorial examples and exercises.

Two types of projects

You can notice that there are two types of projects, ‘Library Project’ and ‘Project’ in the above
window. Please ensure that you don’t work in any standard library project available in the
Professional database for database management reasons. Libraries consist of the background
inventory data to be used in different projects. To make sure that you don’t work in a library
project, you can sort the projects according to their type by clicking on the Type pane above.
If you choose to make a new project this will by default, always be a ‘Project’.

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2.4.1 Goal and Scope

Once you open a project, enter the goal and scope details of your project by selecting
‘Description’ column on the left, just like the first step of a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of any system.
You will see a window similar to the image in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 LCA Explorer: Goal and scope, Description

You can enter the name, date, person/persons involved, brief description of your project under
the “Name”, “Date”, “Author” and “Comment” fields respectively. Choose the type of your LCA
study under the “LCA type” field. A brief description of each LCA type will be visible in the drop-
down menu for the corresponding type. The “Reason”, “Commissioner”, “Interested party” and
“Practitioner” fields won’t be required unless you are performing an LCA for specific companies.
You do not need to fill all fields to complete this tutorial. The following description of the goal and
the scope of an LCA is just to inform you on the standard procedures in life cycle assessment.

Goal: Define the main goal of your LCA study. According to the ISO 14040 LCA standard, the
description of the goal of an LCA study should contain the following elements:

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• The intended application of the LCA

• The reason for carrying out the study
• The intended audience
• Whether the results are intended to be used to support comparative assertions intended
to be disclosed to the public

Scope: According to the ISO 14040 LCA standard the scope of an LCA study should contain the
following elements:
• The product system to be studied
• The functions of the product system(s)
• The functional unit and respective reference flow(s)
• The system boundaries
• Allocation procedures
• Impact categories selected and LCIA method
• Data requirements
• Assumptions
• Limitations
• Initial data quality requirements
• Type of critical review, if any
• Type and format of the report required for the study

Functional unit: When comparing two or more products it is essential that they can fulfill the
same function. A measure of this function is defined as functional unit (FU). The functional unit
consists of quantitative and qualitative elements defining the “what,” “how much,” “how long” and
“how well”.

Functional unit example

If you compare the environmental impacts of two different hand drying systems (for example,
paper towels and electric hand dryers), then the function is drying hands. The functional unit can
be defined in the following way:

What Dry hands

How much 1 pair of hands

How long Right after drying

How well Less than 0,1 gram of water remaining per hand

Reference flows: The reference flows of the system you model. Mention the other systems
which are required to fulfill the functional unit of your system under this field.

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Reference flows example

If you are calculating the environmental impact of paper towels, with the functional unit being
one pair of dry hands with less than 0.1 gram of water remaining after drying, then the
appropriate reference flows would be two paper towels and corresponding packaging systems
involved, dispenser, waste bin and bin liner used. Without these components, it would be
impossible to fulfill the functional unit.

Alternative scenarios: Describe the alternative scenarios you modeled with respect to your
system life cycle. Sometimes you have to make various input data assumptions while modeling,
which results in variable/uncertain results. Thus, you have to model alternative scenarios (using
variable inputs) to understand the level of uncertainty associated with the results. This will be
discussed more in detail as parameters in Chapter 5.

Alternative scenarios example

In the above reference flow example, we mentioned that two paper towels would be required for
drying a pair of hands. But you can also model the environmental impacts of using one or three
paper towels for drying a pair of hands as part of the alternative scenarios since the number of
paper towels used for drying a pair of hands varies from person to person.

When you click on the “Libraries” beneath Goal and scope on the left, you can see the different
libraries containing LCI databases on the right. Section 2.4.1 includes a description of these
libraries. You can also see a brief description of a library when you single-click on it. Select the
appropriate libraries for your project. Please make sure to also select the ‘Methods’ library by
default, so that you don’t experience problems while modeling the impacts of your system (which
will be discussed in Chapter 3).
For this tutorial, we selected the “Ecoinvent 3 – allocation, cut-off by classification – system” and
“Methods” library. After selecting these libraries, you will see the following window (Figure 2.9).

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Figure 2.9 LCA Explorer: Libraries

Methods library
Please don’t forget to select the ‘Methods’ library by default, so that you don’t experience
problems while modelling the impacts of your system (will be discussed in Chapter 3).

Multi-functionality
Sometimes a process can result in more than one product (output) being produced i.e., co-
products. This is called a multi-functional process. It is therefore important to identify the
environmental impact associated with multiple product outputs or functions. For example, in a
sawmill, the logs are converted into planks, sawdust and bark (Figure 2.10). Thus, you have to
allocate the environmental impact of the sawmill process across the products planks, sawdust
and bark.

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Figure 2.10 Example of a multi-functional process

Allocation of a multi-functional process

There are different types of allocation such as mass, economic, area and volume allocation. Mass
and economic allocation are most commonly used. In mass allocation, you are allocating the
impacts of the process according to the mass (weight) of the product and co-products. This
means, the higher the weight of the product relative to the total weight of outputs, the higher the
percentage of the allocated impact becomes. So, for example, when the mass of planks is 60% of
the total weight, 30% is sawdust and 10% is bark, then the environmental impacts are allocated
accordingly: 60% of the environmental impact to the planks, 30% to the sawdust and 10% to the
bark.
When the different outputs vary strongly, likely reflected by the difference in revenue per kg
planks on one hand, and sawdust and bark on the other hand, economic allocation might be
more appropriate. For the economic allocation, you are allocating the environmental impacts
according to the revenue generated by the products and co-products i.e., the higher the product
revenue, the higher the allocation percentage. So, for the above sawmill process example, you
have to allocate the environmental impacts based on the revenue generated by the planks,
sawdust and bark. For instance, if the planks generate 85% of the revenue, the sawdust 10% and
the bark 5%, the environmental impacts are allocated accordingly: 85% of the environmental
impact to the planks, 10% to the sawdust and 5% to the bark. See Table 2.2 on how to calculate
the allocation percentage.

Table 2.2 Allocation example for a multifunctional process

Logs products Mass Economic

Planks 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘

Sawdust 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘

Bark 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡 + 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑘

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2.4.2 Inventory
Under the “Inventory” section, you can enter the materials and processes (input) details for
building your system.

Market versus transformation processes in the ecoinvent library

Since we selected the ecoinvent library for this tutorial, many of the materials/processes will have
two categories: market and transformation.
The market processes include transportation inputs and production inputs from several
countries. Use the ‘market’ process {GLO} when the supplier is unknown.
The transformation processes include all the inputs and outputs for making a product or service,
including the material and energy inputs, transportation of material inputs and resource
extractions and emissions.

In SimaPro, you should only use Processes and Product stages to build your model as seen in the
highlighted category in Figure 2.11.

Two categories for modelling

your systems inventory

Figure 2.11 LCA Explorer: Inventory, Processes and Product stages

As illustrated in Figure 2.12, you can directly link processes to substances while in product stages,
there is no link to nature. Waste scenarios are the exception because they only contain scenario
information (percentages linked to waste treatment processes) – no substances.

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Figure 2.12 An overview of where you model in SimaPro.

When to use processes and product stages?

Use processes, if you are only interested in doing cradle-to-gate modelling of your product i.e., if
you only want to analyze the environmental impact of a product associated during its
manufacturing. Also, you want to use the processes, if your modelled components/processes
shall be highly interconnected and e.g. if the processes shall be used in other projects and/or
included in new libraries.
Use product stages, if you want to look at the environmental impact caused during the overall life
cycle of a product (manufacturing, use and disposal), i.e. cradle-to-grave modelling. Utilize this
also if the product involves the use of (reusable) components that are disposed differently, and
you want to use the waste scenarios in SimaPro.
If you want to model production waste, with the associated additional material needed and waste
processing, you have to create a process first and link the assembly (product stage) 1-on-1 to the
process’s product output.

In the upcoming sections, you will learn how to build new models and enter their life cycle details
under the processes and product stages in SimaPro.

2.4.2.1 Processes
The processes contain environmental data for many materials, energy, transport, processing and
use processes alongside the waste scenario and waste treatment processes in SimaProFigure
2.12. You can also create a new process in the database or if required copy an existing one
already in the database, edit its inputs and outputs and save it. When you click on “Processes”,
you can see seven main categories as seen in Figure 2.13.

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Figure 2.13 LCA Explorer: Inventory, Processes, Processes: Material, Energy, Transport, Processing, Use,
Waste scenario, Waste treatment

In addition, you can also create a new category by right-clicking on any one of these seven main
categories and selecting New Category. Enter a name and you can save all your project processes
here. In this tutorial, we used the material category but you can choose any sub-category to
create your process. For this example below, we simply chose the sub-category “Animal feed”
under “Agricultural”. In the following example, you can find the basic instruction for creating a
new process while in Chapter 3, you will be presented with a guided example to model in
SimaPro.
1) Double-click on the Material category, select any sub-category and click on New on the
right side. The following window will open where you can enter the inputs and outputs of
a system. In the ensuing window, you can see that there are four different tabs:
“Documentation”, “Input/output”, “Parameters” and “System” description. Select the
Input/output tab. You will see a window like Figure 2.14.

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Figure 2.14 Material process (tab Input/output)

Material versus Processing category in SimaPro

Production of (intermediate) products is typically modelled under the “Material” category. Here
you can assign a waste type to your product that will be used in the end-of-life modelling (after
the use phase) to make sure the proper waste scenario is selected.
Processing of materials and products is typically included in the ‘’Processing’’ category, where this
waste type is excluded, but production waste treatment processes can be selected if relevant.
Therefore, you can model in the ”Processing” category if you think your process doesn’t produce
materials that need to be taken care of through the waste scenario after the use phase.
Either way, this shouldn’t bring differences to the result for the production process. Material
processes can refer to processing processes and vice versa.

2) Under “Outputs to technosphere: Products and co-products” enter the final product
name which you want to calculate the impacts for. The default quantity is Mass, which is
most often preferred but can be changed under the field “Quantity”. Enter its value and
respective unit in the fields “Amount” and “Unit”. Choose the corresponding waste type
for your new system under the field ”Waste type”. Choosing a waste type is only possible
for the mass quantity. The field “Allocation %” field will be described in the next
paragraph.

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3) In some cases, useful co-products are produced along with the main product or process.
For example, a cow produces not only milk but also meat, skin and bone as marketable
products. The environmental impact should be allocated to these different products,
considering their quality and quantity. See how to deal with allocation in the
‘’Multifunctionality’’ section under the Goal and Scope.
4) Choose the raw materials (inputs) directly obtained from natural resources/processes by
double-clicking the Add button under “Inputs from nature” and mentioning its amount
and unit under their corresponding fields. Examples of raw material obtained from
natural resources are “ Wood, unspecified, standing/m3”, “Zinc, Zn 3.1%, in mixed ore”
and “Water, well, NL”. These raw materials are just substances in SimaPro and in
themselves do not contain any associated human activities. These raw materials are
characterized in the end and then contribute for example to resource use (or abiotic
depletion) and water use.
5) Similar to the above step, choose the materials obtained from industrial processes by
double-clicking the line under “Inputs from technosphere: materials/fuels” or for energy
processes under “Inputs from technosphere: electricity/heat” and mention the respective
amount and unit required to produce the final output (material/process/product).
6) Once you enter all these input details, select the corresponding substances released as
emissions to “air”, “water” and “soil” by double-clicking the line under their respective
fields. Like with raw materials these emissions are characterized in the end and then
contribute to for example acidification, ozone depletion and toxicity. Select the final waste
produced (if any) by double-clicking the line under the “Final waste flows” field. Under the
“Non-material emissions” fields you can enter non-material inventory like noise.
7) Specify the wastes that are treated in waste treatment under the “Outputs to
technosphere: Waste treatment” field. For example, choose Coal slurry {GLO}| market for
coal slurry | Cut-off. You can define how production wastes are handled in this field i.e.,
whether these wastes are incinerated/landfilled/recycled.

Documentation
Once you finish creating a new process, specify the characteristics of this process by clicking on
the Documentation tab. You will see a window similar to Figure 2.15.

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Figure 2.15 Material process (tab Documentation)

Process name in SimaPro

Under the Documentation tab, you can enter the process name. Please note that this is only for
your own reference and this name is not used anywhere. Processes are identified by the name
defined under the Input/Output tab in the product section. Therefore, if you want to search for a
certain process, you should use the product name defined in the Input/Output as the keyword.

It is not required to fill in the documentation fields to make an LCA model and run the
calculations, but we do advise to keep good track of the data you collect and enter in SimaPro.
This will make your reporting a lot easier.
1) Enter the name of your new material/process under the Name field
2) Select the type of process (Unit or System process) under the Process type field.
3) Enter the system boundaries, production volume, geography, start and end dates and
other relevant details of your new material/process under the Comment field.
4) Enter the data source under the Collection method field.
5) Enter the person/organization responsible for the data entry and generation under
Record and Generator fields respectively.
6) Mention the external links and other literature references you used for your model under
the External links and Literature reference fields respectively.

You can also look at the documentation of existing materials and processes in SimaPro for
reference.

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Selecting status in SimaPro

You can select different status of your processes or product stages in SimaPro. For
processes, this can be found under the Documentation tab, while for product stages, you can
find this in the Input/Output tab. The available status are: temporary, draft, to be reviewed, to be
revised, and finished. By filling in the status, you can search for processes with a specific status
using the “Find” (CTRL + F) function. However, it is not compulsory to do so as this field is merely
for informational purposes and it will also not influence your results.

Waste treatment
Waste treatments document the emissions and other impacts which arise from landfilling,
incinerating and recycling. To define this, SimaPro already has predefined waste treatments with
data on the emissions for the different types of waste treatment. You can view the predefined
waste treatments available for the different materials under the Inventory > Processes > Waste
treatment and then select the corresponding waste treatment. The waste treatments are
available according to the material type and waste destination. You can use these predefined
waste treatments or create your own waste treatment process for the input materials. Creating a
waste treatment process is similar to creating a new material process discussed above. You can
also have a look at how the predefined waste treatments are modelled in SimaPro for reference.

Waste scenario
Waste scenarios allow you to model the end-of-life (disposal) stages for the input materials used
in your system. The waste materials are sorted according to their type and sent for treatment.
SimaPro already has predefined waste scenarios which you can use for your model. However,
this waste scenario works only for the systems modelled as an assembly (see: product stages).
The illustration of how waste treatment and waste scenario are specified in SimaPro can be seen
in Figure 2.16.

Figure 2.16 A waste scenario specifies how a waste stream is split up and sent to other waste scenarios or
waste treatments. This splitting can be specified per waste type (as seen in this figure) or material. A waste
treatment specifies what actually happens i.e. if a material is landfilled, incinerated or recycled.

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Creating a new waste scenario

1) Double-click on Waste scenario under Inventory > Processes (make sure that the box
“show as list” is not selected) and you will see the different predefined waste scenarios in
SimaPro. Select the corresponding waste scenario category you want to model and click
on New on the right side. In this case, we selected the Landfill waste scenario. The
following window will open (Figure 2.17):

Figure 2.17 Waste scenario (tab Input/output)

2) Enter the name of your waste scenario and its amount of waste input under Waste
specification and Amount field respectively along with its corresponding Unit.
3) If there are materials, energy or transport needed for the handling of the mixed waste
this can be entered in the same way as under processes, at the Inputs from
technosphere: materials/fuels and Inputs from technosphere: electricity/heat.
4) Select the Materials and/or waste types separated from waste stream and its
corresponding Material and/or Waste type. Enter the percentage of the material
separated under the Percentage field. For example, 90% of glass is collected separately.
5) Choose what happens to the remaining percentage of waste materials (i.e., how they are
treated) under Waste streams remaining after separation field and percentage of
treatment under Percentage field. For example, you can state that 40% of the remaining
waste is incinerated and 60% is landfilled.

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2.4.2.2 Product stages

Under Inventory, select Product stages and click Product stages in the second column. You will
now see the following window:

Figure 2.18 LCA Explorer, Inventory, Product stages: Assembly, Life cycle, Disposal scenario, Disassembly,
Reuse

Figure 2.18 shows the Product stages divided into five categories: Assembly, Life cycle, Disposal
scenario, Disassembly and Reuse. Each category allows you to enter details of the model with
respect to its life cycle stages. You can see a brief overview of these categories below:
Assembly: Enter the details (materials and processes) which are related to manufacturing a
product assembled from one or more materials (cradle to gate).
Life cycle: Enter the use stage processes of the product. It also allows you to link the waste
disposal scenario of the product.
Disposal scenario: Enter the product disposal details, i.e., the percentages of the product or
subassembly being discarded (with different waste scenarios)/disassembled/reused.
Disassembly: If the product is dismantled enter the corresponding details.
Reuse: If the product is reused completely, enter the respective details.

All these categories are explained in detail in the upcoming paragraphs.

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Assembly
Enter the assembly details of your model by single-click on Assembly > Others and clicking on
New on the right side. The following window will open (Figure 2.19):

Figure 2.19 Assembly (tab Input/output)

1) In the Name field, enter the name of your model in the Input/output tab.
2) In the Materials/Assemblies field, you can choose the materials used for assembling the
product under study. If you are building a complex model which requires other
assemblies to be modelled, you have to link these sub-assemblies under this field. This
step is important, especially if each individual assembly is disposed of in a different way.
Enter the amount of material/assembly input in the Amount field.
3) In the Processes field, choose the processes involved in the production of the model.
These production processes can be energy, transportation or other industrial processes.
4) In the Comment field, enter the assembly description. You can enter the current status of
the assembly being built under the Status field.
5) Once you finish entering all the details, press CTRL + S or the Save icon at the top to save
the product assembly model.

Life cycle
Enter the use stage processes of your model by clicking on Life cycle > Others and click on New
on the right side. The following window will open (Figure 2.20):

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Figure 2.20 Life cycle (tab Input/output)

1) In the Name field, enter the name of the model for which you want to enter the use stage
processes.
2) In the Comment field, enter the life cycle description.
3) Refer to the corresponding model assembly in the Assembly field and enter the number
of model assemblies you want to calculate the impacts for under the Amount field.
4) In the Processes field, enter the use stage processes of the model. These use stage
processes can be energy/transportation/other industrial process based.
5) In the Waste/Disposal scenario field, link the disposal system of your model. This will be
discussed more in detail in the next section.
6) In the Additional life cycles field, you can link the life cycle model of another system which
plays a role in fulfilling the main purpose of the model that you are currently building in
SimaPro.
7) Save the life cycle model after entering all the details.

Additional life cycle example

If you are modelling the environmental impact of paper towels, you can link the life cycle
model of their dispensers under the Additional life cycles field, since the dispensers are required
for dispensing the paper towels.

2.4.2.3 Modelling end of life (under Product stages)

This section deals with the Disposal scenario, Disassembly and Reuse. Their relation is explained
as well as the relation with the Assembly, Life cycle and Waste scenario and Waste treatment.

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Disposal scenario
In a Disposal scenario reuse of a total product, disassembly and waste treatment through
scenarios can be addressed. Select Disposal scenario > Others and click on New to model the
end-of-life scenarios for your system and the following window will open (Figure 2.21):

Figure 2.21 Disposal scenario (tab Input/output)

1) Mention the name of your disposal scenario under the Name field.
2) In the Comment field, enter the system disposal description.
3) In the Referring to Assembly field, double-click the line below and refer to the
corresponding assembly for which you want to model the disposal scenario and enter the
number of specific assemblies you’d like to model the impacts for under the Amount
field.
4) In the Processes field, enter the waste sorting and transport process details related to
your assembly’s disposal. These industrial processes can be chosen from the Processes
subcategories Energy, Transport, Processing or Use.
5) In the Waste scenarios field, choose the scenario from the Waste scenarios subcategories
Household, Incineration, Landfill, Municipal, Others or Recycling and enter the percentage
that follows this scenario.
6) In the Disassemblies field, select New on the right side and enter the name of your
disassembly model, click OK and mention the disassembly percentage in the percentage
field. The newly made disassembly should be specified later. See below at Disassembly.
7) If you reuse your system at the end of its life cycle, in the Reuses field, select New on the
right side and enter the name of your reuse model. Next, click OK and enter the reuse
percentage. The newly made reuse model should be specified later. See below at Reuse.
Please note that the total percentage needs to be 100.
8) Save this disposal scenario by pressing CTRL + S after you finish entering the details.

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Waste scenarios versus disposal scenarios

Waste scenarios are processes that refer to material flows, without observing any product
characteristics. In waste scenarios, information on how the product is split up into different
components (subassemblies) is omitted and only information of the materials in the waste
stream is maintained.
Disposal scenarios are product stages that refer to product flows (1 disposal scenario refers to 1
assembly). Here the information on the way the product can be split into components
(subassemblies) is kept, allowing you to model disassembly and (partial) reuse operations.

Disassembly
If your system is dismantled at the end of its life cycle, click on Disassembly > Others and click on
New on the right side. You will then see a window like Figure 2.22.

Figure 2.22 Disassembly (tab Input/output)

1) Enter the name of your system disassembly model under the Name field.
2) You can provide a description of your disassembly model in the comment field.
3) Link to your corresponding system assembly (to be dismantled) by double-clicking the
line in the Referring to assembly field and enter the number of dismantled system
assemblies you wish to model the impacts for in the Amount field.
4) Enter the processes related to the dismantling of your system in the Processes field.
These processes can be energy/transportation/other industrial processes. Enter the
corresponding value for the process in the Amount field with its respective units.
5) In the Disposal scenarios field, enter the name of your assembly disposal scenario. If you
modelled sub-assemblies in the assembly that this disassembly refers to, they will already
be linked under the Sub-assembly field. You can enter the percentage of the sub-
assembly treated via a disposal scenario in the percentage field. An example will be
presented in the next chapter.

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6) Choose the waste scenario for the treatment of the remaining waste percentage of sub-
assemblies (which aren’t treated via a disposal scenario) in the “waste scenarios” field.
7) Save this disassembly model by pressing CTRL + S after you finish entering the details.

Reuse
If your system is completely reused at the end of its life cycle, click on Reuse > Others and click on
New on the right side (Figure 2.23).

Figure 2.23 Reuse (tab Input/output)

1) Enter the name for your system reuse model in the Name field.
2) Link to the system assembly you want to reuse by double-clicking the line under Referring
to assembly and mention the number of reuse system assemblies you want to model the
impacts for in the Amount field.
3) Enter the processes related to your system reuse in the Processes field. These processes
can be energy/transportation/other industrial process. Mention the corresponding value
for the process in the “Amount” field.
4) You can provide a description of your reuse model in the comment field.
5) Save this reuse model by pressing CTRL + S after you finish entering the details.

2.4.2.4 System descriptions

Systems description describes how a system model (i.e., a combination of unit processes) is built.
In this tutorial, it is neither used nor needed. For example, the steel processes in the ecoinvent
library describe the complete steel production process in a single record, while in fact the steel
production process contains many unit processes. By presenting this data, much of the
transparency within the processes is lost.
System description provides background information about the way the system model was built.
We suggest you inspect some of these system descriptions in the ecoinvent library.

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2.4.2.5 Waste types

The Waste types option is seen as a complete list of waste labels (under Inventory > Waste types
option) that is added to a material/process output. As mentioned earlier in the Waste scenario
paragraph above, the waste materials are split up into different waste types before being sent to
treatment. A waste type is a generic term such as Glass, Newspaper, Ferro metals, etc. In SimaPro
you can define your own waste type and specify which materials belong to a waste type.
For instance, all steel materials will have almost similar emissions in the waste phase. By using a
standard waste type label, we avoid the task of making specific waste scenarios for every material
that is added to the database. As we will explain, you do not have to use the waste types if you
consider them too coarse. You can also develop a waste scenario for a specific material.
Waste types do not always have to be specified. Only materials that are specified in the
description of the assembly or sub-assembly need to have a waste type. Another example is
when a consumer disposes of a plastic bag. SimaPro needs to know that this plastic belongs to
the waste type plastic, or more specifically, to polyethylene. SimaPro does not have to take into
account that this material was oil before it was turned into plastic. The oil that went into the
plastic does not need a waste type. If in doubt, always try to specify a waste type, it will never
harm. With each calculation, SimaPro checks if materials that are used in assemblies indeed have
a waste type.

2.4.2.6 Parameters
The Parameters option allows you to analyze and compare the impact of variable inputs in
SimaPro. This option will be discussed in detail in Chapter 5.

2.4.3 Impact assessment

During the impact assessment step of an LCA study, all used raw materials and emissions during
the life cycle of a product are translated to environmental impacts. To see all the different impact
assessment methods used in SimaPro, go to Impact assessment > Methods and then double-click
the Methods on the second column. A brief description of each method will be visible when you
click on it.
There are five different steps in a Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) process. These steps are:

1) Characterization: All substances are multiplied by a factor which reflects their relative
contribution to the environmental impact, quantifying how much impact a product or
service has in each impact category.

2) Damage assessment: This (optional) step defines the contributions of different impact
categories to the endpoint impact (Damage) categories of the selected impact
assessment method (i.e., in a more aggregated manner).

3) Normalization: In this (optional) step, the results are compared to a reference value, like
the average environmental impact caused by one person in one year.

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4) Weighting: This (optional) step multiplies the normalized indicators of each impact
category with a weighting factor. Higher weighting factors can be attributed to more
“important” impact categories. The weighted results all have the same unit and can be
added up to give a single score.

5) Single score: In this step, the weighted results are aggregated into a single score,
representing the overall environmental impact.

Some of the impact assessment methods in SimaPro do not have normalization/weighting sets
which makes it impossible for you to view the normalized/weighted/single score results when
you select these methods. You can view the different normalization/weighting sets available for
each method (visible at the lower part of the screen above the description) when you click on a
specific method. Read more about the methods in Chapter 4 of the ‘Introduction to LCA with
SimaPro’ and in the ‘Methods manual’.
The Calculation setups option stores the analysis and comparison (impact assessment)
calculations you made for your model in SimaPro. You have to give a name for the calculation
setup and save it. It will be discussed more in detail in the upcoming chapters.

2.4.4 Interpretation
The Interpretation option allows you to formulate the final conclusions of your project and the
text fields serve as a checklist of the issues to be addressed before completing your project.
Document Links provides website links to read more about amongst others the ‘ecoinvent’
libraries, and email addresses for specific questions about amongst others the ecoinvent
database.

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3 Building your first model

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3 Building your first model

What you will do Get hands-on experience in making an LCA model of different bicycle
frames, calculate the environmental impacts and interpret the results

Required Entry level Chapter 2 should be completed first

Recommended ‘Introduction to LCA with SimaPro’ Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5

reading

SimaPro license type SimaPro Classroom/Faculty/PhD/Analyst/Developer

In this chapter, from section 3.2.2, you will start to build the LCA model for the production of
different types of road bike frames, analyze it and compare their impacts.
First, the road bike life cycle is presented in section 3.1. This section contains not only the
information for modelling the frames in this chapter, but also for modelling the parts, the use
phase and the disposal stage in Chapter 4.

3.1 Overview of a road bike life cycle

Figure 3.1 The life cycle of a bike

You can see the life cycle of a road bike in Figure 3.1. In a real-life scenario, a bike is assembled
using a frame and different components like gears, wheels, brakes, etc. at a manufacturing plant.
It is packed and then transported to the final users via distributor organizations. During the use

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stage, the bike needs maintenance to ensure its smooth functioning. At the end of life, the bike is
either reused completely, dismantled with some components reused or disposed of with some
material recycling, incineration and landfill. Based on these life cycle processes, a bike model is
formulated below in section 3.1.1.

Fictional example
We used a fictitious example of the bike model in this tutorial since the main goal is to make you
understand the main SimaPro features with the help of a simple yet practical example.

3.1.1 The bike description

Introduction: As we saw above, a bike is assembled using different components and frames.
Most of the bike frames are made of one of the following four materials:
• Aluminium
• Titanium
• Carbon fiber
• Steel
Based on the assumption that the user would want to choose a road bike with an environmental-
friendly frame, this LCA bike project has the following goal:
Goal: The goal (to be reached in Chapter 4) is to analyze and compare the environmental impacts
over the entire life cycle of bike using four different frames (carbon fiber, titanium, aluminium
and steel).
Input data: The weights of the different bike frames are included in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Type of frames and their weight

Type of frame Weight (kg)

Aluminium 1.5
Titanium 1.36
PAN (PolyAcryloNitrile) carbon fiber 1
Steel 1.8

The bike is assembled using the components listed in Table 3.2 and packaging in Table 3.3. These
details are used to model the bikes in Chapter 4.

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Table 3.2 Details of the bike components

Type of frame Weight (g) Quantity

Groupset (Chain, cassette, crankset, 1676 1
derailleurs, shifters and other moving parts
of the bike)
Handlebar 350 1
Saddle 280 1
Set of brakes 679 1
Wheel 1400 2

Each wheel weighs 1400 grams. So, the total weight of the two wheels used in the bike is 2800
grams. The bike is packed using the material specified in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Packaging for the bike

Type of frame Weight (kg) Quantity

Cardboard 3 1

The following assumptions are made for the use and disposal stages of the bike:
• The bike is used in the Netherlands for a total of 100,000 km over a lifetime of 15 years
after which it is disposed.
• The bike is assembled in a manufacturing plant and transported to the final use location
in the Netherlands via distributors in a 4000 kg EURO5 truck over a total distance of 500
km. For your information, “EURO5” refers to vehicles manufactured according to the 5th
European Emission Standard. The European Emission Standard specifies the acceptable
exhaust emission limits for vehicles.
• During the use stage, the bike is taken to the maintenance center at least three times a
year in a medium-sized diesel fuel-powered EURO5 car over an average distance of 10 km
per trip (two-way).
• At the end of its lifetime, 30% of the bikes is reused completely, 65% of the bikes is
collected for processing and dismantled with partial reuse and the remaining 5% of the
bikes ends up as municipal solid waste resulting in material-dependent recycling,
incineration and landfilling.

Inventory data
The inventory data (materials and processes) for the production of different bike frames is
mentioned in the upcoming sections of this chapter. The inventory details for the different
components and other process details related to the bike disposal will be mentioned in Chapter
4.

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3.2 Modelling the bike

In this section, you will start modelling the bike by learning to enter its goal and scope details and
modelling the different bike frames. After opening SimaPro, and opening the standard
(Professional) database, select the project Tutorial and click Open. After that, select the libraries
you want to use. In this tutorial, we use ‘’Ecoinvent 3 – allocation, cut-off by classification –
system”. Please also select the “Methods” library for this project (and also for all the LCA projects
you do in the future using SimaPro) since you will need the methods for the impact assessment.

3.2.1 Goal and scope of the bike project

In this project, start modelling your bike by entering its basic details under Goal and Scope on the
left column:
By clicking on Description option,
1) Mention your name in the Author field. Leave out the Comment field.
2) Choose “Internal LCA” as the LCA type.
3) Under Goal field, enter “To compare the environmental impacts of bikes using different
frames over its entire life cycle”.
4) Leave out the Reason, Commissioner, Interested party and Practitioner fields for this
tutorial example.
5) In the functional unit field, enter “Cycling 100,000 km over a lifetime of 15 years”.

Functional unit of the bike

Following the same rule as mentioned in section 2.5.1, the functional unit of a bike can be
defined in the following way:

What Cycling

How far 100,000 km

How long A lifetime of 15 years

The functional unit in this case is: cycling 100,000 km over a lifetime of 15 years.

6) In the reference flows field, enter “One frame, two wheels, one handle bar, one groupset
(moving parts of the bike), a set of brakes, one saddle, one cardboard packaging”.

Reference flow of the bike

In accordance to the functional unit of a bike, the appropriate reference flows would be the
amount of products needed to fulfil the functional unit. These are one frame, two wheels, one
handlebar, one groupset (moving parts of the bike), a set of brakes, one saddle and one
cardboard packaging.

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7) Mention “Variable weights of bike”, “Variable types of materials” and “Variable

transportation distances” under the Alternative scenarios field, since we plan to do a
sensitivity analysis on these scenarios using parameters in Chapter 4.
8) After you enter all the above details, select Libraries on the left column (if you didn’t save
yet, you are asked to save) and select the “Ecoinvent 3 – allocation, cut-off by classification
– system” and “Methods” library for this project (if you didn’t select them yet). The
ecoinvent library was chosen since it is the most comprehensive one.

3.2.2 Bike frame inventory data

In this section, you are going to model the production stage impacts of the different bike frames
(aluminium, titanium, carbon fiber and steel). Enter the frame details and save them under a new
category. To create a new category, click on Processes, right-click Material and select New
Category. Enter Name as “_Different types of bike frame”. By starting this name with an
underscore it will appear on top of the list under Material.
We will show you how to model the aluminium frame under this category as an example after
which you will model the remaining frames as exercises under the same category. The aluminium
frame is constructed using the following materials and processes as shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Inventory data for the production of 1.5 kg of aluminium frame

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Processes > Materials > Metals > Non 1.579 kg 5% of production
primary, ingot {IAI Ferro > Market losses estimated
Area, EU27 &
EFTA}
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Powder coat, Processes >Processing > Metals > 0.375 m 2

aluminium sheet Coating > Market

{GLO}
Impact extrusion Processes > Processing > Metals > 1.51 kg
of aluminium, 3 Chipless shaping > Market
strokes {GLO}
Welding, arc, Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.75 m
aluminium {GLO} Welding >Market
Electricity, Processes > Energy > Electricity country 31.5 kWh Energy use for
medium voltage, mix > Medium voltage > Market bending,
aluminium hydroforming,
industry {IAI area, furnace, quench
EU27 & EFTA} tank and
screwing.
Output

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Outputs to technosphere: Waste treatment

Aluminium (waste Waste treatment > recycling > 0,079 kg Assuming that
treatment) {GLO} transformation production
losses need to be
treated (coating
ignored).

3.2.3 Modelling the aluminium frame

Modelling as process or as assembly?

The aluminium frame could be modelled directly as an assembly in Product stages instead of in a
Processes. In this case we model the aluminium frame as a process to be able to model
production waste correctly (both additional material needed and waste processing). To be able to
make use of the life cycle and disposal (waste scenario) features we still have to create an
assembly. In chapter 4, we will use the product stages and model the bike frame as an assembly.

1) Create a new process by selecting Processes in the Inventory column on the left and then
clicking on Processes > Material > _Different types of bike frames. Select New on the right
and name it “Aluminium frame” in Outputs to technosphere: Products and co-products
field. Enter its Amount as “1.5”, because the default Quantity is Mass with kg as default
Unit. Allocation will be the default: ‘100%’, since you allocate 100% of the environmental
impact to the only product produced: 1.5 kg aluminium frame. Choose Aluminium under
the Waste type field, since we are modelling an aluminium frame.
2) Under Inputs from technosphere: materials/fuels field, enter the materials and processes
involved to produce the aluminium frame as seen in Table 3.4. Select category Material,
sub-category Metals > Non Ferro > Market and then choose Aluminium, primary, ingot
{IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-off, S. Otherwise, you
can also click Show as list and then filter on the correspondence keywords (See Figure
3.2). Once the process is selected, fill in 1.579 as the amount and kg as the unit. Since
1.579 kg of primary aluminium ingot is used for producing the final aluminium frame with
a 5% production loss, you can mention this as an additional comment in the Comment
field.

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Figure 3.2 Filter on a material, product, or process

3) Following the same step in (2), enter the processes input for powder coat, impact
extrusion of aluminium, and welding using the data as stated in Table 3.4.
4) Under Inputs from technosphere: electricity/heat create a new line, select category
Energy, sub-category Electricity country mix > Medium Voltage > Market and choose
Electricity, medium voltage, aluminium industry {IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA}| market for
electricity, medium voltage, aluminium industry | Cut-off, S and enter its Amount as 31.5,
Unit as kWh, since ‘31.5’ kWh of electricity is used for bending, hydroforming, furnace,
quench tank and screwing processes during the frame production.

After all the materials and processes are entered, the window should look like Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 Material process (tab Input/output) with materials and processes for Aluminium frame

The emissions fields below (not seen in the window above) are left empty since we assume no
specific emissions in this process. In the materials and processes we made the links to under the
input from technosphere: materials/fuels fields emissions and waste treatment are included.

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5) To get our mass balance right for the treatment of scrap we include under Outputs to
technosphere: Waste treatment at the bottom of the process Aluminium (waste
treatment) {GLO}| recycling of aluminium | Cut-off, S 0.079 kg. This Aluminium (waste
treatment) is an empty process because of the cut-off at recycling.

(The powder coat mass is ignored for this tutorial example). The bottom part of your process tab
input/output should now look like Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Material process (tab Input/output) with Waste treatment process for Aluminium frame

The systems description and documentation tabs are also left empty for simplicity reasons. The
parameters tab will be discussed later in Chapter 4.

6) Save the aluminium frame model by pressing CTRL + S.

Tips for data search

When searching for a certain material or process, use the ‘Find’ function (CTRL + F) for a
quick overview. Enter your keyword in the ‘Text’ field, select which project or libraries you want to
search, and click ‘Find’. A list of records that match your keywords will appear. To find out more
about a record and its original source, either click ‘Go to’ or double-click on it.

3.2.4 Analysis of the aluminium bike frame

After you entered the inventory data for the aluminium frame and saved it, we need to calculate
results to view the environmental impacts of the aluminium frame. To do this, click on the
Network button or click Calculate menu at the top and then select Network or press F10 key.
Enter the following details in the Calculation setup window:
1) In the name field, enter “Network diagram of aluminium frame”. Leave the Comment field
empty.
2) Double-click the line under the Method field, choose Global on the left side and then
select ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) method. Choose World (2010) H/A below under the
Normalization/Weighting set. This method was chosen for this tutorial since it covers a
wide range of impact categories and includes weighting to calculate single score results.

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Selecting default method

You can set a method as default for your project, so you do not have to choose it every
time you perform a calculation. To do that, go to the Impact assessment menu on the LCA
explorer screen and click Methods. Under the Methods category, choose the corresponding
method and click ‘’Set as Default’’. A confirmation of your choice will be displayed.
For this tutorial, we use ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H)” with “World (2010) H/A”
Normalization/Weighting set as the default method.

3) Enter 1.5 kg under the Amount field for the aluminium frame, since we have to model the
impacts for assembly of 1.5 kg of aluminium frame.

The window should look like Figure 3.5 after entering all the details.

Figure 3.5 Calculation setup for Aluminium frame

Long-term emissions
Long-term emissions are emissions that occur after more than 100 years. When they are
assigned to specific subcategories (labeled ‘long term’), it’s possible to distinguish them from
emissions occurring within the first 100 years. See this article for examples.
There are two ways in which long-term emissions can influence your results.
The first one is by not taking the inventoried long-term emissions into account. Practically that is
a cut-off for emissions labeled as long-term. The “Exclude long-term emissions” checkbox in the
calculation setup (see Figure 3.5) can be used for this.
The second way, that long-term emissions can influence your results, is when the

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characterization factors in your method are different for long-term emissions. If there are no
separate characterization factors for long-term emissions present in the method, all emissions
will be treated equally.

4) Click on Calculate button at the bottom. If you did not already save this calculation setup,
there is a pop-up asking if you want to save the calculation setup first. You will then see
Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 Analyze Aluminium frame, Network diagram

Change the Network colors

Please note that the colors of the boxes may differ on your screen. You can define your
own color settings by right-clicking the background area and then selecting Colors.

With the node cut-off percentage (Figure 3.6) you can create a view only showing the most
contributing processes in your network. Processes that contribute less to a selected indicator
than the specified percentage will not be shown. If you set the cut-off percentage to zero, then
you will see all processes.

Using threshold for Network or Tree in SimaPro

The effect of using cut-off criteria can be seen in the process tree or network window in
SimaPro. In many LCAs, process trees become large. These process trees contain many
processes that have negligible contribution. This can be illustrated by setting the cut-off
threshold for displaying processes in the process tree at e.g. 0.1 % of the environmental load (for
a single score or an impact category). This way, it is much easier to see the relevant issues in the

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process tree. By default, SimaPro initially shows 12 nodes and displays the corresponding cut-off
percentage.

Now we will look at some of the Network tab features. Only the important features of Network
diagram will be discussed here. You can explore the remaining easy-to-understand features.

Exploring the Network tab

To deep dive further into how to get the most out of your results from the Network
window, please refer to this video.

Indicator type: here you can select which indicator, substance or product flow will be represented
by the thermometers in the nodes below. In the above figure for instance, the Single score type is
selected, which gives the single score environmental impact of the aluminium frame. If you take a
look at the thermometers and indicator values, you can see how many points each
material/process contributes to the aluminium frame production impact. In this case, aluminium
primary ingot material has the largest contribution. You can also explore other options like
Inventory, Characterization, Damage assessment, Normalization, Weighting and Single product
flow from the drop-down box.

Show cumulated indicators: This button allows you to see the flow indicator as an aggregated
result. Having this option selected, you can see the contributions of the different materials and
processes to the aluminium frame (top node) production impact. You can use the “Show
indicator as percentage” button (to show the relative contribution in percentages) only when this
button is selected.

Show flow indicator in line width: This option allows you to create a Sankey diagram. This means
that the thickness of the flow line depends on their environmental impact (as seen in Figure 3.6).
If you deselect this option, the flow lines will be represented by identical arrows throughout the
network model.

Navigator: This feature is used to navigate through the nodes in Tree/Network. You can zoom in
or out and drag the blue box to determine what you want to see in your screen. Use the fit to
page button to reset the setting and show the full Tree/Network again in your screen.

Show analysis groups: For better understanding, the use of this button will be explained in
Chapter 4. The main difference between Network and Tree view (the latter is not available in
SimaPro Classroom and Faculty versions) is that the Tree view doesn’t use looped data whilst the
Network view uses looped data.

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When you click on the Impact assessment tab, you will see Figure 3.7 which shows the
characterization result of the production of 1.5 kg of the aluminium frame:

Figure 3.7 Analyze Aluminium frame, Characterization results

Network vs Tree
When showing the data as Network, every process is only shown once while when choosing Tree,
each process is shown with its inputs. For example, if there are two processes referring to the
same process, it will be shown twice in Tree but only once in Network. This makes the structure
for Tree can easily become large but easier to understand because everything is shown and vice
versa for Network. Please keep in mind that you cannot show looped data in Tree, otherwise, the
number of processes would become infinitely large. Showing looped data is only possible in
Network.

Showing the full legend and axis

Depending on the number of items in the legend and the length of item names, you may
notice that sometimes not all items are shown in SimaPro. You may also see that some texts on
the axis are cropped, depending on the method used. To show the complete text, you can try to
change the font to a smaller size via Tools > Option > Desktop > Font or simply change the
position of the legend by right-clicking on the white space of the chart area > Edit chart
properties > Legend > Position. Under the same right-click menu, you can also copy the chart to
Excel to show all data. Excel will open automatically and create a new sheet that includes 2 tabs:
one for the chart and one for the data. Please note that this feature is not available in SimaPro
Classroom and Faculty licenses.

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Figure 3.7 shows the percentages of environmental impacts (characterized results) of the
different materials and processes used for manufacturing the aluminium frame with respect to
the various midpoint impact categories. Click on the “Show table icon” if you want to see the
different impact category values according to their corresponding units (in numbers) instead of
percentages. The “Chart settings” icon allows you to change the colors of the graph bars, series
and background, and it allows you to edit the legends and axes of the graph.

How to interpret the characterization results?

Simply click on the bar chart columns to see the exact percentage contribution of the different
materials and processes to the corresponding impact category. In this figure, you can check that
for the global warming impact, the aluminium primary ingot material causes 62.8% of its impact,
powder coating the aluminium sheet (4.72%), the electricity usage (22.1%) and the impact
extrusion of aluminium (9.43%). The remaining global warming impact percentage is caused due
to welding. Similarly, you can interpret the results for the remaining impact categories.

When you click on the Damage Assessment tab, you will see Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 Analyze Aluminium frame, Damage assessment

The damage assessment results are similar to the characterization results above but now the
endpoint indicators (Damage to Human health, Ecosystems and Resources) of the ReCiPe impact
assessment method are calculated. The difference is in the damage assessment, results are
presented in a more aggregated manner. You can read more about the midpoint and endpoint
impact categories of the ReCiPe impact assessment method and all other methods in SimaPro in
the Methods manual.
How to interpret the damage assessment results?
Figure 3.8 shows that the use of the aluminium primary ingot has the largest contribution to
human health (68.9%), ecosystems (62.6%) and resources (71.1%). When you select the Per
impact category box, you will again see the characterization results of the aluminium frame.

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When you click on the Normalization tab, you will see Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9 Analyze Aluminium frame, Normalization results

In this figure you can see the normalized contribution of the different materials and processes to
the impacts of the aluminium frame production. These results express the relative contribution
of the different materials and processes used for the aluminium frame to the average
environmental impact of one person in the world per year, since you chose World (2010) H/A
Normalization/Weighting set while selecting the impact assessment method.

How to interpret the normalized results?

When you click on the Show table icon at the top, you can see the normalized score of the
materials and processes involved in the production of the aluminium frame for the various
damage categories. See Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10 Analyze Aluminium frame, Normalization results (damage category, table)

For instance in this case, you can see that the production of the aluminium frame has an overall
normalized score of 0.0033 for the Human health damage category, which implies that the
environmental impact for production of 1.5 kg of the aluminium frame is equivalent to the
human health damage impact caused by 0.0033 person per year or 0.33% of human health
damage caused by an average person in a year on a world level. Similarly, you can interpret the
results for the remaining damage categories or according to the specific materials/processes.
Select the Per impact category box to see normalized scores according to the different midpoint
impact categories. You will now see a table like Figure 3.11.

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Figure 3.11 Analyze Aluminium frame, Normalization results (impact category, table)

When you click on the Weighting tab, Show chart and deselecting Per impact category again, you
will see Figure 3.12.

Figure 3.12 Analyze Aluminium frame, Weighting results

The figure above shows the weighted results for the production of the aluminium frame.
Weighting multiplies the normalized results of the different midpoint impact/damage (endpoint)
categories with a weighting factor that shows the relative importance of the impact/damage
category.

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Weighting
Weighting is the fourth (optional) step in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). It involves the
multiplication of the normalized results of the different impact categories with a weighting factor
which expresses the relative importance of each impact category. Weighting is considered as a
controversial subject in LCA since in many cases, you will need to make trade-offs between
different impact categories. Therefore, the outcome of your LCA studies can change depending
on the weights assigned to the impact categories. More explanation about weighting can be
found in the Introduction to LCA manual.

How to interpret the weighting results?

This is similar to interpreting the normalized scores. For instance, in this case the production of
1.5 kg of the aluminium frame has an overall weighted score of 1.37 Pt (click on Show table icon
at the top to see this value) which means that the production impact of 1.5 kg of the aluminium
frame is equivalent to that of the impact caused by an average of 1.37 persons in the world per
year. The unit used for expressing the environmental impact is Pt (Points).

When you click on the Single score tab, you will see Figure 3.13.

Figure 3.13 Analyze Aluminium frame, Single score results

This figure shows the single score results for the production of the aluminium frame. This
method gives the environmental impacts of the different materials and processes used for the
aluminium frame production in a single score.

How to interpret the single score results?

It is the same as the weighting scores interpretation. In this case, the single score results are
expressed in mPt (millipoints) which is equivalent to 1/1000th of a point. Select the Default units
box at the top to express the results in Points (Pt).

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To see the environmental impacts caused by the different inventory substances for the different
materials and processes involved in the production of the aluminium frame click on Inventory
tab. You will see a window similar to Figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14 Analyze Aluminium frame, tab Inventory

This inventory window has many different features.

1) You can sort the order of the substances with a click on the Substance heading (shown in
Figure 3.14).
2) You can select the drop-down box of Compartment option to view the environmental
impacts of different inventory substances according to their compartments (raw material,
air borne emission, water borne emission, etc.).
3) Select the Indicator drop down box to view the characterized results, the damage
assessment, the normalized results, the weighted results or the single score.
Select Single score before continuing.
4) Adjust the Cut-off percentage at the top (next to Indicator drop down box), to adjust the
number of inventory substances shown in the table. For example, if the cut-off is adjusted
to 2%, this analysis will show all the inventory substances in the network that contribute
more than 2% of the total environmental impact (Single score).

Using threshold in the contribution analysis

Using the cut-off feature in the contribution analysis gives you the relative contribution per
process in a list of processes. A process that is used more than once may have a small
contribution in each instance, but the total contribution of all instances can still be significant.
Contribution analysis shows this total contribution.

Right-click on the selected values to explore more options to specify the results.
To see the environmental impact contribution of each material/process to the production of the
aluminium frame, click on Process contribution tab. You will see a similar window like Figure 3.15.

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Figure 3.15 Analyze Aluminium frame, tab Process contribution

Click on the Show chart icon to view these results in the form of a graph. You will see the results
similar Figure 3.16 when single score is selected, and the cut-off is set to 2%.

Figure 3.16 Analyze Aluminium frame, tab Process contribution (chart)

From Figure 3.16, you can see that use of the aluminium primary ingot material is the main
contributor to the environmental impact of the aluminium frame production.
When you click on the Setup tab, on the first tab (General) you can view the impact assessment
method and model details you entered for determining the impacts (as earlier shown in Figure
3.5).
The Checks tab (Figure 3.17) allows you to check which (and how many) substances in your model
do not have a characterization factor in the used method (here: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H)).

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Figure 3.17 Analyze Aluminium frame, tab Checks - Check on missing characterization factors

In this case, 573 substances are not defined. This is not unusual since we strive for inventories to
be complete regardless of the presence of characterization factors.

Flows without characterization factor

When there is no characterization factor available in a method this can mean two things: there is
no environmental impact of a certain substance according to that method, or there is simply no
characterization factor determined within this method. You can assume that in the methods of
the standard database characterization factors for the most relevant substances are included,
but it might be good to check the list of substances not defined in used methods. If you for
instance create a new process with an airborne emission called “CO 2” this will not be
characterized with the present methods because they refer to this substance as “Carbon
dioxide”.

The Product overview tab (Figure 3.18) gives you an overview of the library you have chosen, the
project you are working on and the materials/processes used in your model.

Figure 3.18 Analyze Aluminium frame, tab Product overview

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3.3 Exercises
This section contains exercises to let you model the rest of the frames directly in SimaPro.
1) The functional unit of the bike model (cycling 100,000 kilometer over a lifetime of 15
years) was chosen since we are doing a cradle-to-grave modelling of the bike. What would
be the functional unit if you only want to model the manufacturing stage impacts (cradle-
to-gate modelling) of the bike?
2) Model the remaining titanium, carbon fiber and steel frames similar to how we modelled
the aluminium frame. Create a new process for these frames under “Processes>
Material> _Different types of bike frames” category, enter the corresponding frame
details and save them {CTRL + S} using the names “Titanium frame”, “PAN carbon fiber
frame” and “Steel frame” respectively. Choose the waste types as “Non-Ferro”, “Others”
and “Steel” for the titanium, PAN carbon fiber and Steel frames respectively. Similar to the
above example, the environmental impacts of the frames are allocated to 100% of their
mass.

The titanium, carbon fiber and steel frame production inventory details are shown in

Table 3.5 to Table 3.7.

Table 3.5 Inventory data for the production of 1.36 kg of titanium frame

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Titanium {GLO} Processes > Material > Metals > Non- 1.43 kg 5% production
Ferro > Market losses estimated
Tap water {Europe Processes > Material > Water > Drinking 0.408 kg -
without water > Market
Switzerland}
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Powder coat, Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.34 m 2
Aluminium
aluminium sheet Coating > Market assumed, since
{GLO} processes for
titanium aren’t
available.
Welding, arc, Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.68 m -
aluminium {GLO} Welding > Market
Output
Outputs to technosphere: Waste treatment
Steel and iron Waste treatment > Recycling > 0,07 kg Steel and iron
(waste treatment) Transformation (this is an empty
{GLO}| recycling process) chosen
as proxy to reach

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input/output
balance (coating
ignored).
Wastewater, Waste treatment > Waste water 0.408 l assuming all
average {Europe Treatment > Market 0.408 kg input
without needs to be
Switzerland} treated and that
the water is
moderately
polluted

Table 3.6 Inventory data for the production of 1 kg of PAN carbon fiber frame

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Acrylonitrile- Processes > Material > Chemicals > 2.25 kg -
butadiene-styrene Organic > Market
copolymer {GLO}
Dimethylacetamid Processes > Material > Chemicals > 0.0306 kg
e {GLO} Organic > Market
Injection moulding Processes > Processing > Plastics > 1 kg -
{GLO} Market
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Electricity, low Processes > Energy > Electricity country 58 kWh -
voltage {GLO} mix > Low voltage > Market
Heat, district or Processes > Energy > Heat > Others > 237,3 MJ
industrial, other Market
than natural gas
{GLO}
Output
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Carbon dioxide, Airborne emission 1,06 kg
fossil
Outputs to technosphere: Waste treatment
Waste asphalt Waste treatment > Others > Market 0,22 Proxy for carbon
{RoW} fiber waste

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Table 3.7 Inventory data for the production of 1.8 kg of Steel frame

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Chromium steel Processes > Material > Metals > Ferro > 1.894 kg 5% production
pipe {GLO} Market losses estimated
Tap water {Europe Processes > Material > Water > Drinking 0.54 kg -
without water > Market
Switzerland}
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Powder coat, steel Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.45 m2 -
{GLO} Coating > Market
Welding, arc, steel Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.9 m -
{GLO} Welding > Market
Output
Outputs to technosphere: Waste treatment
Steel and iron Waste treatment > Recycling > 0,094 kg To reach
(waste treatment) Transformation input/output
{GLO}| recycling balance (coating
ignored)
Wastewater, Waste treatment > Waste water 0.54 l Assuming all 0.54
average {Europe Treatment > Market kg input needs to
without be treated and
Switzerland} that the water is
moderately
polluted

3.4 Comparison of the frames

When you finish entering all the frame details and save them, click on Compare icon at the top.
Enter the following details in the calculation setup window which opens after clicking the
Compare icon:
1) Enter “Comparison of bike frames” in the Name field. Under Method, the ReCiPe impact
assessment method is already selected by default (please refer to section 3.2.4 to see
how to select a default method).
2) Select the models of which you want to compare the impacts in the Product field. In this
case, select the four frames and enter their weight and unit in the Amount and Unit fields.
The window looks like Figure 3.19 after entering all the details.

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Figure 3.19 Calculation setup for comparison of the four frames

3) Click Calculate at the bottom.

You will see a window similar to Figure 3.20 (if you have entered all the relevant frame details and
followed the steps above) when you click on Single score on the Impact assessment tab.
4,4

4,2

3,8

3,6

3,4

3,2

2,8

2,6

2,4
Pt

2,2

1,8

1,6

1,4

1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

Frame aluminium Frame titanium Frame PAN carbon fiber Frame steel

Human health Ecosystems Resources

Method: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.08 / World (2010) H/A / Single score
Comparing 1 p 'Frame aluminium', 1 p 'Frame titanium', 1 p 'Frame PAN carbon fiber' and 1 p 'Frame steel';

Figure 3.20 Comparison of the different types of bike frame impacts

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In this figure you can see that the production of a steel frame has the lowest impact, whilst the
production of the PAN carbon fiber frame has the highest impact.
You can check the different options and features mentioned above for better understanding and
interpretation of the factors influencing the impacts. You can use different impact assessment
methods to verify your results.

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4 Building an advanced
model

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4 Building an advanced model

What you will do Model bicycle components, compare the life cycle impacts of bikes
using different frames and interpret the results

Required Entry level Chapter 2 and 3 should be completed first

Recommended reading ‘Introduction to LCA with SimaPro’ Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5

SimaPro license type SimaPro Classroom/Faculty/PhD/Analyst/Developer

Please note that the ‘Tree’ feature is not available in the Classroom
and Faculty licenses of SimaPro

In the previous chapter, you learned to model the different types of racing bike frames. In this
chapter, you will learn to model the racing bike components and bike packaging in addition to
the use and disposal stage processes of the bike. This will be done under the Inventory > Product
stages category in SimaPro.

4.1 Saddle sub-assembly

In this section, we will model the saddle of the bike. We will also provide some data on the other
components of a road bike. You can use this data to model the remaining components of the
bike. The production details for these components are mentioned below.

Objective: A saddle of weight 280 grams is to be modelled.

Given: The inventory data to produce a saddle is presented in Table 4.1.

Modelling bike components and packaging

We model the bike components and bike packaging as an assembly (in product stages). This
allows us to make use of waste scenarios to model the end-of-life. You can refer to section 2.5.2
for further explanation between modelling in processes and in product stages.

Table 4.1 Production details for the bike saddle (280 grams)

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 100 g Saddle mounting
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market rails
{GLO}

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Ethylene vinyl Assemblies and materials > Material > 30 g Saddle cover
acetate copolymer Plastics > Thermoplasts > Market
{RER}
Polyethylene, high Assemblies and materials > Material > 100 g Plastic saddle
density, granulate Plastics > Thermoplasts > Market shell
{GLO}
Polyurethane, Assemblies and materials > Material > 50 g Foam
flexible foam Plastics > Thermosets > Market
{RER}
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Injection moulding Processes > Processing > Plastics > 100 g Moulding the
{GLO} Market plastic shell

Steps:
1) Open the existing project “Tutorial”, where you modelled the different bike frames.
2) In Inventory on the left, select Product stages. Go to Product stages > Assembly > Others
and click on New on the right side. Type Saddle in the name field to create a new
assembly for the saddle.
3) Enter the materials and process used for the assembling the saddle as listed in Table 4.1.
4) Once you finish entering all the materials and process details, save the saddle assembly.
The saddle assembly window will look like Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Assembly of saddle

4.1.1 Exercise
Model the remaining bike components and the bike packaging in product stages as new
assemblies: the handlebar, groupset (chain, cassette, crankset, derailleurs, shifters, and other
moving parts of the bike), a pair of brakes and wheels.

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You can find the inventory details for these components in Table 4.2 to Table 4.6. Create separate
sub-assemblies for each of these components under the product stages, name them as
“Handlebar”, “Groupset”, “Brakes”, “Wheels”, “Packaging of the bike (cardboard)’’. Do not forget to
save the part sub-assemblies after entering all details.

Table 4.2 Inventory data for the handlebar (350 grams)

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 300 g Handlebar
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market material
{GLO}
Polyurethane, Assemblies and materials > Material > 50 g Handlebar tape
flexible foam Plastics > Thermosets > Market
{RER}
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Section bar Processes > Processing > Metals > 300 g Aluminium
extrusion, Chipless shaping > Market processing (this
aluminium {GLO} process includes
1,3% aluminium
input and waste
treatment to
compensate for
production
losses)

Table 4.3 Inventory data for the groupset (1676 grams)

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 378 g Crankset
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 225 g Derailleur (back)
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 95 g Derailleur (front)
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 47 g Bottom bracket
wrought alloy Metals>Alloys>Market
{GLO}

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Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 160 g Shifters

wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Glass fibre Assemblies and materials > Material > 30 g Bottom bracket
reinforced plastic, Plastics > Thermoplasts > Market
polyamide,
injection moulded
{GLO}
Glass fibre Assemblies and materials > Material > 40 g Shifters
reinforced plastic, Plastics > Thermoplasts > Market
polyamide {GLO}
Iron-nickel- Assemblies and materials > Material > 294 g Cassette
chromium alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Steel, chromium Assemblies and materials > Material > 257 g Chain
steel 18/8 {GLO} Metals > Ferro > Market
Steel, chromium Assemblies and materials > Material > 100 g Cable for shifters
steel 18/8 {GLO} Metals > Ferro > Market
Synthetic rubber Assemblies and materials > Material > 50 g Shifters
{GLO} Plastics > Rubber > Market
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Wire drawing, Processes > Processing > Metals > 100 g For shaping the
steel {GLO} Chipless shaping >Market shifter cables
(This process
includes 4,3%
production
waste and the
associated
additional steel
production and
waste
treatment.)

Table 4.4 Inventory data for the brakes (679 grams)

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 379 g Brake mounts
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Synthetic rubber Assemblies and materials > Material > 200 g Blocks (4 pieces)
{GLO} Plastics > Rubbers > Market

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Steel, chromium Assemblies and materials > Material > 100 g Brake cables
steel 18/8 {GLO} Metals > Ferro > Market
Processes input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Wire drawing, Processes > Processing > Metals > 100 g For shaping
steel {GLO} Chipless shaping > Market brake cables

Table 4.5 Inventory data for a pair of wheels (together 2800 grams)

Materials input
Data Simapro category Amount Comment
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 1880 g Rim
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Aluminium, Assemblies and materials > Material > 150 g Spokes
wrought alloy Metals > Alloys > Market
{GLO}
Synthetic rubber Assemblies and materials > Material > 270 g Inner tire
{GLO} Plastics > Rubber > Market
Synthetic rubber Assemblies and materials > Material > 450 g Outer tire
{GLO} Plastics > Rubber > Market
Nylon 6 {RER} Assemblies and materials > Material > 50 g Rim type
Plastics > Thermoplasts > Market
Processes input
Data Simapro category Amount Comment
Welding, arc, Processes > Processing > Metals > 0.10 m Welding the
aluminium {GLO} Welding > Market aluminium
materials

Table 4.6 Packaging for the bike (cardboard; 3 kg)

Materials input
Data SimaPro category Amount Comment
Corrugated board Assemblies and materials > Material > 3000 g -
box {RER} Paper + Board > Corrugated board >
Market

4.2 Final bike assembly

Once you have entered the details for all the components and saved them, you have to link these
components with the different bike frames (which we already modelled in the last chapter) in
order to create the final bike assembly.

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Before we model the final bike assemblies for the bikes using different frames, we have to create
separate assemblies for the different frames (aluminium, titanium, PAN Carbon Fiber and Steel)
under Product stages > Assembly >Others. This way, we can link them as sub-assemblies in the
corresponding final bike assemblies. Follow this step to create a separate assembly for the
aluminium frame:

1) Double-click on Product stages > Assembly > Others and click on New on the right side.
Under Name, enter Frame aluminium and under Materials/Assemblies field, double-click
the Add line and select the Aluminium frame under the corresponding Materials category
on the left (which we modelled in Chapter 3). In this case, it was under Assemblies and
materials > Material >_Different types of bike frames category. Under the Amount field,
enter 1.5 and under Unit, choose kg since we modelled 1.5 kg of aluminium frame. After
you enter the details, the window should look like in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 Assembly of frame aluminium

Follow the same steps to create separate assemblies for the remaining frames you modelled as
Processes and enter corresponding details. The weights of the frames already mentioned in
Table 3.1 in Chapter 3. Don’t start the exercises unless you finish creating these assembly models
for the remaining frames.
The next step is then to model four separate final bike assemblies using the four different bike
frames (aluminium, titanium, PAN carbon fiber and steel). You then link them with these frames
and components assemblies since you have to compare the environmental impacts of the bikes
using these four different frames. Follow these steps to model the aluminium frame final bike
assembly:
2) Create a new assembly in Product stages (click on Assembly > Others and click on New on
the right side). Name it Bike Assembly (Aluminium frame).
3) Double-click Add line under Materials/Assemblies and select the Frame Aluminium
assembly you have modelled above (Assembly > Others > Frame Aluminium). Enter 1 as
amount (the unit is p from ‘piece’).

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Unit ‘’p’’ in SimaPro

In SimaPro, with amount as quantity, the unit p is most often used as an abbreviation for ‘piece’.
Other occurring uses in SimaPro are ‘guestnight’ (used in ecoinvent processes) and ‘person’.

4) Now add another line under Materials/Assemblies, and choose the Groupset part you
have modelled in the Assembly category. Enter 1 as amount.
5) Follow the above step for the remaining components you modelled. The amount is the
same for every assembly: 1 p.
6) In the processes field, select Transport > Road > Market > Infrastructure and select Road
vehicle factory {GLO}| market for road vehicle factory | Cut-off, S and enter the value
9.3693E-10 as the amount. This road vehicle factory process reflects the bike assembly
hall needed to assemble the bike. This value was obtained from the ecoinvent database
for the average production of one bike.

You will see (Figure 4.3) once you have followed the steps above.

Figure 4.3 Assembly of bike (aluminium frame)

4.2.1 Exercise
Similar to the example we modelled above, create the bike assemblies for the remaining bike
frames (Titanium, PAN carbon fiber and Steel) using the “Copy” function. To do that, click Bike
Assembly (Aluminium Frame) model you just created under Product stages > Assembly > Others
and select Copy on the right. Enter the name of the corresponding bike frame assembly and
swap the aluminium frame with the corresponding bike frame (Titanium/PAN carbon fiber/Steel
frame). Enter the names as Bike Assembly (Titanium frame), Bike Assembly (PAN carbon fiber
frame), Bike Assembly (Steel frame) for the Titanium, PAN carbon fiber and Steel frames
respectively.

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4.3 Use stage of the bike

Once the production of the bikes is modelled in SimaPro, model its use stage processes under
Product stages > Life cycle option. In this section we will explain how to model the use stage
processes of the bike using the aluminium frame.
Objective: To model the use stage processes of the bike using the aluminium frame.
Given: The modelling information (section 3.1.1), gives us the following details:

• The entire lifetime of each bike for all the frames is 15 years.
• The bike is transported 500 km from the manufacturing plant to the store location in a
EURO5 truck. Use Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, euro5 {RER}, market for this
transportation process.
• For maintenance of the bikes assume three times a year. This involves transport to the
maintenance center in a medium-sized EURO5 diesel fueled passenger car for an average
distance of 10 km per round trip (i.e., 30 km per year corresponding to 450 km over total
lifetime of the bike).

The total weight of each bike was calculated by adding up the weights of the components (5.785
kg), the different frames and its packaging (3 kg). The weights of the different bike frames are
mentioned in Table 3.1 in Chapter 3. See Table 4.7 for the total weight of the bikes, including
packaging.

Table 4.7 Total weight of the bike for different frames and including 3 kg packaging

Type of bike frame Total bike weight (kg)

Aluminium 10.285
Titanium 10.145
PAN carbon fiber 9.785
Steel 10.585

Steps:

1) Create a new life cycle model for the bike using the aluminium frame by clicking on Life
cycle > Others under Product stages and click on New on the right side. Name it as Bike
life cycle (Aluminium frame) under the Name field.

2) Double-click the line under Assembly field. Select the Bike Assembly (Aluminium frame)
from the Assembly category and enter 1 as the amount (unit is p) since you have to
model the use-stage impact for one piece of aluminium bike.

3) Enter the bike transportation details from the manufacturing to use location. To do this,
double-click the line below Processes field, click on category Transport > Road > Market
and then choose Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, euro5 {RER}| market for
transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO5 | Cut-off, S, since we assume this truck
type is used to transport the bike from the manufacturing to use location. Using the
formula in the Background data for freight transport, the transport needed to transport
10.285 kg of bike over 500 km distance is 5142.5 kgkm. Thus, enter 5142.5 as amount and
select kgkm as unit.

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4) In a new line, enter the transportation values involved for the bike maintenance
(transportation to the maintenance center).

Since a medium-sized diesel fuel powered EURO5 car is used for taking the bike to the
maintenance center, double-click Processes field, double-click category Transport > Road
> Market and then choose Transport, passenger car, medium size, diesel, EURO 5 {GLO}|
market for transport, passenger car, medium size, diesel, EURO 5 | Cut-off, S, and enter
the Amount as 450 with its unit as km, since that is the total distance travelled to the
maintenance center over the entire bike lifetime.

5) Under Waste/Disposal scenario, double-click the line, click on New on the right side in the
ensuing window and enter Name as “Disposal of bike (aluminium frame)”. We will see
how to enter details for this disposal scenario in the next section.

6) Save the life cycle model.

After all these details are entered, the window will look like Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Lifecycle of bike (aluminium frame)

4.3.1 Exercise
Similar to the example above, model the use stage impacts for the remaining bike frames
titanium, carbon fiber, and steel and save them under the names Bike life cycle (Titanium frame),
Bike life cycle (Carbon fiber frame), Bike life cycle (Steel frame) respectively. The transportation
details for the bikes using these frames is similar to the bike using aluminium frame as well. The
total weights of the bikes using different frames can be found in Table 4.7 Under Waste/Disposal
scenario, create disposal scenarios for these frames and name them as Disposal of bike (titanium
frame), Disposal of bike (PAN carbon fiber frame), Disposal of bike (steel frame) for the titanium,
PAN carbon fiber and Steel frames respectively as we did for the aluminium frame bike.

4.4 Disposal of the bike

Enter the disposal details of the bike after entering its production and use stage processes under
Product stages > Disposal scenario > Others category. Similar to the pattern followed above, we
will explain how to model the disposal process of the bikes using aluminium frames. From this
you will model the disposal processes for the remaining bike frames as part of the exercises.
Objective: To model the disposal stage of the bike using aluminium frame.

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Given: We assume (from section 3.1.1) for the bike’s end of life that:
• 30% is reused completely
• 65% is collected as bulky waste for further processing, with some components being
reused
• 5% ends up directly as municipal solid waste

Assumptions: We make the following additional assumptions with respect to the different types
of bike disposal:
• The 30% of the bikes that will be reused are transported in a EURO 5 truck over a
distance of 2000 km in order to reuse it in a different country.
• The 65% bikes collected as bulky waste for processing, are transported to a waste
management service company over a distance of 200 km in a EURO5 truck. Use Market
type {RER} for this transportation process. At the waste management service company
the bike is disassembled.
o A part of the different bike frames and components will be disassembled for
reuse. The disassembly percentages and the actual reuse percentages (%) thereof
are mentioned in Table 4.8.
o The remaining percentage per component is assumed to be treated as municipal
solid waste in the Netherlands through “Municipal solid waste (waste scenario)
{NL}| Treatment of waste | Cut-off, S”, which entails different percentages per
material/waste type separated from the waste stream for material recycling. Take
a look at this process in SimaPro (Processes > Waste scenario > Municipal >
Municipal solid waste (waste scenario) {NL}| Treatment of waste | Cut-off, S) for
details (Figure 4.5).

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Figure 4.5 Municipal solid waste process in SimaPro

Table 4.8 Disassembly and Reuse percentages of different bike components collected as bulky waste

Components Disassembly Names of the disposal Reuse

percentage (%) scenarios for components percentage (%)
Aluminium frame 50 Disposal of aluminium frame 20
Titanium frame 50 Disposal of titanium frame 20
Carbon fiber frame 50 Disposal of carbon fiber frame 20
Steel frame 50 Disposal of steel frame 20
Saddle 40 Disposal of the saddle 25
Handlebar 30 Disposal of handlebar 5
Groupset 0 Disposal of groupset 0
Wheels 35 Disposal of the wheels 25
Set of brakes 0 Disposal of the brakes 0
Cardboard packaging 0 Packaging disposal of the bike 0

• The 5% that ends up as municipal solid waste is assumed to be treated as municipal solid
waste in the Netherlands through “Municipal solid waste (waste scenario) {NL}|
Treatment of waste | Cut-off, S”.

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Steps:
1) You have already created a disposal scenario for the bike with the aluminium frame in the
previous section. You can find it under Product stages > Disposal scenario > Others and
select Disposal of bike (aluminium frame). Now enter the corresponding details under this
model by following the next few steps.

Referring to Assembly field

The corresponding bike assembly ‘Bike Assembly (Aluminium Frame)’ is already linked under the
Referring to assembly field for this disposal scenario.

2) Leave the Processes field empty since there is no separate waste associated with the bike
except for its packaging which is assumed to be separated by the consumer itself.
3) Since 5% of the bikes after its lifetime directly ends up as municipal solid waste in the
Netherlands, double-click the line under Waste scenarios field, select Municipal category
and then select “Municipal solid waste (waste scenario) {NL}| Treatment of waste | Cut-
off, S” and enter 5% in the percentage field.
4) Since 65% of the bikes are collected for processing, double-click the line under
Disassemblies field and create a new disassembly model for the bike using aluminium
frame. Click New on the right side and enter the name of your model as ‘Disassembly of
bike (aluminium frame)’ and click OK. In the percentage field, enter 65%.
5) Since 30% of the bikes are assumed to be reused, double-click the line under Reuses field
and similar to the above step, create a reuse model for the bike using aluminium frame.
Click New on the right side and enter the name of your model as ‘Reuse of bike
(aluminium frame)’ and click OK. In the percentage field, enter 30%.
6) Save this disposal scenario.

After all the details are entered the disposal scenario window will look like Figure 4.6.

Figure 4.6 Disposal scenario of bike (aluminium frame)

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4.4.1 Exercise
Enter the details for the corresponding disposal scenarios of the bikes using “Titanium”, “PAN
carbon fiber” and “Steel” frames. You already created the (still empty) disposal scenarios for these
bike frames in the previous exercise in section 4.3.1.

4.5 Disassembly
In the previous step, you created a new disassembly for the bike with aluminium frame named as
Disassembly of bike (aluminium frame). You can find this disassembly by clicking on Disassembly
> Others under Product stages. This disassembly is empty, and it needs to be filled. Enter the
relevant details for this disassembly by following these steps:

Referring to assembly field

The corresponding bike assembly ‘Bike Assembly (Aluminium Frame)’ is already linked under the
Referring to assembly field for this disassembly.

1) Under Processes field, enter the transportation details involved with the respect to the
dismantling of the bike: Double-click the line below Processes field, click category
Transport > Road > Market and then choose Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton,
euro5 {RER}| market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO5 | Cut-off, S,
assuming that this type of truck is used to transport the bike to the waste service
company for disassembling it. The amount is 1457 kgkm.
2) Create disposal scenarios for the disposal of an aluminium frame and the components
used for assembling the Bike Assembly (Aluminium Frame) by double-clicking the empty
line next to each correspondence sub-assembly. Click on New on the right side. In the
ensuing window, enter the names of the disposal scenarios for the aluminium frame and
the different components as mentioned in Table 4.8 above. You can skip the groupset, set
of brakes and cardboard packaging since we assume that they are not separated as sub-
assemblies but are directly treated as municipal solid waste.

Separation of sub-assemblies field

The sub-assemblies used for this disassembly will already be linked under the Sub-assembly
field.

3) Enter the disassembly percentages of the bike frame and other components from Table
4.8 in the Percentage field.
4) In the Waste scenarios field, Select Municipal category and then choose “Municipal solid
waste (waste scenario) {NL}| Treatment of waste” and then enter 100% under the
Percentage field, since the components which aren’t separated are assumed to be
processed as municipal solid waste in the Netherlands. The Waste scenarios field should
always be equal to 100%. If not equal to 100%, SimaPro will show an error, since these
remaining components have to be disposed of completely.
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After all the details are entered, the disassembly model window will look similar to Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7 Disassembly scenario of bike (aluminium frame)

Note that the “Set of brakes”, ‘’Groupset’’ and “Packaging of the bike (cardboard)” sub-assemblies
are visible in this disassembly. Because the associated percentages are 0 it is fine to leave the
disposal scenario empty. Alternatively you might want to give these disposal scenarios a name.
By doing so (empty) scenarios are created but it will not be used because of the percentage being
0.

4.5.1 Components disposal scenario’s

In the previous section, we created disposal scenarios for the framesand bike components. You
can find these models by double-clicking on Disposal scenario > Others under Product stages.
These disposal scenarios are still empty. We already mentioned (under section 4.4) that the
separated bike frames and components are partly reused. Follow the steps below to enter the
disposal scenarios of the different frames and components concerned. In this case, we enter the
details for the Disposal of aluminium frame model:
1) Select Product stages > Disposal scenario > Others to the left and select ‘Disposal of
frame aluminium’ model on the right.
2) In this disposal scenario, under Waste scenarios field, double-click the line and select
“Municipal solid waste (waste scenario) {NL}| Treatment of waste | Cut-off, S” and enter
80% under Percentage, since 80% of the frames are assumed to be discarded as
municipal solid waste.
3) Under the Reuses field, double-click Add line and select New. Give this reuse product
stage a name like “Reuse of frame (aluminium)”. Enter 20% under Percentage. The
window now looks like Figure 4.8:

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Figure 4.8 Disposal scenario of aluminium frame

4) Save this Disposal of frame aluminium model.

Do not forget to enter the details for the remaining bike components (saddle, handlebar, set of
wheels) disposal scenarios using the reuse percentages as stated in Table 4.8 before you start
solving 4.5.2 Exercise.

4.5.2 Exercise
Create disassembly models for the bikes using Titanium, PAN carbon fiber and Steel frames
similar to how we built the disassembly model for the bike using Aluminium frame as above.
Name them as Disassembly of bike (Titanium frame), Disassembly of bike (PAN carbon fiber
frame) and Disassembly of bike (Steel frame) respectively. Create disposal scenarios for the
corresponding frames (as we did for the aluminium frame above) and enter the corresponding
details. Link the already created disposal scenarios for the components (under the Disposal
scenarios field) to the respective Disassembly models of bikes using Titanium, PAN carbon fiber
and Steel frames.

4.6 Reuse
While creating the bike disposal scenario (section 4.4), we already built a reuse model “Reuse of
bike (aluminium frame)” for the bike using aluminium frame. This model is empty now. You can
find this model by double-clicking on Product stages > Reuse > Others. Enter the relevant details
under this model by following these steps:

Referring to assembly field

Similar to the disassembly model, the corresponding bike assembly ‘Bike Assembly (Aluminium
Frame)’ is already linked under the Referring to assembly field for this reuse model.

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1) Under Processes field, enter the transportation details involved for the bike reuse:
Double-click the line below Processes field, double-click category Transport > Road >
Market and then choose Transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, euro5 {RER}| market
for transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO5 | Cut-off, S, since we assume this
type of truck is used to transport the bike to its reuse location. Enter the transportation
Amount as 14570, Unit as kgkm.
2) Save this reuse model.

After entering all these details, the reuse model window looks like Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 Reuse scenario of bike (aluminium frame)

4.6.1 Exercise
Enter the details for the reuse models of the bikes using Titanium, PAN carbon fiber and Steel
frames similar to how we entered the details for the Reuse of bike (aluminium frame) model
above.

4.7 Environmental impacts of aluminium frame bike life cycle

4.7.1 Network and Tree diagram
To get an overview of the whole model you have just built, click on the Bike life cycle (Aluminium
frame) (under the Product stages > Life cycle > Others) and choose the Network icon at the
toolbar. If you didn’t yet select a default method, choose ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) impact
assessment with World (2010) H/A Normalization/Weighting set as the method and click
Calculate. You will get a warning: “Not all products of this network are currently visible (11 of 66).”
Click OK and select ‘’show indicator as percentage’’. You will then see the network diagram as
seen in Figure 4.10. You can play around with different cut-off percentages to increase/decrease
the number of nodes shown in this diagram.

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Figure 4.10 Network diagram of aluminium frame bike life cycle

From Figure 4.10 we can see that transport using a passenger car (i.e., transportation involved for
the bike maintenance) causes 58.8% of the total impact caused during the entire life cycle of the
bike using aluminium frame. The bike assembling causes about 40,3% of the impact, with its
main source of impact (12.2%) coming from the groupset assembly.

By clicking on the Tree tab you will see the tree view as in Figure 4.11.

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Figure 4.11 Tree diagram of aluminium frame bike life cycle

From Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.11, it is clear that transport in a passenger car (i.e., transportation
involved for the bike maintenance) has a larger impact during the entire life cycle of the bike
compared to the total impact of production and assembly of the bike with aluminium frame.
Show input and output flows: This option shows the input and output flows according to the
corresponding node you select.
Show analysis groups: This option allows you to view the results grouped by its functions (for
example, production, energy, transport, waste) rather than the standard view per process or
product stage. To learn more about this option please refer to this video on the SimaPro Help
Center.

Tree cannot be shown and not all products are visible

When you choose to display your calculation in Tree mode, you may get a warning that it is not
possible to display it as a tree because it contains loops. This simply means that you might
accidentally choose ecoinvent unit processes in your model and it is only possible to view loops in
the Network view. You can go through your model again and make sure that you choose system
process data, and not the unit process.

Furthermore, it is also possible to see the warning stating that not all products of your network
are currently visible. This simply tells you that not all nodes are displayed in the Network/Tree as
there are too many to fit the screen to keep it legible. It calculates a cut-off level in such a way
that only some of the most important procesess are displayed. You can play with the cut-off
percentage to explore and view more processes.

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4.7.2 Analysis diagram

To see the environmental impacts of the life cycle of the bike, click on the Bike life cycle
(Aluminium frame) (under the Product stages > Life cycle > Others) and select the Analyze icon at
the toolbar. Select ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) with World (2010) H/A Normalization/Weighting set
as the impact assessment method and click on the Single score tab. You will see a window as in
Figure 4.12.

5,5

4,5

3,5

2,5

2
Pt

1,5

0,5

-0,5

-1

-1,5

Bike Assembly (Aluminium frame) Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton Transport, passenger car, medium size Disposal of bike (aluminium frame)
, EURO5 {RER}| market for transport, freight , diesel, EURO 5 {RER}| transport, passenger

Human health Ecosystems Resources

Method: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.08 / World (2010) H/A / Single score
Analyzing 1 p 'Bike life cycle (Aluminium frame)';

Figure 4.12 Analysis of environmental impacts over the entire bike life cycle using aluminium frame

Try exploring other tabs and options (as we discussed in Chapter 3) to get a more detailed
analysis of the results.

4.8 Comparison of bike life cycle using different frames

Once you finish entering all the bike life cycle details for the different frames it would be
interesting to compare their impacts. Select all these life cycle models from top to bottom (by
clicking while holding down the CTRL key) and click on Compare icon at the toolbar. Select ReCiPe
2016 Endpoint (H) with World (2010) H/A Normalization/Weighting set impact assessment
method and then click Calculate. Go to the Single score tab and you should the following window
as seen in Figure 4.13 (provided you entered all the details correctly).

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11,5

11

10,5

10

9,5

8,5

7,5

6,5

6
Pt

5,5

4,5

3,5

2,5

1,5

0,5

Bike life cycle (Aluminium frame) Bike life cycle (PAN carbon fiber frame) Bike life cycle (Steel frame) Bike life cycle (Titanium frame)

Human health Ecosystems Resources

Method: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.08 / World (2010) H/A / Single score
Comparing 1 p 'Bike life cycle (Aluminium frame)', 1 p 'Bike life cycle (PAN carbon fiber frame)', 1 p 'Bike life cycle (Steel frame)' and 1 p 'Bike life cycle (Titanium frame)';

Figure 4.13 Environmental impacts over the entire bike life cycle using different frames

Figure 4.13 shows that using bikes with aluminium or steel frame will have a lower impact over its
life cycle when compared to using bikes with carbon fiber or titanium frames.
You can also explore other different tabs and options (which we discussed in the previous
chapter) to get a more clear and detailed analysis of these results.

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5 A parameterized bike
model

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5 A parameterized bike model

What you will do Perform a sensitivity analysis for the bike model using parameters

Required Entry level Chapter 2, 3 and 4 should be completed first (including the
exercises)

Recommended reading ‘Introduction to LCA with SimaPro’ Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

SimaPro license type SimaPro PhD/Analyst/Developer

Please note that the feature parameters with scenario analysis (the
‘’Parameter sets’’ tab) is not available in the Classroom and Faculty
license of SimaPro.

5.1 Introduction
While performing the Life Cycle Assessment of systems, you have to make various input data
assumptions. This was the case with your bike model as well. Thus, you should perform a
sensitivity analysis to obtain more robust LCA results. The sensitivity analysis allows you to
identify the parameters which influence your results. The theory behind a sensitivity analysis is
simple: play around with the input values and processes, recalculate the LCA results and check
their influence on the results. You can use the Parameters in SimaPro to perform a sensitivity
analysis, by changing the input values and processes of your model and checking the results.
In SimaPro, parameters can be defined on the database, project or process level. Parameters will
be discussed in detail in the next sections.

Different parameter levels in SimaPro

Parameters can be defined on three different levels in SimaPro:
Database parameters: are parameters that are defined on the database level (under Inventory ->
Parameters, tab Database). Once you create this parameter, you can use it in all libraries and
projects within this SimaPro database.
Project parameters: are parameters that have meaning only in the project you are working in.
You can define different parameters per project (under Inventory > Parameters, tab Project).
These parameters are independent of one another and can be under the same name while
having a different meaning per project
Process parameters: are parameters that refer to a process or product stage level. You can
define process parameters in many different processes (under Inventory > Processes or Product
stages, tab Parameters) and they all can have different meanings or purposes.
If they have the same name, process parameters overrule project parameters, and project
parameters overrule database parameters.
Individual parameters can be used in formulas to form a calculated parameter. Calculated
parameters can be specified below the parameters, so also on three levels.

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In this tutorial, we will show you how to model the parameters on a process level (i.e., involving
the bike model). We will analyze how the choices we made could potentially influence our results.
Generally, the subject of this sensitivity analysis may be related to:
• assumptions we made, for example variation in the transport distance
• selection of library and process data, for instance using data from different regions or
sources
• methodological choices, for instance comparing the type of allocation used
• selection of impact assessment methods

Uncertainty analysis
While the outcome of the LCA can depend quite heavily on the assumptions made, LCA data is,
inevitably, full of uncertain numbers. These uncertainties can have different causes, like
uncertain measurements or uncertainty about how representative a figure is for the actual case
we are studying. This means we must ask ourselves how certain or uncertain our results are,
especially when we are comparing data. Read more about how to deal with uncertainty and
Monte Carlo analysis in this article or in the Introduction to LCA manual. Please note that
uncertainty calculations can only be made in SimaPro PhD, Analyst, and Developer licenses.

5.2 Variable transportation distances for bike maintenance

In Chapter 4 section 4.7.2 we saw that the main source of impact during the entire life cycle of
the aluminium frame bike was the transport involved for bike maintenance in a passenger car.
Using Parameters, you can create scenarios and compare the environmental impacts for
different distances involved during bike maintenance. In this case, we will compare the impacts
for scenarios involving variable transportation distances for the aluminium frame bike.

Preview: For the baseline scenario we assumed a transportation distance of 450 km for bike
maintenance over its total lifetime of 15 years (from section 4.3). In this example, we will compare
the impacts for the following distances in addition to the baseline scenario:

Table 5.1 Transportation distance scenarios for maintenance for the aluminium frame bike

Baseline scenario Scenario 1 Scenario 2

450 km 225 km 675 km

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Steps:
1) Open the project “Tutorial” that you already created for modelling the road bike.
2) In the inventory column on the left, select Product stages. On the right side click Product
stages > Life cycle > Others on the right and double-click on Bike life cycle (Aluminium
frame).
3) Select Parameters tab at the top and create the necessary input parameters. In this case,
we have to create the “distance” input parameter, since we are comparing the scenarios
for variable transportation distances.
4) As input parameter, enter “distance” and enter “450”. You can enter “km” in the comment
field, since we are specifying the input parameter for the maintenance transportation
distance of the aluminium frame bike which is expressed in km.

After you enter these details, the window looks like Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Life cycle bike, Parameters

5) Now select the Input/output tab, under Processes, select the corresponding process and
add the parameter distance into the amount field. In this case type “distance” directly into
the Amount field of the process Transport, passenger car, medium size, diesel, EURO 5
{GLO}| market for transport, passenger car, medium size, diesel, EURO 5 | Cut-off, S and
press enter. Save this entry and the window will look like Figure 5.2 after you enter these
details.

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Figure 5.2 Life cycle bike, Input/output, with parameters

6) Now click on the Analyze button at the top. Select Parameter sets tab in the ensuing
Calculation setup window. Click on Add option below, under Parameter set on, double-
click Set 1 and rename it as “baseline: 450 km”. Next, we need to specify the value per
scenario. In this case we are modelling the scenarios for different transportation
distances of 225 km, 450 km (baseline scenario) and 675 km as seen above in Table 5.1.
Thus, click on Add parameter option, select “Scan Tree” option on the right and choose
the distance parameter
7) Now you have to add the parameter sets for the remaining scenarios and specify the
values per scenario. Click on Add option, rename Set 2 on the left as low: 225 km, double-
click under the low: 225 km column on the right and enter 225. Now, again click on Add
option, rename Set 3 as high: 675 km, double-click under the high: 675 km column on the
right and enter 675. After entering these details, the window looks like Figure 5.3.

Figure 5.3 Calculation setup, Parameter sets, distance

Saving the parameter sets

After you define some parameters sets as scenario analysis, you can save this as a
calculation setup for a quicker analysis in the future. To do that, go to the General tab next to the
Parameter sets. Fill in the Name, Method, and Product. Once you are done, save the calculation
set up by clicking File > Save or pressing CTRL + S. You can find the saved calculation set up in the
LCA explorer screen > Impact assessment > Calculation setups.

Now click on Calculate button at the bottom. You will see Figure 5.4.

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Figure 5.4 Comparison of variable maintenance transportation distances

From Figure 5.4, you can see that the environmental impact during the entire life cycle of the
aluminium frame bike is lower when the transport distance for the maintenance is lower. The
impact increases as the transport distance for the maintenance is higher.

5.2.1 Exercise
Similar to the example above, calculate the impacts involving these three scenarios with respect
to different transportation distances involved for bike maintenance, for the titanium frame bike
life cycle. See Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Transportation distance scenarios for maintenance for the titanium frame bike

Baseline scenario Scenario 1 Scenario 2

450 km 300 km 600 km

5.3 Compare aluminium from different regions

In section 3.2.3 (Chapter 3), we assumed that “Aluminium, primary, ingot {IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA}”
type in SimaPro would be used for the primary aluminium ingot material used in the
manufacture of the aluminium frame. Using parameters, you can compare the environmental
impacts of aluminium from other regions.

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Preview: For the baseline scenario we used “Aluminium, primary, ingot {IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA}”
type for the primary aluminium ingot material in the production of aluminium frame for the road
bike. In this case, we will compare the impacts when {RoW} and {CN} type of aluminium primary
ingot material are used. {RoW} type includes inventory data modelled for production of
aluminium primary ingot in Rest-of-World. {CN} type includes inventory data modelled for
production of aluminium primary ingot in China.

Steps:
1) Open the project “Tutorial” you already created for this tutorial.
2) In the Inventory column on the left, select Processes, on the right side double-click
Processes > Material > Different types of bike frames and double-click Aluminium frame.
3) Select Input/output tab in the ensuing window. Under Inputs from technosphere:
materials/fuels add the alternative material types you want to compare with. In this case,
add a new line, select Processes > Material > Metals > Non Ferro > Transformation and
choose Aluminium, primary, ingot {CN}| aluminium production, primary, ingot | Cut-off, S.
Enter “1.579” and use “kg” as a unit. This amount is entered, since 1.579 kg of primary
aluminium ingot material was used in the production of the aluminium frame.
4) Similarly, add the aluminium from other regions. Under inputs from technosphere:
materials/fuels, add a new line, select Processes > Material > Metals > Non Ferro > Market
and choose Aluminium, primary, ingot {RoW}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-
off, S. Enter “1.579 kg”. You already added the Aluminium, primary, ingot {IAI Area, EU27 &
EFTA}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-off, S material when you modelled the
Aluminium frame under Processes in Chapter 3. After entering these details, the window
looks like Figure 5.5.

Figure 5.5 Material process for aluminium frame, with aluminium from three regions

5) Now, select the Parameters tab. Under Input parameters, add the parameters for the
different types of primary aluminium ingot material you added previously. Double-click
the line under Input parameters, enter “EU27_EFTA” and enter its value as “1” and under
Comment enter “1=selected; 0=not selected”. Similarly, add the remaining parameters:
Add a new line, enter “RoW”, value as “0” and under Comment enter “1=selected, 0=not

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selected”. Next, under Input parameters, add a new line, enter “CN”, value as “0” and
under Comment enter “1=selected; 0=not selected”. The value “1” is used for the
“EU27_EFTA” parameter because we use this parameter as baseline for the aluminium,
primary, ingot material. Thus, the remaining input parameters are set to “0”.

Figure 5.6 Material process for aluminium frame, Parameters

6) Now select the Input/output tab. Multiply the “Amount” for the corresponding materials
you added in the Input/output tab (in Step 3) by the respective input parameters you
created in the previous step. In this case, under the Amount field for Aluminium, primary,
ingot {CN}| aluminium production, primary, ingot | Cut-off, S, enter “1.579*CN” and press
Enter key. The “=0” value automatically appears to its right.
7) Now, do this for the remaining materials. Under the Amount field for Aluminium, primary,
ingot {RoW}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-off, S, enter “1.579*RoW” and
press Enter key. The “=0” automatically appears to its right. Similarly, under the Amount
field for Aluminium, primary, ingot {IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA}| market for aluminium,
primary, ingot | Cut-off, S, enter “1.579* EU27_EFTA” and press Enter key. The “=1.58”
value automatically appears to its right.

After you enter the details, click Save. The window will look like Figure 5.7.

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Figure 5.7 Material process for aluminium frame, with aluminium from three regions, parameterized
amounts

Tips for adding and moving your entry in SimaPro

There are several ways to move your entry up and down in SimaPro. The first way is by
clicking Add line and adding the new entry as usual at the bottom of the list just above the Add
line button. Then drag up and down to the preferred position. The second option is to right-click
on the desired position and choose Insert line. A new line will be added directly above. Lastly, you
can also copy the line by first selecting the whole line (single mouse click just before the line
concerned as seen in the picture below) clicking CTRL + C or right click > Copy and then paste
where you want to insert the copied entry.

Place your cursor between the left

margin and before the process line to
select the whole line. The whole line
will then be blocked in Azure color

8) Now click on the Analyze button at the top. Select the Parameter sets tab in the
calculation setup window. Now add the number of scenarios you want to model
according to the input parameters you created in the previous step and name them. Click
on Add parameter option below, select Scan Tree option on the right and choose all three
input parameters (Single-click the first parameter, hold Shift key and press down arrow
key) and click Select on the right side. Now you will see all the parameters appear on the
right. Click Add to add the parameter sets and specify the values per scenario. To do that,
under Parameter set on the left, double-click Set 1 and rename it as “CN”. Now add the
remaining parameter sets by clicking on Add button twice and rename Set 2 and Set 3 as
“IAI area, EU27 & EFTA” and “RoW” respectively. The names were chosen according to the
type of primary aluminium ingot material you chose with respect to their regions.
9) Now, enter the values for the parameters: For the “CN” parameter, enter the value “1” and
the remaining parameters as “0”. Do this for the remaining parameters as well. For the
“IAIarea” parameter, enter the value “1” and the remaining parameters as “0”. For the

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“ROW” parameter, enter the value “1” and the remaining parameters as “0”. The
parameter sets should look similar to Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8 Calculation setup, Parameter sets, region

Now click on the Calculate button at the bottom and select the Show chart icon with Impact
assessment and Single score selected. You will see a window similar to Figure 5.9.

Figure 5.9 Comparison of aluminium frame assembly impacts for different types of aluminium material
used its production

From Figure 5.9, you can see how the environmental impact changes, if the aluminium for the
frame is produced in a different region. Aluminium manufactured in China and Rest-of-world
(RoW) has a much higher impact than the aluminium produced in Europe (EU27 & EFTA).

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Please take the time to explore the differences between the two processes with the highest
impact. This is best done in a separate calculation. Select those two processes (Aluminium,
primary, ingot {CN}| production and Aluminium, primary, ingot {RoW}| market for) in the LCA
explorer and click the compare button. Switching from Single score to characterization already
reveals differences per impact category (Figure 5.10) while their single score is almost identical.

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Global war Global war Global war Stratospher Ionizing Ozone for Fine particu Ozone for Terrestrial Freshwater Marine eutr Terrestrial Freshwater Marine Human car Human no Land use Mineral res Fossil resou Water cons Water cons Water cons
ming, Hum ming, Terre ming, Fresh ic ozone radiation mation, Hu late matter mation, Ter acidificatio eutrophica ophication ecotoxicity ecotoxicity ecotoxicity cinogenic n-carcinog ource scarc rce scarcity umption umption umption

Aluminium, primary, ingot {CN}| aluminium production, primary, ingot | Cut-off, U Aluminium, primary, ingot {RoW}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-off, U

Method: ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.08 / World (2010) H/A / Characterization
Comparing 1 kg 'Aluminium, primary, ingot {CN}| aluminium production, primary, ingot | Cut-off, U' with 1 kg 'Aluminium, primary, ingot {RoW}| market for aluminium, primary, ingot | Cut-off, U';

Figure 5.10 Comparing Aluminium, primary, ingot {CN}| production and Aluminium, primary, ingot {RoW}|
market for

For further analysis you might want to use the unit processes rather than the system processes.

5.3.1 Exercise
For the PAN carbon fiber frame process you modelled in Chapter 3 (Exercise 3.3) (baseline
scenario), you used a global average dataset for the electricity production (Electricity low voltage
{GLO}) for the “Fiber production step” process. Compare the environmental impacts when
different electricity mixes Electricity, low voltage {NL}| market for electricity, low voltage | Cut-off,
S and Electricity, low voltage {RER}| market group for electricity, low voltage | Cut-off, S are used
in the “Fiber production step” process involved in the PAN carbon fiber frame process.

5.4 Different modes of transportation depending on distance

In the current (baseline) scenario, we assumed that the bikes are transported over a distance of
500 km in a 3.5-7.5 metric ton lorry from the manufacturing plant to the user location in the
Netherlands. Now, we will calculate environmental impacts of scenarios with different modes of
transport.
Preview: We are comparing the environmental impacts of the different modes of transportation
for the steel frame bike life cycle model. As mentioned above, for the baseline scenario we
assumed a transportation distance of 500 km from the manufacturing plant to final use location
in a in a 3.5-7.5 metric ton EURO5 lorry (from section 3.1.1).

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The modes of transport used for various transport distances are listed below in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Modes of transport used for various transport distances of the steel frame bike

Scenario Condition for distance Transport mode

Local (100 km) Smaller or equal to 150 km Light commercial vehicle {RER}
Regional (500 km) Between 150 and 600 km Lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO5
{RER}
Abroad (1500 km) Bigger or equal to 600 km Container ship, freight sea {GLO}

You can use this “condition for distance” feature, if you want to compare the impacts of different
modes of transport used when the transport distance varies. For the exercise we will model the
following scenarios:
• If transportation distance (local) is less than or equal to 150 km, a light commercial
vehicle {RER} will be used for transporting the steel frame bike from the manufacturing
plant to the use location.
• If the transportation distance (regional) is between 150 and 600 km, a 3.5-7.5 metric ton
euro5 lorry {RER} will be used.
• If the transportation distance (abroad) is greater than or equal to 600 km, a container
ship, freight sea {GLO} will be used.
To model and compare the impacts of the transport scenarios, follow the steps below:

Steps:
1) In the inventory column on the left, select Product stages. On the right side double-click
Product stages > Life cycle > Others on the right and double-click Bike life cycle (Steel
frame).
2) Select the Input/output tab in the ensuing window. Under Processes, insert a new line
and add the alternative modes of transportation (see Table 5.3). Add a new line and select
Processes > Transport > Road > Market and add “Transport, freight, light commercial
vehicle {RER}| market group for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle | Cut-off, S”
with 5292.5 kgkm. This value is entered, since that is the baseline amount calculated to
transport the steel frame bike from the manufacturing plant to the use location.
3) Similarly, add the remaining modes of transportation. Add a new line, select Processes >
Transport > Water > Market and add Transport, freight, sea, container ship {GLO}|
market for transport, freight, sea, container ship | Cut-off, S, 5292.5 kgkm. The Transport,
freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO5 {RER}| market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5
metric ton, EURO5 | Cut-off, S was already added when you modelled the life cycle for the
steel frame bike. After entering these details, the window looks like Figure 5.11.

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Figure 5.11 Life cycle bike (steel frame), Input/output, fixed amount for all 3 possible transport models

4) Select the Parameters tab at the top and create the required input parameters. In this
case, we have to create the “distance” and “mass” input parameters, since the values for
transportation by truck are calculated by multiplying the mass of transported goods with
the transport distance (as we saw earlier in section 4.3).
5) Under input parameters, create the parameter “mass” and enter “10.585” as the default
value. You can enter ‘kg’ in the comment field.
6) Under input parameters, create the parameter “distance”, with a value of “500”. You can
enter ‘km’ in the comment field.
7) Under calculated parameters, add a line and create the parameter “transport”. Under
Expression, enter mass*distance to calculate the transport needs in kgkm. The calculated
value (5.29E3) will now be visible on the right.
8) In the next line, enter “local” and under Expression, enter distance<=150 and press Enter.
The “=0” value appears automatically to the right. If the statement is true, the parameter
will return a value of “1.” In this case, the value “=0” appears since the expression used is
not true. The specified “distance” input parameter is 500, and this is not equal to or
smaller than 150. In the comment field, you can enter “0 if not true, 1 if true”.
9) In the next line, enter “abroad” and under Expression, enter distance>=600 and press
Enter. The “=0” value appears automatically to the right. The “=0” value appears since the
expression used is not true. The specified “distance” input parameter is 500, and this is
not equal to or larger than 600. In the comment field, you can enter “0 if not true, 1 if
true”
10) In the next line, enter “regional” and “distance>150 and distance<600.” The “=1” value
appears automatically to the right. The “=1” value appears because the specified
“distance” input parameter is 500, and this is indeed larger than 150 and smaller than
600. In the comment field, you can enter “0 if not true, 1 if true”.
After you have entered all these details, the window looks like Figure 5.12.

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Figure 5.12 Life cycle bike (steel frame), parameters: input parameters and calculated parameters

11) Then select the Input/output tab. Multiply the amount for the corresponding processes
you added in the input/output tab by the input parameters you have created in the
previous steps. In this case, under the Amount field for “Transport, freight, light
commercial vehicle {RER}| market group for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle |
Cut-off, S”, write “transport*local”. The “=0” value automatically appears to its right.
12) Do this for the remaining processes. In the amount field for Transport, freight, sea,
container ship {GLO}| market for transport, freight, sea, container ship | Cut-off, S, write
“transport*abroad”. Similarly in the amount field for Transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5
metric ton, euro5 {RER}| market for transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO5 |
Cut-off, S, write “transport*regional”. Save the changes you made to the steel life cycle.
When you finish entering all these details, click Save. You will see a window like Figure
5.13.

Figure 5.13 Life cycle bike (steel frame), Input/output, parameterized

13) Next click on the Analyze button. Select the Parameter sets tab. Add the scenarios you
want to model and name them. In this case we are modelling the mode-of-transportation
scenarios for Local (100 km), Regional (500 km) and Abroad (1500 km) bike transportation
distances (seen above in Table 5.3). Click on the Add parameter option, select Scan Tree

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on the right and select the “distance” parameter, to create scenarios with different
transportation distances. Click on Add and specify the values per scenario. To do that,
under Parameter set on the left, double-click Set 1 and rename it to “Local”. Double-click
under the “Local” column on the right and enter 100, since you have to specify a
transportation distance of 100 km for the “Local” scenario.
14) Now you have to add the parameter sets for the remaining scenarios and specify the
distances. Add the “Regional” scenario with 500 km, and the “Abroad” scenario with
1500 km. Once you have created the parameter sets, the calculation setup looks like
Figure 5.14.

Figure 5.14 Calculation setup, with parameter sets

Click on Calculate to compare your scenarios:

Figure 5.15 Comparison of impacts for different modes of transportation based on distances (single score)

From Figure 5.15, you can see the combined influence of different modes of transportation and
distances on the life cycle impact of the steel frame bike. The difference in ReCiPe Pt between the
three scenarios is very little in this case. The lower distance in the local scenario compared to the

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regional scenario would mean lower impact, but the light commercial vehicle means more impact
per km compared to the lorry resulting in about the same impact in the end. The same goes for
the lorry compared to the container ship. The impact per km by truck is higher for the regional
transportation (500 km) of the steel frame bike, while transportation by a transoceanic ship to
abroad location (over a three times longer distance of 1500 km) has in the end a slightly lower
impact in comparison.

5.5 Other features in Parameters

SimaPro offers additional features for parameters. To use them, select the parameters tab. In the
Calculated parameter section, right-click under Expression. You will see the following options:
• Edit Expression
• Move Parameter
• Convert To Constants
• Insert External Link (only available in SimaPro Developer)
• Importing scenarios from Excel (only available in SimaPro Developer)

Edit expression: This option allows you to correct the expression you entered and shows the
various functions, operators and parameters you defined in SimaPro.

Move parameter: This option allows you to move the parameters defined in your process to the
project or the database level (under the LCA Explorer menu > Inventory > Parameters).

Convert to constants: This option removes the formula you have entered to calculate your
parameter and shows the result of your formula.

Insert external link: This option allows you to retrieve parameters from an Excel file or the
database. Click on “Browse” to look for a file and select the cells you would like to use in your
model. The file will be inserted as a link. When you change a cell value in the Excel file, it will be
automatically updated in SimaPro. If you move the Excel file from its original location, SimaPro
will remember the last value. If you change the location of your Excel file, you can replace the
existing link by selecting Tools > External link Manager and find and replace the existing link with
the new link. You can also check this article for more explanation about this feature. Please note
that this feature is only available in the SimaPro Developer.

Importing scenarios from Excel: In addition to the above features, you can also import the
different scenarios you want to use for your project from Excel. You can check this article to learn
more about this option. Please note that this feature is only available if you have a SimaPro
Developer license.

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6 Support and Training

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6 Support and training

We hope you enjoyed building your first model with this tutorial!
Feel free to contact us or your local partner if you have questions about this tutorial or any
technical questions about using SimaPro. We suggest you also explore the SimaPro Help Center
for more guides, FAQs and helpful tips to help you get the most out of SimaPro.
If you are interested in developing more advanced skills, PRé and its global partners provide
dedicated SimaPro trainings. Please check this page for more information.

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