HTML Notes

What is HTML?
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

• HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
• HTML describes the structure of a Web page
• HTML consists of a series of elements
• HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
• HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is
a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.
A Simple HTML Document
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
• The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an
HTML5 document
• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
• The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
• The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown
in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
• The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for
all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen).
Type Notepad.
Windows 7 or earlier:
Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad
Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save the HTML Page
Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the
preferred encoding for HTML files).
Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference; it is
up to you.
Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or
right-click - and choose "Open with").
The result will look much like this:

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
< HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="https://www.google.com">This is a link</a>
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as
attributes:
Example
<img src="dkcomputerlogo.jpg" alt="logo of
institution" width="104" height="142">
<he>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML Attributs
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes
• All HTML elements can have attributes
• Attributes provide additional information about elements
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag
• Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
The href Attribute

The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the
page the link goes to:
Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com">Visit W3Schools</a>
You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.
The src Attribute

The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute
specifies the path to the image to be displayed:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg">
There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:
1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another

website. Example: src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg".
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission
to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot
control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here,
the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it
will be relative to the current page. Example: src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL
begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example:
src="/images/img_girl.jpg".
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you
change domain.
The width and height Attributes

The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which
specify the width and height of the image (in pixels):
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an
image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to a
slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen
reader.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
The style Attribute

The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font,
size, and more.
Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>
The lang Attribute
You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare
the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and
browsers.
The following example specifies English as the language:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute.
So, the first two characters define the language of the HTML page, and the last
two characters define the country.
The following example specifies English as the language and United States as
the country:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
The title Attribute

The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.
The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse
over the element:
Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or
lowercase like title or TITLE.
However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML,

and demands lowercase attributes for stricter document types like XHTML.
We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter
document types like XHTML.
Good:
<a href="https://www.google.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Bad:
<a href=https://www.goggle.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title
attribute correctly, because it contains a space:
Example
<p title=About W3Schools>
Single or Double Quotes?

Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but
single quotes can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is
necessary to use single quotes:
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">
HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some
white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra lines
in your HTML code.
The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the
page is displayed:
Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source
HTML Horizontal Rules
The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often
displayed as a horizontal rule.
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML
page:
Example
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>
The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new
paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>
The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
The Poem Problem
This poem will display on a single line:
Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>
Solution - The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.
The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually

Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:
Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>
HTML Tables
HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.
Example
Company Contact Country
Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Germany

Anders
Centro comercial Francisco Mexico

Moctezuma Chang
Ernst Handel Roland Austria

Mendel
Island Trading Helen UK

Bennett
Laughing Bacchus Yoshi Canada

Winecellars Tannamuri
Magazzini Giovanni Italy
Alimentari Riuniti Rovelli
Define an HTML Table

A table in HTML consists of table cells inside rows and columns.
Example
A simple HTML table:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Company</th>
<th>Contact</th>
<th>Country</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
<td>Maria Anders</td>
<td>Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>
<td>Francisco Chang</td>
<td>Mexico</td>
</tr>
</table>
Table Cells
Each table cell is defined by a <td> and a </td> tag.
td stands for table data.
Everything between <td> and </td> are the content of the table cell.
Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
</table>
Note: table data elements are the data containers of the table. They can contain all
sorts of HTML elements: text, images, lists, other tables, etc.
Table Rows
Each table row starts with a <tr> and ends with a </tr> tag.
tr stands for table row.
Example
<table>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>
You can have as many rows as you like in a table; just make sure that the number
of cells are the same in each row.
Note: There are times when a row can have less or more cells than another. You will
learn about that in a later chapter.
Table Headers
Sometimes you want your cells to be headers. In those cases use the <th> tag
instead of the <td> tag:
Example
Let the first row be table headers:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Person 1</th>
<th>Person 2</th>
<th>Person 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Emil</td>
<td>Tobias</td>
<td>Linus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td>14</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>
By default, the text in <th> elements are bold and centered, but you can change
that with CSS.
CSS Syntax
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces

HTML Notes

Uploaded by

HTML Notes

Uploaded by

What is HTML?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A Simple HTML Document

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

What is an HTML Element?

<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 2: Write Some HTML

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

The result will look much like this:

< HTML Paragraphs

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

<he>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

The href Attribute

The src Attribute

1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another

The width and height Attributes

<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

The style Attribute

The following example specifies English as the language:

The title Attribute

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML,

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

Single or Double Quotes?

<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>

<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

HTML Line Breaks

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

Solution - The HTML <pre> Element

The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

Company Contact Country

Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Germany

Centro comercial Francisco Mexico

Ernst Handel Roland Austria

Island Trading Helen UK

Laughing Bacchus Yoshi Canada

Define an HTML Table

td stands for table data.

tr stands for table row.

The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.

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