Experiment No: 1

Environment: Microsoft Windows

Tools/ Language: MySQL

Objective: Write the SQL queries for data definition and data manipulation language.

Theory & Concepts:

Introduction about SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a nonprocedural language, you specify what you want,
not how to get it. A block structured format of English key words is used in this Query
language. It has the following components.
DDL (Data Definition Language)
DML (DATA Manipulation Language)
View definition
Transaction Control
Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL
Integrity
Authorization

Data Definition Language

The SQL DDL allows specification of not only a set of relations but also information about
each relation, including-
 Schema for each relation
 The domain of values associated with each attribute.
 The integrity constraints.
 The set of indices to be maintained for each relation.
 The security and authorization information for each relation.
 The physical storage structure of each relation on disk.

Domain types in SQL

The SQL standard supports a variety of built in domain types, including-

 Char (n)- A fixed length character length string with user specified length .
 Varchar (n)- A variable character length string with user specified maximum length n.
 Number (p, d)-A Fixed point number with user defined precision.
 Real, double precision- Floating point and double precision floating point numbers
with machine dependent precision.
 Float (n)- A floating point number, with precision of at least n digits.
 Date- A calendar date containing a (four digit) year, month and day of the month.
 Time- The time of day, in hours, minutes and seconds Eg. Time ’09:30:00’.
DDL statement for creating a table
Syntax-
Create table tablename
(columnname datatype(size), columnname datatype(size));

Creating a table from a table-

Syntax-
CREATE TABLE TABLENAME
[(columnname, columnname, ………)]
AS SELECT columnname, columnname……..FROM tablename;

Rules:
1. MySQL reserved words cannot be used.
2. Underscore, numerals, letters are allowed but not blank space.
3. Maximum length for the table name is 30 characters.
4. 2 different tables should not have same name.
5. We should specify a unique column name.
6. We should specify proper data type along with width.
7. We can include “not null” condition when needed. By default it is ‘null’.

Insertion of data into tables

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
[(columnname, columnname, ………)]
Values(expression, expression);

Inserting data into a table from another table:

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname, …….
FROM tablename;

Insertion of selected data into a table from another table:

Syntax-
INSERT INTO tablename
SELECT columnname, columnname……..
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname= expression;

Retrieving of data from the tables-

Syntax-SELECT * FROM tablename;

The retrieving of specific columns from a table-

Syntax-
SELECT columnname, columnname, ….
FROM tablename;

Elimination of duplicates from the select statement-

Syntax-
SELECT DISTINCT columnname, columnname
FROM tablename;
Selecting a data set from table data-
Syntax
SELECT columnname, columnname
FROM tablenameWHERE search condition;

The SELECT DISTINCT * SQL syntax scans through entire rows, and eliminates rows that
have exactly the same contents in each column.

Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT *
FROM TableName;

DML ( Data Manipulation Language)

Data manipulation is
 The retrieval of information stored in the database.
 The insertion of new information into the database.
 The deletion of information from the database.
 The modification of information stored by the appropriate data model. There are
basically two types.
(i) Procedural DML: require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get
those data.
(ii) Non Procedural DML: require a user to specify what data are needed without
specifying how to get those data.

Updating the content of a table:

In creation situation we may wish to change a value in table without changing all values in
the tuple . For this purpose the update statement can be used.
Update table name
Set columnname = expression, columnname =expression……
Where columnname = expression;

Deletion Operation:-
We can delete whole tuple ( rows) we can delete values on only particulars attributes.
Deletion of all rows
Syntax:
Delete from tablename;

Deletion of specified number of rows

Syntax:
Delete from table name
where search condition;

Computation in expression lists used to select data:-

+ Addition - Subtraction
* multiplication ** exponentiation
/ Division () Enclosed operation
Renaming columns used with Expression Lists: - The default output column names can be
renamed by the user if required

Syntax:
Select column name result_columnname, columnname result_columnname
From tablename;
Logical Operators:
The logical operators that can be used in SQL sentenced are
AND all of must be included
OR any of may be included
NOT none of could be included

Range Searching: Between operation is used for range searching.

Pattern Searching:
The most commonly used operation on string is pattern matching using the operation ‘like’
we describe patterns by using two special characters.
 Percent (%): the % character matches any substring we consider the following
examples.
o ‘Perry %’ matches any string beginning with perry
o ‘% idge % matches any string containing’ idge as substring.
o ‘ - - - ‘ matches any string exactly three characters.
o ‘ - - - % matches any string of at least of three characters.

Ordering tuples in a particular order:

 The ‘order by’ clause is used to sort the table data according to one or more columns
of the table.
 The table rows are ordered in ascending order of the column values by default. The
keyword used for the same is ‘asc’. For sorting the table data according to colname in
descending order, keyword ‘desc’ is used.

Example: select colname1, colname2,… from tablename where search condition order by
colname1 asc/desc, colname2 asc/desc,…;
 Practical Assignment – 1
Create these tables which consist of following attributes

College Student
Column Column
Data type Size Data type Size
Name Name
cName varchar 10 sID int
state varchar 10 sName varchar 10
enrollment int GPA number 2,1
sizeHS int
DoB date

Apply
Column
Data type Size
Name
sID int
cName varchar 10
major varchar 20
decision char 1

About Database: This database is College Application Database which contain 3 tables.
First one is Student that contain information of student such as ID of Student, his
name, GPA that he/she scored, size of his High School class i.e. number of students in his/her
high school class and student’s Date of Birth.
Second table in database is College this table contains college information such as
name of college, state where it is situated, and its enrollment i.e. number seats in that college.
Third table contains data about applications and this table is named Apply each row
of this table will contain information about one application. Each application has
 sID: This will contain ID (similar to Roll No.) of student who is applying. [Each
Application only contain sID of Applicant all other information about student such as his
name or GPA can be check from Student table]
 cName: Name of college where applicant is applying [similar to sID all the other
information about college such as its state or enrollment can be retrieve from College table]
 major: it is the major in which applicant is applying e.g. CS, EE, biology etc.
 decision: it is Y or N shows Acceptance or Rejection of Application
 Insert the following data to these tables:

Student Apply
sID sName GPA sizeHS DoB sID cName major decision
123 Amy 3.9 1000 1996-06-26 123 Stanford CS Y
234 Bob 3.6 1500 1995-04-07 123 Stanford EE N
345 Craig 3.5 500 1995-02-04 123 Berkeley CS Y
456 Doris 3.9 1000 1997-07-24 123 Cornell EE Y
567 Edward 2.9 2000 1996-12-21 234 Berkeley biology N
678 Fay 3.8 200 1996-08-27 345 MIT bioengineering Y
789 Gary 3.4 800 1996-10-08 345 Cornell bioengineering N
987 Helen 3.7 800 1997-03-27 345 Cornell CS Y
876 Irene 3.9 400 1996-03-07 345 Cornell EE N
765 Jay 2.9 1500 1998-08-08 678 Stanford history Y
654 Amy 3.9 1000 1996-05-26 987 Stanford CS Y
987 Berkeley CS Y
543 Craig 3.4 2000 1998-08-27
876 Stanford CS N
College 876 MIT biology Y
cName state enrollment 876 MIT marine biology N
Stanford CA 15000 765 Stanford history Y
Berkeley CA 36000 765 Cornell history N
MIT MA 10000 765 Cornell psychology Y
Cornell NY 21000 543 MIT CS N
Harvard MA 50040

State of the SQL * PLUS Queries for each of the following:

1. List the student name, dob from student table

2. List the name of student scoring more than 3.7 in GPA.
3. List the name of student whose High School size is at least 1000 and born after 1996.
[Hint: check DoB greater than 31st December, 1996]
4. List the name of student who are scoring GPA in between 2.9 and 3.9
5. List all the details of colleges who situated in MA.
6. List the students who are scored more than 2.0 but less than 3.5.
7. List the students who have born after 1st Jul 96 in the order of the Date of Birth.
8. List the sID, cName, decision of applications that are accepted.
9. List the sID, cName of applications which are filled at Stanford.
10. List the colleges that that has enrollment greater than 10001.
11. List the colleges not in California.
12. List names of all student who came from high school having size greater than 17000
and scored GPA less than 3.8.
13. Display the description of the Student table.
14. Display the details of all students.
15. Display unique majors.
 16. List the student names those are having three characters in their Names.
17. List the student names those are starting with ‘H’ and with five characters.
18. List the student names those are having third character and fifth char. must be ‘e’.
19. List the student names ending with ‘y’.
20. List the Students in the order of their GPA.
21. List the details of the students in order of the ascending of GPA and descending of
DoB.
22. List the sIDs of student who apply in either ‘Stanford’, ‘Cornell’ or ‘MIT’ college.
23. Delete all applications filled at Stanford (Choose table wisely)
24. Delete the college Stanford from college table.
25. Modify the GPA of all students by giving 10% raise in their GPA.
26. Increment the GPA of the students by 1.5 whose GPA is less than 3.5 and belongs to
High School having size greater than 1500.
27. Delete the students who have scored less than 3.2 GPA.

Exercise
Determine the appropriate data type:
Dept
Column
deptno dname loc datatype size
name
1 ACCOUNTING ST LOUIS Deptno
NEW Dname
2 RESEARCH
YORK
loc
3 SALES ATLANTA
4 OPERATIONS SEATTLE
Employee
empno ename job mgr hiredate sal comm dept
1 JOHNSON ADMIN 6 12/17/1990 18000 (null) 4
2 HARDING MANAGER 9 2/2/1998 52000 300 3
3 TAFT SALES I 2 1/2/1996 25000 500 3
4 HOOVER SALES I 2 4/2/1990 27000 (null) 3
5 LINCOLN TECH 6 6/23/1994 22500 1400 4
6 GARFIELD MANAGER 9 5/1/1993 54000 (null) 4
7 POLK TECH 6 9/22/1997 25000 (null) 4
8 GRANT ENGINEER 10 3/30/1997 32000 (null) 2
9 JACKSON CEO (null) 1/1/1990 75000 (null) 4
10 FILLMORE MANAGER 9 8/9/1994 56000 (null) 2
11 ADAMS ENGINEER 10 3/15/1996 34000 (null) 2
12 WASHINGTON ADMIN 6 4/16/1998 18000 (null) 4
13 MONROE ENGINEER 10 12/3/2000 30000 (null) 2
14 ROOSEVELT CPA 9 10/12/1995 35000 (null) 1
15 HANCOCK SALES I 2 3/2/1990 27500 (null) 3
 Solve the following queries:
Q1. Employee Name and Hire Date sorted by Hire Date (Recent to Old).
Q2. Employee Name and Job sorted by Job
Column
(Alphabetically) datatype size
name
Q3. Employee Name and Job for all Engineers,
empno
sorted by Employee Name Alphabetically
ename
Q4. Job, Employee Name, Salary and
Commission for employees with salary over job
50000 sorted by Salary (Largest to Smallest). mgr
Q5. Job, Employee Name, Salary and hiredate
Commission for employees with a sal
Commission sorted by Salary (Largest to comm
Smallest). dept
Q6. Job, Employee Name, Salary and Commission for employees whose name starts with the
letter H
Q7. Job, Employee Name, Salary and Commission for employees whose name starts with the
letter H and who do not get commission.
Q8. Job, Employee Name for employees in Dept No. 3.
Q9. Dept Name and Loc for employees in Dept No. 3.
Q10. Job, Employee Name, Dept, Salary sorted first by Dept (Smallest to Largest) and then
Salary (Largest to Smallest)

Pre Experiment Questions

1. What is Relation?
2. What are attributes?
3. What are different DML commands?
4. What is the need of pattern matching?

Post Experiment Questions

1. Difference between DDL and DML?

2. How to create a Table?
3. What is the difference between truncate and delete?
4. How we use IN command?