+++ AFR Manual - 2016

Azimuthal Focused
Resistivity (AFR™)
Service Reference Manual
Revision C
May 2016
D00238273
Confidential
AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
ii
Notice
This document is designed to provide information useful for the optimal utilization of Halliburton equipment.
Charts, descriptions, tables, and other information contained herein may have been derived from actual tests,
simulated tests, or mathematical models. Although information has been carefully prepared and is believed to be
accurate, Halliburton cannot guarantee the accuracy of all information contained herein. Halliburton reserves the
right to modify equipment, software, and documentation, and field equipment and/or procedures may differ from
those described herein.
All information contained in this document, including without limitation, all informational text, photographs,
graphics, images, charts, tables, or other materials is owned by Halliburton or other third parties who have licensed
their material to Halliburton. This document is protected by copyright, trademark, patent, and/or other U.S. and
international intellectual property laws. This document may not be used in any manner or for any purpose that is
unlawful or which could cause damage, injury, or impairment to Halliburton. Halliburton disclaims any interest in
any materials other than its own.
Trained Halliburton personnel act as consultants to Halliburton customers. Practical judgment and discretion must
be used, based upon experience and knowledge, to review the circumstances for a particular job and then to perform
the job in a professional manner. Accordingly, the information contained herein should be used as a guide by trained
personnel, and no warranties, expressed or implied, including warranty of merchantability or fitness for use, are
made in connection herewith. The document is provided “as is” and in no event will Halliburton be liable for
indirect or consequential damages arising from the use of the information contained in this manual, including without
limitation, subsurface damage or trespass, or injury to personnel or to a well or reservoir or for any technical,
editorial or other errors or omissions contained in this document.
Changes and updates may be made periodically to this document. Users are responsible for ensuring that they have
the latest version, which is available from SperryWEB at http://sperryweb.halnet.com/Manuals/Ops_Manuals.htm.
© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.
Principal Contributing Authors
Chris Conrad Frode Hveding Tim Parker
Omar Abdel Razek Ramez Shokeir Jeff Watson
Editors
Tim Parker Matthew Chong
iii
iv
Contents
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xi
Revision Record xii
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Notes, Cautions, and Warnings ............................................................................1
1.3 Overview ...............................................................................................................1
1.4 Safety and Environmental Precautions ................................................................2
1.4.1 Tool-Specific ...............................................................................................2
1.4.2 Hazardous Chemicals ................................................................................2
1.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment ..................................................................2
1.4.4 Tool Joints ..................................................................................................2
1.4.5 Waste Disposal ..........................................................................................3
1.4.6 Ergonomics ................................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Sensor Theory .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Basic Principles ....................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Units of Measurement ................................................................................4
2.1.2 Toroidal Transmitters and Electrode Receivers .........................................5
2.1.3 Button Current Measurement .....................................................................6
2.1.4 Complex Measurements ............................................................................7
2.1.5 Sensor Configuration..................................................................................7
2.2 Available Measurements ......................................................................................9
2.2.1 Borehole Image ..........................................................................................9
2.2.2 Ring Resistivity .........................................................................................11
2.2.3 At-Bit Resistivity (ABR).............................................................................11
2.2.4 Mud Resistivity .........................................................................................12
2.3 Compensation ....................................................................................................12
2.4 Measurement Corrections ..................................................................................16
2.4.1 Skin Effect Correction...............................................................................16
2.4.2 Borehole Correction .................................................................................16
2.5 Measurement Limitations ...................................................................................17
2.5.1 Resistivity Range......................................................................................17
2.5.2 Mud Resistivity .........................................................................................17
2.5.3 Stand-Off ..................................................................................................18
2.5.4 Tool Motion ...............................................................................................20
2.5.5 Depth of Investigation...............................................................................20
2.6 Calibration...........................................................................................................22
Chapter 3 Hardware & Software ................................................................................................. 24
3.1 AFR Tool Design ................................................................................................24
3.1.1 AFR Collar, Stabilisers and Button Blades...............................................25
3.1.2 Electronics Insert ......................................................................................26
3.1.3 Minimum Hardware Requirements...........................................................27
3.2 Parts Lists ...........................................................................................................27
3.3 Tool Specifications .............................................................................................29
3.3.1 Specifications Tables ...............................................................................29
3.3.2 Fishing Diagrams .....................................................................................30
3.3.3 Sensor Distance and Orientation .............................................................35
3.3.4 AFR Button Size Identification .................................................................36
3.3.5 AFR Power Requirements .......................................................................37
3.4 Down-Hole Software...........................................................................................38
3.4.1 Current Requirements ..............................................................................38
3.4.2 Down-Hole Sampling Logic ......................................................................38
3.4.3 Software Versions ....................................................................................40
v
3.5 Memory Capacity ................................................................................................42

Chapter 4 Field Testing and Preparation .................................................................................. 44
4.1 Physical Inspection and Preparation of Tools ....................................................44
4.1.1 Stabiliser Blades.......................................................................................44
4.1.2 Button Blades ...........................................................................................44
4.2 Safe Tool Handling .............................................................................................45
4.3 Tool Communications .........................................................................................46
4.3.1 Surface Testing with an HCIM .................................................................46
4.3.2 AFR Tool Specific Communications.........................................................46
4.4 Tool Diagnostics .................................................................................................51
4.4.1 Confidence Test .......................................................................................53
4.4.2 AFR Verification .......................................................................................55
4.4.3 Deck Check ..............................................................................................55
4.5 Battery and Memory Life ....................................................................................56
Chapter 5 Configuring a Download ........................................................................................... 57
5.1 AFR Tool Parameters .........................................................................................57
5.1.1 Parameters Required for Processing .......................................................57
5.1.2 Tool Information .......................................................................................58
5.1.3 Hardware Numbers ..................................................................................59
5.1.4 Downloaded Parameters ..........................................................................59
5.1.5 Tool Diagram ............................................................................................59
5.2 AFR Download....................................................................................................60
5.2.1 AFR Recorded Parameters Page ............................................................60
5.2.2 HCIM Download Page ..............................................................................63
5.2.3 Real-Time VDF Definitions (up to v41.02) ...............................................64
5.2.4 Real-Time VDF Definitions (v57.58) ........................................................66
5.2.5 Downlink ...................................................................................................67
5.3 AFR Pre-Trip Display ..........................................................................................68
Chapter 6 Data Acquisition & Processing ................................................................................ 70
6.1 Operational Procedures......................................................................................70
6.1.1 Depth Tracking .........................................................................................70
6.1.2 Rotation ....................................................................................................72
6.1.3 Stick-Slip ..................................................................................................73
6.1.4 Directional Surveys ..................................................................................74
6.2 Environmental Parameters .................................................................................76
6.3 Real-Time Data ..................................................................................................80
6.3.1 Azimuthal Reference ................................................................................80
6.3.2 Real-Time Error Codes ............................................................................81
6.3.3 Real-Time Reprocessing ..........................................................................82
6.3.4 Real-Time Data Records ..........................................................................85
6.4 Memory Data ......................................................................................................85
6.4.1 Tool Read .................................................................................................85
6.4.2 Memory Data Processing .........................................................................86
6.4.3 HCIM Parameter Report...........................................................................90
6.4.4 AFR Parameter Report.............................................................................90
6.4.5 Memory Data Records .............................................................................94
6.5 Enhanced Image Processing..............................................................................96
6.6 Data Presentation .............................................................................................100
6.7 Data Handover to FRS .....................................................................................100
Chapter 7 Log Interpretation .................................................................................................... 101
7.1 Formation Dip ...................................................................................................101
7.2 Effect of Oriented Drilling..................................................................................107
7.3 Borehole Breakout and Spiralling .....................................................................108
7.4 Effect of Casing & Rat-Hole..............................................................................110
Appendix A Changing AFR Firmware ......................................................................................... 113
vi
Appendix B AFR Variables........................................................................................................... 121
vii
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: AFR Tool Basic Configuration ..................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2-1: Principles of Toroidal Transmitter ............................................................................................... 5
Figure 2-2: Focused Measurement Current .................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2-3: Button Toroid Used to Detect Measurement Current ................................................................. 6
Figure 2-4: Representing a Complex Number as a Vector ........................................................................... 7
Figure 2-5: AFR Tool Configurations ............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2-6: Dual-Resolution Button Fitted to the 8 in. AFR ........................................................................... 8
Figure 2-7: Standard AFR Button Configurations.......................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-8: Example AFR Image ................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2-9: Orientation of Azimuthal Bins .................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2-10: At-Bit Resistivity Current Flow ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 2-11: Natural Compensation of Middle Row Measurement (6 ¾ in AFR) ........................................ 13
Figure 2-12: Response of Uncompensated AFR Ring Measurement ......................................................... 13
Figure 2-13: Response of Compensated AFR Ring Measurement............................................................. 14
Figure 2-14: Compensation by Depth-Matching .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 2-15: Effect of Compensation at a Boundary ................................................................................... 15
Figure 2-16: Resistivity Operating Ranges for LWD Resistivity Tools ........................................................ 18
Figure 2-17: Apparent Thickness of a Thin, Conductive Feature................................................................ 19
Figure 2-18: Effective Resolution vs. Button Diameter and Stand-Off ....................................................... 19
Figure 2-19: Illustration of DOI for the Ring Measurements ........................................................................ 20
Figure 2-20: Effect of Depth of Investigation on Apparent Bed Dip ............................................................ 22
Figure 2-21: Calibration of AFR Buttons...................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2-22: Calibration of At-Bit Resistivity ................................................................................................ 23
Figure 2-23: Verification of Mud Resistivity Sensor..................................................................................... 23
Figure 3-1: AFR Button-isolator comparison ............................................................................................... 24
Figure 3-2: Fishing Diagram – 4 ¾ in. AFR with All Borehole Kit Sizes ...................................................... 31
Figure 3-3: Fishing Diagram – 6 ¾ in. AFR with 8.50 in. Borehole Kit ........................................................ 32
Figure 3-4: Fishing Diagram – 6 ¾ in. AFR with 9.50 in. Borehole Kit ........................................................ 33
Figure 3-5: Fishing Diagram – 8 in. AFR ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure 3-6: Engraving Indicating Correct Orientation of 6 ¾ in. (left) and 8 in. AFR ................................... 36
Figure 3-7: 4 ¾ in. AFR Standard and High-Resolution Buttons ................................................................ 36
Figure 3-8: 6 ¾ in. AFR Standard and High-Resolution Buttons ................................................................ 36
Figure 3-9: 8 in. AFR Standard-Resolution Button (Arrowed) and Dual-Resolution Button (Inset) ............ 37
Figure 4-1: Measuring AFR Blade Diameter Using Three-Point Stabiliser Gauge ..................................... 45
Figure 4-2: Sensitive Areas of the AFR Collar ............................................................................................ 45
Figure 4-3: Tool Diagnostics, Download and Tool Read Modules in InSite ................................................ 46
Figure 4-4: Y-Cable for Surface Communications with AFR (P/N 101430385) .......................................... 47
viii
Figure 4-5: Portable CIM I/O Rig Floor Communications Box (P/N 101744751) ........................................ 47
Figure 4-6: AFR Surface Equipment Setup ................................................................................................. 48
Figure 4-7: Network and Sharing Center ..................................................................................................... 49
Figure 4-8: Network Connections Window .................................................................................................. 49
Figure 4-9: Local Area Connection Properties Window .............................................................................. 50
Figure 4-10: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties Window ....................................................................... 50
Figure 4-11: Ethernet Device Properties Window ....................................................................................... 51
Figure 4-12: InSite Tool Diagnostics Window ............................................................................................. 51
Figure 4-13: Ethernet Connection Information ............................................................................................ 52
Figure 4-14: InSite Tool Diagnostics –Tool Polling Window........................................................................ 52
Figure 4-15: InSite Tool Diagnostics after Polling ....................................................................................... 53
Figure 4-16: Tool Diagnostics – Sensor Selection ...................................................................................... 53
Figure 4-17: AFR Confidence Test Report .................................................................................................. 54
Figure 5-1: AFR Tool Parameters ............................................................................................................... 57
Figure 5-2: AFR Recorded Parameters Page for 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. Tools ............................................... 60
Figure 5-3: AFR Recorded Parameters Page for 8 in. Tool ........................................................................ 60
Figure 5-4: Maximum ROP vs. Sample Period .......................................................................................... 62
Figure 5-5: Azimuthal Tool Reference Information on HCIM Download Page ............................................ 63
Figure 5-6: AFR Real-Time VDF Items ....................................................................................................... 64
Figure 5-7: Additional VDF Items Available with AFR v42.79 ..................................................................... 66
Figure 5-8: AFR Downlink Commands ........................................................................................................ 67
Figure 5-9: Example AFR Pre-Trip Display ................................................................................................. 69
Figure 6-1: Off Bottom Reference Length ................................................................................................... 71
Figure 6-2: Time/Depth Update Interval ...................................................................................................... 71
Figure 6-3: Effect of Drilling off Weight on the Time/Depth Record ............................................................ 72
Figure 6-4: Acceptable Range of Rotary Speed vs. Sample Period ........................................................... 73
Figure 6-5: Example of AFR Rotation Stopping Completely Due to Stick-Slip ........................................... 74
Figure 6-6: Example of Bad Directional Survey Affecting Azimuthal Binning ............................................. 75
Figure 6-7: Bad Magnetic Data from Directional Survey ............................................................................. 76
Figure 6-8: Database Records for Storage of Environmental Parameters.................................................. 77
Figure 6-9: Environmental Parameters – Hole Diameter ............................................................................ 78
Figure 6-10: Environmental Parameters – Mud Resistivity ......................................................................... 79
Figure 6-11: Down-Hole Mud Resistivity Calculator in Sperry Data Center ................................................ 79
Figure 6-12: Environmental Parameters – Mud Type ................................................................................. 80
Figure 6-13: Binning Mode in HCIM Tool Parameters ................................................................................ 81
Figure 6-14: MWD Real-time Reprocessing ................................................................................................ 82
Figure 6-15: Real-Time Reprocessing Window ........................................................................................... 83
Figure 6-16: Backup Copy of Real-Time Data Preserved During Reprocessing ........................................ 83
Figure 6-17: AFR Down-Hole & Real-Time Processing .............................................................................. 84
ix
Figure 6-18: AFR Tool Read ....................................................................................................................... 86

Figure 6-19: Memory Data Processing in InSite Processing Monitor.......................................................... 86
Figure 6-20: AFR Memory Data Processing Options .................................................................................. 87
Figure 6-21: AFR Memory Data Processing ............................................................................................... 89
Figure 6-22: Downloading Borehole Imaging Studio from TSOrders .......................................................... 96
Figure 6-23: Borehole Imaging Studio Icon in InSite ................................................................................... 97
Figure 6-24: BIS Data Selection .................................................................................................................. 98
Figure 6-25: BIS Depth Range Selection .................................................................................................... 98
Figure 6-26: BIS Main Window .................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 6-27: Saving an Enhanced Image .................................................................................................... 99
Figure 7-1: Appearance of a Bed Boundary as a Sinusoid on a Log Plot ................................................. 102
Figure 7-2: Non-Symmetrical Sinusoid ...................................................................................................... 102
Figure 7-3: Intersection of a Horizontal Well with a Horizontal Bed .......................................................... 103
Figure 7-4: AFR Image in Horizontal Well, Showing Bed Dips ................................................................. 104
Figure 7-5: Illustration of Conventional Terminology Used in Bed Dip Interpretation ............................... 106
Figure 7-6: Illustration of Apparent Dip ...................................................................................................... 106
Figure 7-7: Example of AFR Data with Mud Motor.................................................................................... 107
Figure 7-8: Using a Descriptor with Calibrated Depths to Splice Drilling and Wipe Data ......................... 108
Figure 7-9: Effect of Breakout and Spiral Borehole on AFR Response .................................................... 109
Figure 7-10: Effect of Stress on Fracture and Breakout Orientation ......................................................... 110
Figure 7-11: Effect of Casing & Rat-Hole on AFR Response.................................................................... 111
Figure 7-12: Detailed View of Casing Shoe & Rat-Hole ............................................................................ 112
x
List of Tables
Table 2-1: Common Units of Measurement .................................................................................................. 4
Table 2-2: Azimuthal Bin Configurations ..................................................................................................... 11
Table 2-3: Useful Resistivity Ranges of AFR Measurements ..................................................................... 17
Table 2-4: Vertical Smear as a Function of ROP (1-Second Sample Period)............................................. 20
Table 2-5: Azimuthal Smear as a Function of RPM .................................................................................... 20
Table 2-6: AFR Depths of Investigation for Ring Measurements at 100 Ω∙m ............................................. 21
Table 3-1: AFR Hole Size Kits ..................................................................................................................... 26
Table 3-2: AFR Tool Primary Components ................................................................................................. 27
Table 3-3: Cable Kit, ECMB, Rig Floor ........................................................................................................ 28
Table 3-4: Cable Kit, ECMB, Logging Unit .................................................................................................. 28
Table 3-5: AFR Mechanical Specifications .................................................................................................. 29
Table 3-6: AFR Measurement Specifications .............................................................................................. 30
Table 3-7: Sensor Distances Used in Processing ....................................................................................... 35
Table 3-8: Transmitter – Receiver Spacings ............................................................................................... 35
Table 3-9: Timing of AFR Data Sampling .................................................................................................... 39
Table 3-10: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v32.40) ................................................................................. 42
Table 3-11: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v37.83) ................................................................................. 43
Table 3-12: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v40.35 and later) .................................................................. 43
Table 4-1: TCP/IP Settings for AFR Communications ................................................................................ 48
Table 4-2: AFR Internal Offset Values......................................................................................................... 55
Table 5-1: Recommended Numbers of Azimuthal Bins for Common Hole Sizes ....................................... 61
Table 6-1: Real-time AFR Error Codes ....................................................................................................... 81
Table 6-2: Input Parameters Used in Real-Time Processing ...................................................................... 83
Table 6-3: Real-Time Database Records .................................................................................................... 85
Table 6-4: Input Parameters Used in Memory Data Processing ................................................................. 88
Table 6-5: Images Available from Standard Tool Configurations ................................................................ 94
Table 6-6: Database Records Containing Image Data................................................................................ 94
Table 6-7: Variable Names Used for Image Data ....................................................................................... 95
Table 6-8: Database Records Containing Ring Data .................................................................................. 95
Table 7-1: Effect of Well Trajectory on the Appearance of Sinusoids ....................................................... 105
xi
Revision Record
Modifications made in revision B, compared with previous revision A:
• Numerous updates relating to changes in InSite, up to version 8.3.

• Numerous updates relating to a new firmware v57.58.
• Added more detail to explanation of the high resolution button (Section 2.1.5).
• Added new sizes to AFR hole size kits (Section 3.1.1).
• Revised specification to reflect changes in button blade kits (Section 3.3.1).
• Revised button blade wear limit (Section 4.1.2).
• Revised surface equipment setup (Section 4.3.2).
• Revised Tool diagnostics and confidence test report descriptions (Section 4.4).
• Revised parameter reports descriptions (Section 6.4.4).
• Added AFR firmware change procedures (Appendix A).
• Minor corrections throughout the manual.
Modifications made in this revision, compared with previous revision B:
• Changes to AFR hole size kits (Section 3.1.1).

• Minor corrections throughout the manual.
xii
Introduction AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 1 Introduction
Scope This chapter presents the intended purpose of this manual, with the underlying
expectations for how it will be used.
Chapter Contents 1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Notes, Cautions, and Warnings 1
1.3 Overview 1
1.4 Safety and Environmental Precautions 2
1.1 Scope
This manual is intended to provide field operations personnel with the information
necessary for operating the Azimuthal Focused Resistivity (AFR) sensor. It is intended as
a reference for field engineers who have completed the necessary training and is not a
training manual.
Throughout the manual, any references to the InSite surface software system pertain to the
version in general field use at the time of writing (v7.4). It is assumed that all users will
be equipped with this version or later. The manual does not provide information specific
to older software versions. The information in this manual comprises detailed
descriptions of the tool sensors and procedures for tool preparation, downloads, reads, and
data processing.
1.2 Notes, Cautions, and Warnings

Throughout this manual the following flags are used to highlight points in the text of
particular importance.
Notes emphasize a particular point which is important for the reader to

N NOTE
understand.
CAUTION
Caution messages contain important information which, if ignored, could result in
C the loss of data or damage to equipment.
Warnings alert the user to a specific procedure or practice that, if not

W WARNING
followed correctly, could cause personal injury or present a safety hazard.
1.3 Overview
The Azimuthal Focused Resistivity (AFR) is an LWD resistivity tool designed to operate
in electrically conductive mud systems. It provides high-resolution resistivity images of
the borehole, multiple-spacing laterolog-style “ring” resistivity measurements, an at-bit
resistivity measurement and a direct measurement of down-hole mud resistivity. It
complements other resistivity tools in the Sperry fleet, in that it can provide accurate
measurements of formation resistivity where the mud resistivity is low and the formation
resistivity is high, conditions in which other tools, such as EWR-Phase 4, EWR-M5 and
ADR do not perform optimally.
The tool comprises a pair of toroidal transmitters and two or three rows of button
electrodes (Figure 1-1). The transmitters generate an electric current which flows through
1
the collar, the button electrodes and the formation. Measurements of the current passing
through the button electrodes can be used to determine the resistivity of the formation
immediately opposite the buttons. These measurements are segregated azimuthally
around the borehole, so that they can later be presented as a resistivity map, or image, of
the borehole wall. The individual azimuthal measurements are also summed together to
produce Ring resistivity measurements, representing the average resistivity around the
borehole at a particular depth. These measurements are similar in principle to those of a
traditional wireline laterolog.
Figure 1-1: AFR Tool Basic Configuration
In addition, the lower toroid can act as a receiver rather than a transmitter, and measures
the current passing from the upper transmitter to the bottom-hole assembly below the tool.
The magnitude of this current flow is used to estimate the resistivity of the formation at or
around the bit.
1.4 Safety and Environmental Precautions

1.4.1 Tool-Specific
• The sidewall readout (SWRO) uses a 24 VDC power supply. Care should be taken to
avoid shocks. Power should be switched off before connecting or disconnecting the
SWRO cable, in order to prevent sparks.
• The AFR tool is heavy and should be moved only with the use of mechanical lifting
equipment.
1.4.2 Hazardous Chemicals

Some chemicals may be hazardous under certain conditions.
• Consult material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using hazardous chemicals.
• Always work in a well-ventilated area while soldering or using aerosol sprays.
• Always wear protective eyewear when working with aerosol spray solvents.
• Never use aerosol sprays near open flames or near objects at high temperatures.
• Use protective gloves to avoid prolonged contact between skin and solvents.
• Wash hands thoroughly before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the restroom.
1.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment

• Minimum personal protective equipment (PPE) comprises full-length coveralls, hard
hat, protective glasses, gloves and steel-toed boots.
• Additional protection, such as hearing protection, full-face eye protection, chemical
or heat-resistant gloves should be worn as required, based on the task being
performed.
1.4.4 Tool Joints

• Tool joints and other areas of the tool may have sharp edges and pose a threat of
severe lacerations. Use extreme caution.
2
• Keep fingers away from tool joints during BHA assembly to avoid injury due to
crushing or pinching.
1.4.5 Waste Disposal

• Always follow site waste management procedures.
• Segregate regular trash from process waste and place it in properly labelled
containers.
• Do not pour chemicals down drains.
• Do not wash tools, instruments, or containers over sinks or drains.
• Immediately contain and report any spills or releases of chemicals, products, or
contaminated materials or wastes to the site HSE representative.
1.4.6 Ergonomics
When conducting tasks that require repetitive motion or using tools that require static or
extreme postures, take a break every 45 minutes to 1 hour for approximately 1 to 5
minutes. During these breaks, stretching and range-of-motion exercises for the fingers,
hands, wrists, arms, shoulders, and lower back are recommended.
3
Sensor Theory AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 2 Sensor Theory

Scope This chapter describes the theory behind formation resistivity measurements and
how this is put into practice in the AFR.
Chapter Contents 2.1 Basic Principles 4
2.2 Available Measurements 9
2.3 Compensation 12
2.4 Measurement Corrections 16
2.5 Measurement Limitations 17
2.6 Calibration 22
2.1 Basic Principles

The AFR Sensor utilizes two toroidal 1 transmitters operating at two frequencies, 4 kHz
and 36 kHz. These transmitters generate an AC voltage drop (~100 mV) along the
conductive body of the tool. The receivers measure the intensity of the lateral current
flow when the collar is placed in a conductive medium. In accordance with Ohm’s law (V
= I∙R), at any known voltage drop (V), the amount of the current flow (I) varies inversely
with resistance (R). Strictly speaking the AFR actually measures conductance (G), which
is the inverse of resistance (G = 1/R). Hence Ohm’s law can be re-written as G = I/V. By
sensing the lateral current intensity and the voltage applied, the overall conductance of the
system can be determined.
From the measured conductance, the conductivity of the formation can be determined by
taking into account the geometry of the tool, including the distance from the transmitters
to the receivers, the diameter and conductance of the collar and the diameter of the
current-sensing electrodes. The tool geometry is accounted for by way of scaling factors,
also known as “k-factors”, which are applied to the raw conductance measurement during
processing to produce an estimate of the formation conductivity.
2.1.1 Units of Measurement

Throughout this manual, reference is made to the various units associated with electrical
measurements. The most commonly used units and the quantities to which they refer are
listed in Table 2-1.
Relationship to Other
Unit Name Abbreviation Measured Quantity
Quantities
Ohm Ω Resistance 1 / Conductance
Siemens 2 S Conductance 1 / Resistance
Ohm-metre Ω∙m Resistivity 1 / Conductivity
Siemens per metre S/m Conductivity 1 / Resistivity
Frequency (cycles
Hertz Hz -
per second)
Voltage (electric Current ∙ Resistance
Volt V
potential) Current / Conductance
Voltage / Resistance
Ampere (Amp) A Current
Voltage ∙ Conductance
Table 2-1: Common Units of Measurement
1
The term “toroidal” or “toroid” refers to the geometric shape called a torus, which is shaped like a doughnut.
2
The unit of conductance is named after Ernst Werner von Siemens. The word siemens should therefore be used for both the plural and the
singular sense. It is incorrect to refer to 1 siemen; the correct usage is 1 siemens.
4
2.1.2 Toroidal Transmitters and Electrode Receivers

The toroidal transmitter consists of a ferromagnetic core around the collar, with wire
wrapped around the core to form, in essence, a toroidal electromagnet. The operating
principle is similar to that of an electrical transformer, with the primary and secondary
windings of the transformer corresponding to the core windings and the collar,
respectively. An alternating current (AC) in the winding wire induces a magnetic field in
the toroid core. This in turn induces a voltage across the transmitter and an electric
current in the sensor collar (Figure 2-1).
Figure 2-1: Principles of Toroidal Transmitter
In conductive mud, current leaves the collar, flowing into the borehole and the formation.
Current flows from the entire surface area of the collar, including the measurement
electrodes. The AFR has two transmitters, referred to as the lower and upper transmitters.
Under normal operations the upper transmitter will fire, and then the lower transmitter
will fire. When the measurements from the two firings are combined mathematically, the
result is equivalent to a single, simultaneous firing of both transmitters, as shown in
Figure 2-2, such that the current leaving the collar, above and below the measurement
electrodes, acts as a guard current, to focus the measurement current.
5
Figure 2-2: Focused Measurement Current
2.1.3 Button Current Measurement

The measurement current, flowing through the button electrodes, must be measured
accurately in order to determine the resistivity of the formation. This is achieved by way
of a mini toroid placed around the stem of the button electrode. This toroid acts in the
opposite sense to the transmitter toroid, in that the current passing through the button stem
induces a current to flow in the windings around the toroidal core. This induced current
can be measured and the current flowing in the button stem can be determined.
Button Toroid (4 ¾ in. AFR)
Figure 2-3: Button Toroid Used to Detect Measurement Current
6
2.1.4 Complex Measurements

While the basic relationship between voltage, current and conductance is relatively
simple, represented by Ohm’s law, the detail is more complicated, due to the fact that the
signal applied to the transmitter toroid is alternating (AC) rather than a steady, constant
voltage (DC). If the tool were to operate on DC, then the calculation of conductance
would be relatively straightforward, but this would also make the tool very inaccurate, as
it would be sensitive to high resistance phenomena associated with the interface between
the button electrodes and the borehole fluid. For this reason, the tool runs on AC, which
in turn means that the measurements that are made must be represented as complex
numbers.
A complex number consists of two parts, being the real and imaginary components.
Traditionally a complex number can be represented as a vector, with the real component
plotted on the horizontal axis and the imaginary component on the vertical axis. The
magnitude of the complex number is represented by the length of the vector obtained by
summing the two components (Figure 2-4).
Figure 2-4: Representing a Complex Number as a Vector
In the example, a represents the real component of the number and b represents the
imaginary component. The complete number is represented by a + bi, where i represents
the square root of -1. The magnitude of the value is represented by the length of the red
arrow. In the case of conductance, it is this magnitude that is of most interest, as this is
the result that would be obtained if the measurement was made using DC, rather than AC.
It is important to remember that the AFR operates in the complex domain, because there
are cases where a measurement is expressed either as a complex value, the magnitude of a
complex value or the real component of a complex value. Which it is will influence how
that value can be used.
2.1.5 Sensor Configuration

The 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools have three rows of button electrodes. The 8 in. tool has only
two rows. Each row contains three button electrodes, spaced evenly, at 120° intervals,
around the body of the tool. The three tool size options are illustrated in Figure 2-5.
7
4 ¾ in. AFR
6 ¾ in. AFR
8 in. AFR
Down-hole
Figure 2-5: AFR Tool Configurations
On the two smaller tools, the toroidal transmitters are located just below the upper
stabiliser and just above the lower stabiliser, roughly where the red coloured bands appear
in the illustration above. On the 8 in. tool, the transmitters are located just above the top
stabiliser and just below the bottom stabiliser.
Button electrodes are available in two basic types, referred to as standard-resolution and
high-resolution buttons. The standard-resolution button has a diameter of about 1 inch
(25 mm), while the high-resolution button has a diameter of about 0.4 inches (10 mm).
Due to the size differences, a geometric factor (7.4 for all high-resolution buttons) is
applied to the conductance measured by the high-resolution buttons.
In principle, there are no limits on the variety of button configurations that may be
installed on a tool, as each button location can be fitted with either high-resolution or
standard-resolution buttons. Each row may contain one or both sizes. In practice
however, the standard configuration for the smaller tools is to install high-resolution
buttons on the upper and lower rows, and standard-resolution buttons on the middle row.
In the 8 in. tool, standard-resolution buttons are fitted to the upper row and a special dual-
resolution button is fitted on the lower row. The dual-resolution button has both a high-
resolution and a standard-resolution portion, with the high-resolution portion being
mounted concentrically inside the standard-resolution portion (Figure 2-6). The standard
button configurations are depicted in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-6: Dual-Resolution Button Fitted to the 8 in. AFR
8
Figure 2-7: Standard AFR Button Configurations
When the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. AFR tools were first introduced they were fitted with
standard-resolution buttons on all rows. Later, high-resolution buttons were added to the
lower row, leaving standard-resolution buttons on the other two rows. At the time of
writing, there may still be a few tools in the field with this configuration. All new 4 ¾ in.
and 6 ¾ in. tools have the configuration shown in Figure 2-7. Similarly, the first 8 in.
tools had standard-resolution buttons on both rows. Later, the dual-resolution button was
added to the lower row. All 8 in. tools now have the configuration shown in Figure 2-7.
The reason that the tool is not fitted with high-resolution buttons on all rows (as might be
expected) is that the useful operating range of these buttons, in terms of the formation
resistivity that can be measured, is limited, as described in section 2.5.1. Keeping both
sizes of button on the tool ensures that images can be acquired over the widest possible
resistivity range, with the best possible resolution.
2.2 Available Measurements

There are three basic types of measurement made by the AFR, each of which has its own
applications. These are the borehole image, the ring resistivity and the at-bit resistivity.
2.2.1 Borehole Image

The primary purpose of the AFR is to produce resistivity (or conductivity) images of the
borehole. This is achieved by measuring the orientation of the tool as it rotates, using a
pair of magnetometers that are sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field. When the tool
samples the button electrodes, the tool orientation is also measured, so that each sample
can be associated with the correct part of the borehole. To generate an image, the
borehole is divided into a number of azimuthal sectors, with each sector being populated
with samples from the button electrodes as the tool rotates. The data acquired in this
fashion can then be presented as a colour map of the borehole, with different colours
representing different values of resistivity.
An example of such a plot is shown in Figure 2-8. The image represents a map of the
borehole wall, coloured according to the measured resistivity. Lighter colours represent
higher resistivities and darker colours represent lower resistivities. In this case the colour
scale is from 2 Ω∙m (dark) to 2000 Ω∙m (light) and the borehole has been divided into 64
azimuthal sectors.
9
The image is referenced to the high side of the borehole, with the high side being at the
left and right edges of the image and the low side being in the centre. The labels at the top
of the track indicate the top, right, bottom and left sides of the borehole (T, R, B, L and
T).
For details of how the tool converts its magnetic orientation to a high-side orientation,
refer to section 3.4.2.
Figure 2-8: Example AFR Image
The azimuthal data acquired by the AFR can be divided, in principle, into any number of
sectors or bins. However in practice, the number of bins is chosen from a limited number
of options, being 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128. The appropriate choice depends on the size of
the imaging button and the diameter of the borehole. In general, the number of bins
chosen should result in each bin being no larger than the diameter of the button electrode.
Details of how to select the appropriate number of bins are given in section 5.2.1.
In common with all Sperry azimuthal tools, the azimuthal bins are arranged such that,
when viewed looking down-hole, they are numbered clockwise, starting at the high side or
north side of the borehole, with the left edge of bin 1 being exactly at high-side or
magnetic north (Figure 2-9). The example shown is for 16 bins, for the sake of clarity, but
the arrangement is similar for other numbers of bins.
4-bin data is a special case, where the centre of bin 1 is aligned with the high side
N NOTE
of the borehole or magnetic north, forming the top, or north, quadrant.
The sizes and orientations of other bin configurations are listed in Table 2-2.
10
Number Centre of Bin 1 Relative to High-

Angular Size of Each Bin (degrees)
of Bins Side or North (degrees)
4 90 0
8 45 22.5
16 22.5 11.25
32 11.25 5.625
64 5.625 2.8125
128 2.8125 1.40625
Table 2-2: Azimuthal Bin Configurations
Figure 2-9: Orientation of Azimuthal Bins
2.2.2 Ring Resistivity

In addition to the image data, the AFR also produces “ring” resistivity measurements.
These are obtained by combining all of the individual azimuthal bin measurements into a
single, average value. One value is produced for each row of buttons on the tool.
The ring resistivity measurements can be used in a similar fashion to the traditional
resistivity measurements from other tools, such as the EWR-Phase 4, as they represent an
average resistivity measured in all directions around the borehole, although in general the
AFR ring resistivity has a significantly shallower depth of investigation than that from
other tools.
2.2.3 At-Bit Resistivity (ABR)

The lower toroid has two functions. As well as acting as a transmitter for the button
electrode measurements, it also serves as a receiver for the at-bit resistivity measurement.
As a receiver, it measures the current that flows through it when the upper transmitter is
activated. The size of the current depends on the length of the BHA below the tool and
the conductivity of the formation surrounding it (Figure 2-10). Everything below the
measurement toroid, including LWD tools, drill collars, drilling tools and the drill bit, acts
as an electrode. In order to derive a measurement of formation conductivity from the
measured current, a geometric factor (k-factor) is applied, which accounts for the length
of the BHA below the lower toroid.
11
The AFR has occasionally been run in oil-based mud, for the sole purpose of obtaining at-
bit resistivity measurements. In this case, the length of the BHA below the tool is
irrelevant, if it is assumed that the only point of contact between the tool and the
formation is via the cutting face of the bit. In this situation, the k-factor is calculated
using a different model from that used in water-based mud, being based on the bit
diameter, rather than the length of the BHA.
Figure 2-10: At-Bit Resistivity Current Flow
2.2.4 Mud Resistivity

The AFR incorporates a mud resistivity sensor, which measures the down-hole resistivity
of the borehole fluid directly. With other tools it is necessary to calculate the down-hole
mud resistivity from measurements made at surface. The mud resistivity is used when
applying a borehole correction to the AFR ring resistivity measurements (section 2.4.2).
By making a direct measurement in down-hole conditions, the accuracy of the borehole
correction is improved.
Even though the tool makes a measurement of mud resistivity down-hole, the
N NOTE correction to the ring resistivity is always applied at surface by InSite, not by the
tool itself.
2.3 Compensation
The AFR features what is called a “compensated” design. The transmitters and receivers
are arranged so that the transmitter-to-receiver spacings for the upper transmitter are the
same as those for the lower transmitter. The easiest case to visualise is that of the middle
row of receivers (on the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools), which is at the mid-point between the
two transmitters (Figure 2-11).
12
Figure 2-11: Natural Compensation of Middle Row Measurement (6 ¾ in AFR)
The symmetrical arrangement means that the resistivity opposite the middle row of
buttons can be measured twice, once using the upper transmitter and once using the lower
transmitter. The transmitter-to-receiver spacing is the same for both. By combining the
two measurements (taking an average) it is possible to eliminate some undesirable effects
which would be associated with a measurement from one transmitter alone.
Figure 2-12 illustrates a modelled response of the 30 in. spacing from a 6 ¾” AFR tool,
showing how the uncompensated (single-transmitter) measurement responds to changes in
the true formation resistivity.
Figure 2-12: Response of Uncompensated AFR Ring Measurement
It can be seen that the measured resistivity does not accurately reflect the true resistivity
close to bed boundaries. For an individual bed, the measured response tends to
underestimate the resistivity on one side and overestimate it on the other, producing an
asymmetrical response.
By combining the two uncompensated measurements, it is possible to reduce this effect

and produce a more symmetrical response, as shown in Figure 2-13.
13
The middle row produces what is referred to as a naturally compensated measurement,

since the compensation arises from the symmetrical geometry of the tool. For the button
rows which are not mid-way between the transmitters, it is still possible to produce a
compensated measurement. However, since at any given time the two uncompensated
measurements will be made at different depths, it is necessary first to depth-match the two
measurements before combining them. Accurate depth control is therefore essential!
Figure 2-13: Response of Compensated AFR Ring Measurement
Figure 2-14 illustrates the case of the shallow measurement, which comes from the two
shortest spacings on the tool. Measurement 1 is taken using the lower transmitter and the
lower button row, while measurement 2 is taken some time later using the upper
transmitter and the upper button row. Provided that both are assigned to the correct depth,
they can be combined to produce a compensated measurement, which is equivalent to the
naturally-compensated arrangement shown below.
Figure 2-14: Compensation by Depth-Matching
14
Figure 2-15 shows a real example in which a bed boundary in a high-angle well has been
crossed twice; first from below and then from above. Track 1 shows the TVD on a 10-
foot reversed scale. Track 2 shows the six uncompensated ring resistivities, three from the
lower transmitter and three from the upper transmitter. Track 3 shows the three
compensated ring resistivities.
There is a significant difference between the responses of the upper-transmitter

measurements, compared with those from the lower transmitter. When the well first
crosses the boundary, the lower-transmitter measurements exhibit a relatively gradual
response, with each spacing responding differently, whereas the upper-transmitter
measurements change sharply and change simultaneously. The opposite is true when the
boundary is crossed the second time; in this case the lower-transmitter measurements
respond sharply while the upper-transmitter measurements respond more gradually.
This asymmetrical response is due to the tool geometry. The response depends on
whether the transmitter reaches the boundary before the receivers or vice versa. The
asymmetry in the response is dramatically reduced by combining the uncompensated
measurements to form compensated ones. It can be seen that the compensated
measurements are much more symmetrical and easier to interpret.
Figure 2-15: Effect of Compensation at a Boundary
15
Compensated ring resistivities are calculated for all transmitter-to-receiver spacings. A

compensated image is also calculated for the naturally-compensated middle row and for
rows containing standard-resolution buttons. For rows containing high-resolution buttons,
the accuracy of the standard LWD depth-tracking is not considered to be sufficient to
ensure that pairs of measurements are correctly matched, so no compensation is
performed for those measurements. See section 2.1.5 for details of button configurations.
2.4 Measurement Corrections

Two important corrections are applied to the resistivity measurements made by the AFR,
to correct for the effects of the surrounding environment. These are a skin effect
correction and a borehole correction. The skin effect correction is applied to ring
resistivities and the at-bit resistivity, while the borehole correction is applied only to the
ring resistivities.
No corrections are applied to the image data. The enhancement (normalization)

N NOTE applied to the image data during plotting and interpretation nullifies any benefit
that would be gained by applying these corrections.
2.4.1 Skin Effect Correction

The skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to distribute itself within a
conductor so that the current density near the surface of the conductor is greater than that
below the surface. That is, the electric current tends to flow at the "skin" of the conductor
at an average depth called “skin depth”. The skin depth varies based on the conductivity
of the conductor and the frequency of the current and is shallower for higher frequencies
and higher conductance. Hence, the more conductive a medium is, the greater the skin
effect. When the skin depth is very shallow, the current is effectively confined into a
relatively small volume, which causes the apparent resistivity of the medium to increase.
At very high resistances, the skin effect has such a small impact that its effect is
negligible.
Hence in a more conductive formation, the current will tend to flow close to the borehole
wall, rather than flowing deep into the formation, which causes errors in the measurement
of formation conductivity or resistivity.
The effect of variations in skin depth has been modelled for the AFR as a function of
formation conductivity, based on the frequencies at which the tool operates and the
transmitter-to-receiver spacings used for the measurements. Corrections are automatically
applied in the InSite software for each measurement. The correction is larger at low
resistivities (high conductivities) and very small or negligible at high resistivities.
2.4.2 Borehole Correction

As with all LWD resistivity measurements, the AFR ring resistivity is influenced, to some
degree, by the fluid (mud) in the borehole surrounding the tool. Since the tool is
calibrated to read correctly in an infinite homogeneous medium (i.e. without a borehole) it
is necessary to apply a correction to compensate for the presence of the borehole fluid.
The size of the correction depends on the diameter of the borehole, the diameter of the
tool and the resistivity of the borehole fluid. In general, the correction will be larger for a
larger annulus between the tool and the borehole wall, and will be larger for a lower mud
resistivity. The diameter of the borehole can be determined by a calliper measurement
from another tool or it may be derived from the AFR ring resistivity measurements
themselves (see section 6.4.2). The resistivity of the borehole fluid is measured directly
by the mud resistivity sensor built into the AFR.
16
2.5 Measurement Limitations

The AFR will produce good quality measurements under a limited range of conditions. It
is important to understand these limits when planning a job and when interpreting the data
from the tool. Limits apply to several aspects of the tool’s working environment,
including the resistivity of the formation, the resistivity of the mud, the amount of stand-
off between the tool and the formation, the rate of penetration (ROP) and the rate of
rotation.
2.5.1 Resistivity Range

The useful range of the AFR measurements depends on the size of the imaging buttons
(standard or high-resolution) and whether the data is being used for imaging or for ring
resistivity measurements. In general, the high-resolution button can detect smaller
features but has a more limited resistivity range, lower absolute accuracy and greater
sensitivity to stand-off. The amount of current flowing from a button is proportional to its
surface area. The high-resolution button has a relatively small surface area and therefore
the current flowing through it is also relatively small, compared with the standard-
resolution button. In high-resistivity formations, the current may become so small that the
tool electronics are no longer able to measure it accurately, resulting in a noisy or
inaccurate measurement. By keeping both sizes of button on the tool, it is possible to
maintain both high-resolution imaging and accurate resistivity measurements. In practice
the useful limits are shown in Table 2-3, below.
Measurement Type Button Size Useful Range

0.05 – 5000 mS/m
Standard-Resolution (1 in.)
0.2 – 20,000 Ω∙m
Imaging
10 – 5000 mS/m
High-Resolution (0.4 in.)
0.2 – 100 Ω∙m
0.05 – 5000 mS/m
Standard-Resolution (1 in.)
0.2 – 20,000 Ω∙m
Ring Resistivity
1 – 5000 mS/m
High-Resolution (0.4 in.)
0.2 – 1000 Ω∙m
0.05 – 5000 mS/m
At-Bit Resistivity N/A
0.2 – 20,000 Ω∙m
100 – 100,000 mS/m
Mud Resistivity N/A
0.01 – 10 Ω∙m
Table 2-3: Useful Resistivity Ranges of AFR Measurements
2.5.2 Mud Resistivity

For ring resistivity measurements, the useful range depends, in part, on the contrast
between the formation resistivity (Rt) and the mud resistivity (Rm). Ideally the mud
resistivity should be much less than that of the formation, so that it does not significantly
impede the current flowing from the buttons. A general guideline for the conditions in
which the AFR will work best, for the purposes of measuring formation resistivity, is
illustrated in Figure 2-16.
17
Figure 2-16: Resistivity Operating Ranges for LWD Resistivity Tools
Mud resistivity also influences the resolution of the image data. As the mud resistivity
decreases, the resolution of the measurement at a given stand-off will become worse.
However, if the stand-off is small (see below), experience has shown that high-resolution
images can still be obtained in a wide range of mud resistivities. The main effect of
decreasing the mud resistivity is to make the resolution of the measurement more sensitive
to changes in stand-off. In other words, in a low-resistivity mud the resolution will
degrade faster with increasing stand-off than it would in a higher-resistivity mud.
2.5.3 Stand-Off
The native resolution is of the order of button size being about 1 inch for the standard-
resolution button and about 0.4 inches for the high-resolution button. However, the
response will be dominated by conductive features in the formation. The tool is able to
see tiny cracks filled with conductive fluid but with no stand-off, the AFR will smear
them to a size slightly larger than the button. Figure 2-17 illustrates this situation, where a
button electrode, with zero stand-off, moves downwards over a thin, conductive feature
surrounded by less conductive rock. The feature could be a fracture, vug or thin bed. As
soon as the edge of the button reaches the conductive feature (position 1), the current flow
through the button will increase, causing a sudden increase in the apparent conductivity,
shown in the log on the right. As the button moves down, the apparent conductivity will
remain high, as the current flow will be dominated by the conductive feature (position 2).
The apparent conductivity does not drop down again until the button has completely
cleared the conductive feature (position 3). The apparent thickness of the feature when
viewed on the log will be the sum of the actual thickness of the feature plus the diameter
of the button. As a result, small, conductive features, such as fluid-filled fractures or thin
beds, will tend to appear larger on the image than they really are.
18
Figure 2-17: Apparent Thickness of a Thin, Conductive Feature
Any stand-off will degrade the resolution further, as shown in Figure 2-18. The smaller
the stand-off between the buttons and the borehole wall, the better the resolution of the
image will be. As mentioned above, the degree to which the stand-off affects the image
resolution also depends on the mud resistivity. The graph in Figure 2-18 illustrates the
effective resolution of the measurement as a function of button diameter and stand-off,
assuming a contrast in resistivity between adjacent formation beds of 10:1 and a mud
resistivity of 0.02 Ω∙m.
Figure 2-18: Effective Resolution vs. Button Diameter and Stand-Off
19
2.5.4 Tool Motion

The resolution limitations discussed above assume that the tool is not in motion (static
resolution). In real-world conditions, the tool will be moving vertically, due to the ROP,
and horizontally, due to the drill-string rotation. These two motions add smearing of the
data, further reducing the effective resolution of the measurement. Therefore, the drilling
parameters must be carefully managed in order to obtain the best resolution and best
image quality. Vertical smear is dependent on ROP and the sample time set in the tool
download. Horizontal or azimuthal smear is dependent on the RPM and tool acquisition
time, which is fixed at 4.75 ms (refer to section 3.4.2). Typical smear values are shown
in Table 2-4 and Table 2-5, below.
ROP Vertical ROP Vertical

(ft/hr) Smear (in.) (m/hr) Smear (mm)
30 0.10 10 2.8
60 0.20 20 5.6
90 0.30 30 8.3
120 0.40 40 11.1
150 0.50 50 13.9
Table 2-4: Vertical Smear as a Function of ROP (1-Second Sample Period)
Borehole Diameter (in.) Borehole Diameter (mm)

6 8.5 12.25 152.4 215.9 311.2
Rotary Speed (RPM) Azimuthal Smear (in.) Azimuthal Smear (mm)
30 0.04 0.06 0.09 1.1 1.6 2.3
60 0.09 0.13 0.18 2.3 3.2 4.6
90 0.13 0.19 0.27 3.4 4.8 7.0
120 0.18 0.25 0.37 4.5 6.4 9.3
150 0.22 0.32 0.46 5.7 8.1 11.6
Table 2-5: Azimuthal Smear as a Function of RPM
2.5.5 Depth of Investigation

As with all resistivity sensors, the transmitter to receiver spacing is an important factor in
determining the resistivity depth of investigation (DOI) of the measurement. However,
the DOI is not the same as the depth of electrical image (DOEI), which is applied when
using the image data for the calculation of formation dip.
Ring Resistivity
Figure 2-19 illustrates the relationship between transmitter-receiver spacing and the depth
of investigation of the ring resistivity measurements. In general, as with other resistivity
tools, longer spacings are associated with deeper depth of investigation.
Figure 2-19: Illustration of DOI for the Ring Measurements
20
The ring depths of investigation for each tool size are summarized in Table 2-6. The
figures shown assume a pseudo-geometric factor (PGF) of 0.5. This means that 50% of
the measured signal is contributed by the rock within the stated distance, radially, from the
borehole wall. Note that the ring DOI varies with the resistivity of the rock, being deeper
for higher resistivities, although the DOI does not vary as much as it does for wave
propagation tools like EWR-Phase 4, EWR-M5 and ADR. The table shows values for a
mid-range formation resistivity of 100 Ω∙m.
Tool Size (in.) Tool Size (mm)
4¾ 6¾ 8 121 171 203
Spacing Ring Depth of Investigation (in.) Ring Depth of Investigation (mm)
Shallow 4.2 4.3 4.4 107 109 112
Medium 9.4 8.0 - 239 203 -
Deep 10.7 10.4 11.4 272 264 290
Table 2-6: AFR Depths of Investigation for Ring Measurements at 100 Ω∙m
Image Resistivity
The depths of investigation quoted above for ring resistivity do not apply to image data.
For images, a separate parameter, referred to as Depth of Electrical Image (DOEI)
represents the effective depth, radially, from the borehole wall into the formation, from
which the image originates. While this varies slightly with stand-off, formation resistivity
and bed boundary contrast, in practice it is assumed that the DOEI for the AFR is equal to
0.5 inches (13 mm).
The DOEI is independent of the transmitter-to-receiver spacing. Regardless of

N NOTE
the spacing, the DOEI should be assumed to be 0.5 inches. 3
The value assumed for DOEI is important, because it is used in the calculation of
formation dip. To help to visualise the effect that the DOEI might have on the apparent
dip of a bedding plane, consider the illustration in Figure 2-20 which shows a borehole
with diameter B. The borehole cuts through a bedding plane which, on the AFR
resistivity image, appears at depth X on the low side of the borehole and depth Y on the
high side of the borehole. X and Y are separated by a distance d. If no allowance is made
for DOEI, the apparent position of the bedding plane is represented by the red line and the
apparent angle θ1 of the bedding plane relative to the borehole is given by:
B
tan θ1 =
d
3
For further details of how the DOEI has been determined, see Bittar, M. et al, The “Depth-of-Electrical Image” a Key Parameter in Accurate
Dip Computation and Geosteering, SPWLA 49th Annual Symposium, 2008, Paper TT.
21
I
B d
θ1
θ2
Figure 2-20: Effect of Depth of Investigation on Apparent Bed Dip
Alternatively, suppose the DOEI is I, resulting in an effective image diameter that is larger
than the bit size, as illustrated by the blue dotted lines in the figure. In this case, the
apparent position of the bedding plane is shown by the blue line and the apparent angle θ2
of the bedding plane relative to the borehole is given by:
B + 2I
tan θ 2 =
d
CAUTION
It is important to choose the correct value for the DOEI; otherwise the calculation
C of bed dip could be seriously in error.
2.6 Calibration
Calibration of the AFR is performed in the workshop. There is currently no provision for
calibration or verification of the AFR at the well-site.
Calibration of the AFR buttons is done by passing current from the buttons through a
known resistance, in the form of a precision resistor. Each button is calibrated
individually. Figure 2-21 shows the configuration that is used.
Figure 2-21: Calibration of AFR Buttons
22
Electrodes are clamped onto the tool just above the upper transmitter toroid and just below
the lower transmitter toroid. A wire is connected from each electrode, through a known
resistance (1,000 Ω), to one of the buttons. Current is driven along the collar by the
transmitters, passes through the button and returns to the transmitter via the known
resistance. The resistance measured by the tool is recorded and compared with the known
resistance. A scaling factor is then calculated to correct for any deviation between the
two. The scale factors for each button are stored in a calibration file which resides in the
tool’s memory. When the tool is down-hole, it applies the calibration for each button first,
before storing the measurements in memory.
The ABR measurement is calibrated in a similar fashion, as illustrated in Figure 2-22.

Current is driven down the collar by the upper transmitter and passes through the lower
transmitter, which acts as a receiver. The current then flows back to the upper transmitter
through a known resistance (10 Ω), simulating a conductive formation around the tool.
The measured resistance is compared with the known value and a scale factor is
calculated, which is stored in the tool’s memory.
Figure 2-22: Calibration of At-Bit Resistivity
Finally the mud resistivity sensor is verified by immersing it in salt water with a known
resistivity (Figure 2-23). The calibration for the mud cell is hard-wired and cannot be
changed.
Figure 2-23: Verification of Mud Resistivity Sensor
The button configuration on the tool is also set during calibration. The calibration
technician must choose whether each button is high-resolution, standard-resolution or
dual-resolution. This information is included in the tool’s calibration so that differences
in the surface areas of the various button types can properly be taken into account.
23
Hardware & Software AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 3 Hardware & Software

Scope This chapter describes the hardware which makes up the AFR tool, and the
down-hole software which controls its operation.
Chapter Contents 3.1 AFR Tool Design 24
3.2 Parts Lists 27
3.3 Tool Specifications 29
3.4 Down-Hole Software 38
3.5 Memory Capacity 42
3.1 AFR Tool Design

The AFR comprises the following components:
• Collar
• Hard connect collar with hard connect (4 ¾ in. AFR only)
• Electronics insert with four electronics boards
- INC-TP Board
- 3 Channel Preamp, Mud Cell & ABR Board
- 6 Channel Preamp & Magnetometer Board
- Power, Transmitter & Communications Board
• Lower dummy insert (6 ¾ in. and 8 in. AFR only)
• Button Blades (4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. AFR only)
• Stabilisers
The AFR electronics insert is connected to the rest of the tool-string via a sub-bus that can
carry both DC power and communications. The sensor does not have its own battery; it is
powered from the sub-bus and requires approximately 18 volts to operate. The AFR
contains non-volatile flash memory. When the tool is unpowered, the tool will not track
time but the contents of the memory will be preserved.
Figure 3-1 illustrates the button and isolator sizes for the different AFR tool sizes.
Figure 3-1: AFR Button-isolator comparison
24
3.1.1 AFR Collar, Stabilisers and Button Blades

The AFR collar is made from high-strength, corrosion-resistant, nonmagnetic, austenitic
stainless steel. The collar carries the button electrodes and stabilisers. The main purpose
of the stabilisers is to protect the button electrodes from excessive wear and to keep the
tool centralised in the borehole. The button electrodes are mounted either directly in the
stabilisers (8 in. tool) or on button blades (4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools).
The stabilisers and button blades are sized to fit a particular borehole diameter and can be
replaced with different sized components, as required. Replacement stabilisers, button
blades and button electrodes are available in the form of kits, with each kit being designed
for a specific borehole diameter. Details of the kits that are currently available are shown
in Table 3-1. Other sizes may become available based on operational demand. In general
it is desirable to run another stabiliser below the AFR in order to minimise the amount of
wear suffered by the stabilisers and button blades.
25
Tool Hole Stabiliser Button Blade

Kit Part Number Button Sizes
Body Size Diameter Diameter
6 x High-Res
5.875" 5.78" 5.67" 101487098
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
6.00" 5.90" 5.79" 101763796
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
4 ¾” 6.125" 6.03" 5.92" 101457234
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
6.50" 6.40" 6.29" 102083030
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
6.75" 6.65" 6.54" 101798242
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
8.5" 8.32" 8.14" 101530119
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
8.75" 8.57" 8.39" 102266541
3 x Std-Res
6 ¾”
6 x High-Res
9.5" 9.32" 9.14" 101539832
3 x Std-Res
6 x High-Res
10.625" 10.45" 10.23" 102455155
3 x Std-Res
3 x Std-Res
8” 12.25" 12.00" 12.00" N/A*
3 x Dual-Res
Table 3-1: AFR Hole Size Kits
* Currently only one hole size is supported for the 8” tool. There is therefore no kit for
changing to another size. For repairs, individual parts should be ordered, as required.
3.1.2 Electronics Insert

The electronics insert carries all of the electronics for the tool, comprising four electronics
boards, each of which performs a specific function.
INC-TP Board
Integrated NUMAR Controller – Tool Power. The INC-TP board handles all of the
processing required for data acquisition, storage and real-time telemetry. It also handles
communications via the side-wall read-out port (SWRO) and controls the power to the
rest of the tool.
Mud Cell Board

The mud cell board handles three of the nine button-electrode channels, the measurement
of at-bit resistivity and the measurement of mud resistivity via the mud cell.
Magnetometer Board
The magnetometer board handles six of the nine button-electrode channels and monitors
the tool orientation via the magnetometers.
Power, Transmitter & Comms Board

This board controls the transmitters, the power supply and communications via the 1553
sub bus.
26
3.1.3 Minimum Hardware Requirements

The minimum operational configuration is HCIM+AFR. The AFR does not have an
internal battery and relies on the HCIM to provide a time reference and tool power. This
configuration would be suitable for a memory-only application.
The AFR has internal magnetometers which are used to orient the tool azimuthally,
relative to magnetic north. In order for the tool to orient its image data relative to the high
side of the borehole, it must be run in conjunction with a directional sensor (DM, PCD-C
or PM III) and a source of pump status information (for example, a positive pulser or
SDC). Without a directional sensor in the string, the azimuthal AFR data will be oriented
relative to magnetic north. The SDC or pulser is required in order to detect changes in the
pump status (pumps-on or pumps-off), which in turn trigger the directional surveys.
Without it, no directional surveys will be acquired.
For details of the down-hole logic used for azimuthal binning, refer to section 3.4.2.
3.2 Parts Lists

The main components which make up the AFR tool are listed in Table 3-2, along with
their corresponding part numbers.
Component Part Number

4 ¾ in. AFR 101380821
Collar 101380326
Electronics Insert 101380822
Magnetometer Board 101404125
Mud Cell Board 101404127
Power, Transmitter & Comms Board 101404361
INC-TP Board 101404445
Hard Connect Collar 120168210
6 ¾ in. AFR 101485480
Collar 101430096
Lower Dummy Insert 101470444
8 in. AFR 101691420
Collar 101691421
Lower Dummy Insert 101691423
Table 3-2: AFR Tool Primary Components
The components necessary for surface communications with the AFR are contained
within the following kits:
• Cable Kit, ECMB Rig Floor (P/N 101546382)

• Cable Kit, ECMB Logging Unit (P/N 101439603)
27
The detailed contents of these kits are listed in Table 3-3 and Table 3-4.
Part Number / Revision Description

101546418 / A Cable Assembly, Shipboard Rated Category 5E High-Speed
Communications 50 ft. Jumper
120142923 / A Connector, Cannon TBF 18–1PS
101439613 / C Probe Assembly HSC 6-Pin SWRO
101744751 / E Communications Box, Ethernet HSC, CIM I/O Rig Floor,
Assembly
Table 3-3: Cable Kit, ECMB, Rig Floor
Part Number / Revision Description

101552236 / B Cable Assembly, RJ45 to RJ45 With RJ Field Industrial
Connection System
101449843 / A Router, 16-Port, VPN, Linksys RV016
101430385 / C Cable Assembly, Y-Cable, Tester and Jumper, Shipboard
Rated, 25 ft. Jumper
120142923 / A Connector, Cannon TBF 18–1PS
101300751 / D Cable Assembly, Shipboard Rated Category 5E High-Speed
101294850 / C Cable Assembly, Shipboard Rated Category 5E High-Speed
Communications 250 ft. Spool
101455080 / B 10/100 C1D2 Ethernet Switch Box Assembly, High-Speed
Communications
101439981 / C Cable Assembly, Shipboard Rated Category 5E High-Speed
120171538 / G Assembly Communications Booster/Isolator, Tested
101439613 / C Probe Assembly HSC 6-Pin SWRO
101750953 / B Test Rackmount Assembly, HSC, USB CIM I/O
101525916 / B Cable Assembly, USB A/A with USB Field Industrial
Connection System
Table 3-4: Cable Kit, ECMB, Logging Unit
28
3.3 Tool Specifications

3.3.1 Specifications Tables
The mechanical specifications of the three sizes of AFR tool are shown in Table 3-5 and
the measurement specifications are shown in Table 3-6.
Nominal Tool 4 ¾ in. 6 ¾ in. 8 in.

OD 121 mm 171 mm 203 mm
5.78, 5.90, 6.03, 6.40 &
Available 8.32, 8.57, 9.32 & 10.45 in.
6.65 in. 12.00 in.
Stabiliser 211.3, 217.6, 236.7 &
146.8, 149.9, 153.2, 162.6 304.8 mm
Diameters 265.4 mm
& 168.9 mm
Hole Size 5 ⅞ – 6 ¾ in. 8 ⅜ – 10 ⅝ in. 12 ¼ in.
Range 149 – 171 mm 213 – 269 mm 311 mm
1.25 in. 1.92 in. 2.38 in.
Collar ID
31.8 mm 48.8 mm 60.5 mm
12.9 ft. 10.8 ft. 8.5 ft.
Length
3.93 m 3.29 m 2.6 m
1,325 lbm 2,550 lbm 1,800 lbm
Weight
600 kg 1,150 kg 820 kg
3-1/2 IF (NC 38) 4-1/2 IF (NC 50) 6-5/8 REG
Connections
box up x pin down box up x box down box up x box down
Make-up 9,500 - 10,500 lbf∙ft. 30,000 - 33,000 lbf∙ft. 53,000 - 58,000 lbf∙ft.
Torque 1,290 – 1,420 daN·m 4,070 – 4,470 daN·m 7,200 – 7,800 daN·m
Max DLS 14°/100 ft. 10°/100 ft. 8°/100 ft.
Rotating 14°/30 m 10°/30 m 8°/30 m
Max DLS 30°/100 ft. 21°/100 ft. 14°/100 ft.
Non-rotating 30°/30 m 21°/30 m 14°/30 m
Max
302 °F / 150 °C
Temperature
25,000 psi 22,500 psi 25,000 psi
Max Pressure
172 MPa 155 MPa 172 MPa
Max Mass 5,000 lbm/min 10,000 lbm/min 20,000 lbm/min
Flow Rate 2,300 kg/min 4,500 kg/min 9,000 kg/min
Max Sand
2%
Content
Max LCM No Restrictions
Max RPM 180
25,000 lbf 45,000 lbf 60,000 lbf
Max WOB
11,000 daN 20,000 daN 27,000 daN
Lateral
10 minutes at a Peak Shock Level of 90g
Vibration
Axial
10 minutes at a Peak Shock Level of 40g
Vibration
Table 3-5: AFR Mechanical Specifications
29
4 ¾ in. 6 ¾ in. 8 in.

Nominal Tool OD
121 mm 171 mm 203 mm
Operating Frequencies 4 kHz & 36 kHz
Resistivity
0.2 – 20,000 Ω·m
Measurement
0.05 – 5,000 mS/m
Operating Range
0-200 Ω·m, ± 2%
Resistivity 500 Ω·m ± 3%
Measurement 1,000 Ω·m ± 10%
Accuracy 2,000 Ω·m ± 20%
> 10,000 Ω·m - Gross Indication of Change
Azimuthal Bins Up to 128 bins
1 in (standard) / 0.4 in (high resolution)
Image Resolution
25 mm (standard) / 10 mm (high resolution)
Mud Resistivity 0.01 – 10 Ω·m
Operating Range 0.1 – 100 S/m
Mud Resistivity
20 kHz
Operating Frequency
Mud Resistivity
0.03 S/m
Resolution
Mud Resistivity 5% for conductivity > 1 S/m
Measurement 10% for conductivities between 0.1 - 1 S/m
Accuracy 20% for conductivities < 0.1 S/m
Measure Point from
7.75 ft. / 2.36 m 5.33 ft. / 1.62 m 4.09 ft. / 1.25 m
Bottom of Tool
Table 3-6: AFR Measurement Specifications
3.3.2 Fishing Diagrams

The following fishing diagrams are available online (CWI) and are presented in the
following pages.
4 ¾ in. AFR with All Borehole Kit Sizes D00650631
6 ¾ in. AFR with 8.50 in. Borehole Kit D00366297
6 ¾ in. AFR with 9.50 in. Borehole Kit D00366302
8 in. AFR D00400822
30
Figure 3-2: Fishing Diagram – 4 ¾ in. AFR with All Borehole Kit Sizes
31
Figure 3-3: Fishing Diagram – 6 ¾ in. AFR with 8.50 in. Borehole Kit
32
Figure 3-4: Fishing Diagram – 6 ¾ in. AFR with 9.50 in. Borehole Kit
33
Figure 3-5: Fishing Diagram – 8 in. AFR
34
3.3.3 Sensor Distance and Orientation

The AFR makes measurements at several different points on the tool, being the individual
button rows and the mud resistivity sensor. In common with other sensors, the InSite
surface software automatically calculates all of the necessary bit-to-sensor distances from
a single measurement, made by the field engineer, between the bit and an easily-identified
reference point on the tool. For the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools, the reference point is the
middle row of button electrodes. For the 8 in. tool, which does not have a middle row, the
reference point is the side-wall read-out port (SWRO).
The sensor-to-bit distances applied by InSite are summarised in Table 3-7. Positive
distances indicate that the sensor measurement is above the reference point (further from
the bit); negative distances indicate that it is below the reference point (closer to the bit).
In all cases, the mud resistivity measurement is assigned to the depth of the reference
point and the at-bit resistivity measurement is assigned to the depth of the bit, regardless
of the distance between the bit and the tool.
Distance from
Tool Size Reference Point Sensor Measurement Point
Reference Point
+1.67 ft.
Upper Row
+0.51 m
4 ¾ in. &
Middle Row Middle Row 0
6 ¾ in.
-1.67 ft.
Lower Row
-0.51 m
+1.54 ft.
Upper Row
+0.47 m
8 in. SWRO Port
-1.80 ft.
Lower Row
-0.55 m
Table 3-7: Sensor Distances Used in Processing
The distances between the transmitters and the receivers are shown in Table 3-8. The
transmitters on the 4 ¾ in. tool are slightly further apart than on the other tool sizes, giving
slightly longer transmitter-to-receiver spacings. This is partly responsible for the
differences in depth of investigation, shown in Table 2-6.
Distance Distance from Upper Transmitter to Button Row

Tool Size Between
Transmitters Upper Row Middle Row Lower Row
63 in. 11.5 in. 31.5 in. 51.5 in.
4 ¾ in.
160 cm 29.2 cm 80.0 cm 13.8 cm
60 in. 10 in. 30 in. 50 in.
6 ¾ in.
152 cm 25.4 cm 76.2 cm 127.0 cm
60 in. 10 in. 50 in.
8 in. -
152 cm 25.4 cm 127.0 cm
Table 3-8: Transmitter – Receiver Spacings
The AFR is designed to be run in a specific orientation. It cannot be run inverted. Doing
so will result in the image data being incorrectly oriented and at the wrong depth.
The correct orientation can be determined by looking at the tool. For the 4 ¾ in. tool the
orientation is easy to determine, as the pin end will face down-hole, but care should be
taken when orienting the 6 ¾ in. and 8 in. tools, as they both have a box-box design and
are almost symmetrical at first glance. There is engraving on these tools to aid in
identifying the proper orientation (Figure 3-6).
35
“DH”
(down-hole)
“Uphole End”
Figure 3-6: Engraving Indicating Correct Orientation of 6 ¾ in. (left) and 8 in. AFR
3.3.4 AFR Button Size Identification

The AFR is deployed with a mix of high-resolution and standard-resolution buttons. The
button configuration is stored in the tool’s permanent memory, and must be updated by
the workshop technician if the configuration is changed, as it is used during processing by
the down-hole software. The images below will help to identify the difference between
high-resolution and standard-resolution buttons.
4 ¾ in. Tool
A standard-resolution button from the 4 ¾ in. AFR is shown in the centre of a test fixture
in Figure 3-7. High-resolution buttons are shown on the right and left.
Figure 3-7: 4 ¾ in. AFR Standard and High-Resolution Buttons
6 ¾ in. Tool
A standard-resolution blade and button from the 6 ¾ in. tool are shown on the left of the
test fixture in Figure 3-8. A high-resolution blade and button are shown on the right.
Figure 3-8: 6 ¾ in. AFR Standard and High-Resolution Buttons
36
8 in. Tool
The buttons on the 8 in. tool are incorporated into the stabilisers, as shown in Figure 3-9.
Figure 3-9: 8 in. AFR Standard-Resolution Button (Arrowed) and Dual-Resolution Button (Inset)
3.3.5 AFR Power Requirements

The AFR does not have its own battery, but depends on power drawn from the sub-bus,
provided either by the HCIM battery or a generator. The AFR has five possible modes.
The current drawn by the tool depends on which mode the tool is in:
• Off 10 mA
• Surface mode 150 mA
• Pre-trip mode 180 mA
• T-Delay 10 mA
• Logging mode 180 mA
In Off and T-Delay modes, the AFR draws a small amount of current (10 mA) due to the
PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) remaining powered. The PIC keeps track of elapsed
time and receives commands and time-stamps from the HCIM.
In Surface mode, the AFR draws approximately 150 mA. In this mode the tool can
perform surface communications tasks, such as read or download. The tool will not
transmit or record data.
In Logging and Pre-trip modes, the AFR draws 180 mA. This is the mode the tool will be
in for down-hole logging.
Assuming a current draw of 180 mA, without any additional power from a generator the
AFR will drain a 20 amp-hour HCIM battery is about 4.6 days. For longer runs it is
recommended to run either the 96 amp-hour extended HCIM battery, or a generator.
The AFR requires a minimum of 18 volts on the sub-bus in order to operate correctly. If
the sub-bus voltage falls below this level, the tool will shut down.
The AFR samples at the same rate regardless of the sample period or other parameters
chosen in the download. None of the sampling parameters in the download have any
impact on the tool’s power consumption.
There is an option in the download to have the AFR shut down when the pumps are off. It
is important to remember that if this option is selected, the tool will not record any data
unless the pumps are on.
37
At the time of writing it is recommended that the option to power down the AFR
CAUTION when the pumps are off should not be used, as it has been found to cause
C corruption of the memory data in some cases.
If the AFR needs to be shut down for a period of time whilst down-hole, this can be
achieved by way of a down-link command (see section 5.2.5). This option does not cause
corruption of the memory data.
The AFR may be powered either via the SWRO or the sub-bus. For surface and
standalone communications the AFR SWRO uses a 6 pin single key connector. A few
tools remain in service, which are fitted with the older 4-pin communications port, but
these will soon be upgraded to the 6-pin design. Refer to section 4.3 for details of the
surface communication setup.
3.4 Down-Hole Software

3.4.1 Current Requirements
At the time of writing, the minimum software requirements for the support of the most
up-to-date features are as follows:
Surface Software: InSite Version 8.3
HCIM: Version 88.58
AFR: Version 57.37
DM sensor: Version 3.15 or
PCD-C sensor: Version 6.33 or
PM-III sensor: Version 4.00
The sensor can be set up to run in either recorded-only or real-time mode. For correct
binning of gravity high-side referenced data, the AFR requires the HCIM, a supported
directional probe (see above) and a source of pump status information, such as a positive
pulser or SDC.
If the AFR is run without either a supported directional probe or a pump status
CAUTION indicator, it will not bin data relative to high-side; it will only bin relative to
C magnetic north.
3.4.2 Down-Hole Sampling Logic

The electronics of the AFR perform many functions. These include computation of
conductance values for each receiver (and the mud resistivity button), continuous gain
stabilization, and implementation of azimuthal binning utilizing a pair of magnetometers
to determine the azimuthal relationship of all measurements taken.
Image Acquisition
A complete sampling cycle takes 14 milliseconds, regardless of the sample periods chosen
in the download. This time is broken down into several steps, as shown in Table 3-9. For
each transmitter firing, there are two periods of data accumulation. In the second period,
the receiver polarity is reversed, compared with the first. By combining the
measurements from the two periods (taking the difference and dividing by two), constant
offset errors in the receiver electronics are eliminated.
38
Sampling Time
Transmitter Description
Step (milliseconds)
Accumulation of data from the button
1 electrodes (all nine channels simultaneously) 2.00
and the ABR (lower toroid).
No accumulation (receiver switches phase).
Upper
2 The magnetometer azimuth is sampled mid- 0.75
way through this interval.
Second accumulation period (all nine
3 2.00
channels and ABR).
4 Processing 2.25
Accumulation of data from the button
5 2.00
electrodes (all nine channels simultaneously).
No accumulation (receiver switches phase).
6 The magnetometer azimuth is sampled mid- 0.75
Lower way through this interval.
Second accumulation period (all nine
7 2.00
channels simultaneously).
8 Processing 2.25
Total Sample Time 14.00
Table 3-9: Timing of AFR Data Sampling
The results from each sample are assigned to a single bin, based on the instantaneous
azimuth value measured between the two accumulation periods. The total time over
which data is acquired for each sample is 4.75 ms (steps 1, 2 and 3 for the upper
transmitter and steps 5, 6 and 7 for the lower transmitter).
Each azimuthal bin is populated with conductance values from all three button electrodes
on a particular row. At the end of the downloaded sample period, the samples
accumulated in each bin are averaged together and stored in memory. The tool does not
store data from each button individually.
Image Orientation
The AFR uses magnetometers to determine its orientation relative to magnetic north. In
most cases, customers require the image to be oriented relative to the high side of the
borehole. To achieve this requires the use of data from the directional probe.
When the HCIM polls the DM for a full survey, in addition to sending the survey to
surface, it will analyse it for quality control purposes. If the Gtotal (the magnitude of the
sum of the survey accelerometer gravity vectors) is within the range of 0.995 to 1.005 g,
the HCIM deems the survey to be good, and then compares the inclination with the
magnetic to high-side switchover angle that was selected on the HCIM page of the
download. The HCIM will then broadcast to all of the azimuthal tools on the sub-bus
which mode they should be in, either high-side or magnetic. As well as the binning mode
broadcast, the HCIM also broadcasts the magnetic to high-side offset angle observed
during the survey. This is effectively the angle between the gravity toolface and the
magnetic toolface, as measured by the directional sensor. If the AFR is in high-side
mode, it will apply the magnetic to high-side offset angle to the current magnetic
orientation, to bin data relative to the high side of the borehole. This offset is also
recorded by the tool for post-run QC. The HCIM will not broadcast after a short survey
(survey on the fly) from the DM.
If the survey fails the QC check applied by the HCIM, i.e. if Gtotal falls outside the range
of 0.995 to 1.005 g, it is ignored for the purposes of bus transmission and the HCIM will
retain the last good survey and magnetic to high-side offset. In a borehole that has a
straight trajectory, such that neither the inclination nor the azimuth changes significantly,
39
the calculated offset angle will be almost constant, so the continued use of an old survey
will not have much impact. However, if the trajectory of the well is changing, the use of
an old survey can result in the azimuthal data being incorrectly oriented. Refer to section
6.1.4 for details of the operational procedures necessary to obtain properly oriented image
data.
Magnetometer Calibration
Each time the AFR powers on, the magnetometers must be calibrated. This requires that
the tool be rotated at more than 20 RPM for at least 30 seconds. If the tool is not rotated
after the AFR powers up, the non-rotating data will not be assigned to the correct
azimuthal bin. The magnetometers are also recalibrated under several other conditions,
depending on the software version, as described in the next section.
Mud Resistivity Sampling

The mud resistivity sensor is sampled every 5 seconds, with average values being stored
in memory every 60 seconds.
3.4.3 Software Versions

There are currently six different versions of AFR down-hole software in use in the field.
All software versions must be upgraded to the latest version to maximize the utilization of
AFR tools. The main features of each are described below.
32.40 (Sep 16 2008)

This was the first fully-released version of AFR software. It supports the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾
in. tools only, including support for high-resolution buttons.
37.83 (Mar 01 2010)

Interim release for 8 in. tools only. Should not be used on 4 ¾ in. or 6 ¾ in. tools. Added
the following features, relative to 32.40:
• Bad button images are no longer stored, however if all three buttons in a row are
detected to be bad, then all buttons are recorded.
• IXO uncompressed image is supported.
• Improved calculation of RPM.
• Transmitter lower power mode (casing detection) runs all the time, not just during
trip-in delay.
• Fixed a bug where basic data compression was never enabled. Compression is now
always enabled regardless of run parameter settings in older InSite versions.
• Default sampling set to 64 high-resolution bins with 2 second sampling, and 32
standard-resolution bins with 3 second sampling, in case of a corrupt run parameter
file.
• Fixed a bug where button disable status field was not checked.
• More robust tool download implemented.
• Created a SensorProfile.txt that is generated on the tool and read into the ADI for
inclusion into the AFR parameter report.
• Fixed Event logging. AFREventLog.txt to be included in the parameter report.
• Fixed a bug where the tool would not record data when it saw a pumps-off-pumps-on
sequence within one minute of trip-in expiring.
• Magnetometers are now degaussed when saturation is detected (but not more often
than once every 15 minutes).
• New Sperry IP addressing scheme:
- DHCP boot is attempted once at start-up for 6 seconds
- A static address is multi-homed on top of DHCP
- IP Address: 172.16.1.33
- Net Mask: 255.255.0.0
- Address 10.1.1.160/8 no longer works
• 1GB memory processor board supported.
40
40.35 (Nov 5 2010)

Release for all tool sizes, although at the time of writing it has not been tested on the 8 in.
tool. Added the following features, relative to 37.83:
• Added enhanced down-hole compression (Poznan real only), in which only the real
component of the conductance image is stored. Increases memory storage capacity
by a factor of approximately six.
• 0.5-second sample period now enabled. Previously, the selection of a sample period
of less than 1 second in the download would result in the tool sampling at 1 second
intervals.
• Downlink improvements: Tool modes “off”, “surface mode” and “logging” now
persist through power cycles.
• Added tool polling items for memory size and compression ratio/overhead.
• AFR binning algorithm has been optimized to free up processor resources.
• Magnetometer recalibration: Magnetometers are now re-calibrated under the
following conditions, with the reason for the recalibration being recorded in the event
log:
- Magnetometer saturation
- No (or negative) rotation or valid tool face for 30 minutes
- No (or negative) rotation after first pumps-off to pumps-on transition
- At least 15 minutes expired since the last recalibration
• A bug in the RS232 driver has been fixed. This is the RS232 link between the PIC
and ARM processor that is responsible for 1553 communications. This bug was the
reason for occasional failed run parameter file downloads.
42.79 (July 2011)

This was a special build based on version 40.35. The only difference between version
42.79 and version 40.35 is the addition of six new real-time items, being the
uncompensated ring resistivity measurements (upper transmitter shallow, medium and
deep; lower transmitter shallow, medium and deep).
41.02 (Apr 2015)

This was a special build to address Ethernet communication problem with newer batches
of Inc-TP boards. This version was built based on version 40.35. This version does not
add any new functionality.
57.58 (September 2015)

This version supports all tool sizes. Added the following features, relative to 41.02:
• Added new 16-bit real-time complex value for At-Bit Resistivity (ABR)
measurements. This new VDF data item will be processed using the existing memory
data skin effect/borehole correction algorithms in InSite v8.1 and later.
• Correct RT middle row (medium spacing) data are now available with either type of
buttons, standard-resolution or high-resolution, installed in the middle row of 4.75”
and 6.75” tools.
• Ring resistivity RT data count limit increased from 221 to 238 to use previously
unused 8-bit values. This increases the measurement range of the RT ring data.
• Added uncompensated ring resistivity measurements in real-time items (upper
transmitter shallow, medium and deep; lower transmitter shallow, medium and deep).
• The ability to record deep, high-resolution image data is now an option in the
firmware. However, in v8.4 and older InSite versions, this option is NOT a user-
accessible download option; therefore, deep, high-resolution image data are NOT
recorded.
• Raw data processing option also produces raw conductance records used for
processing ring resistivity measurements.
The latest AFR software is available for download, along with detailed release notes, on
Sperry Web (http://sperryweb/PESoftTest/download/).
41
3.5 Memory Capacity

AFR uses NAND flash memory for recorded data storage. The original hardware release
used 256 MB of memory, but there has been a subsequent upgrade to use 1GB memory on
the processor board (part number 10140445 Rev E, or later). This module can be
upgraded by district workshops.
The memory fill rate is a function of azimuthal resolution (number of bins), vertical
resolution (sample period), and the button configuration on the tool (how many rows have
high-resolution buttons and how many have standard-resolution buttons). The battery and
memory calculator (BMC) in the InSite download module includes calculations of
memory life for all released versions of software and both sizes of memory. The tables
below show memory fill times for typical downloads, for each major version of down-
hole software. In all cases it is assumed that the tool is rotating for 100% of the time.
Periods of non-rotation will use less memory and will extend the memory fill time.
AFR v32.40
This version does not support either the 1 GB memory board or the 8 in. tool. The figures
quoted in Table 3-10 are for a 4 ¾ in. or 6 ¾ in. tool, fitted with two rows of high-
resolution buttons and one row of standard-resolution buttons (as in Figure 2-7).
No. of Bins Sample Period (sec) Memory Fill (Hours)

Std. High Std. High
256 MB 1 GB
Res. Res. Res. Res.
4 2 217 N/A
16 32 2 1 147 N/A
1 0.5 89 N/A
4 2 147 N/A
32 64 2 1 89 N/A
1 0.5 50 N/A
4 2 89 N/A
64 128 2 1 50 N/A
1 0.5 27 N/A
Table 3-10: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v32.40)
42
AFR v37.83
This version is for the 8-inch tool only. It supports both the 1 GB and 256 MB memory
boards. The figures quoted in Table 3-11 are for an 8 in. tool, fitted with dual-resolution
buttons on the lower row and standard-resolution buttons on the upper row (as in Figure
2-7).

Std. High Std. High
256 MB 1 GB
Res. Res. Res. Res.
4 2 240 958
16 32 2 1 169 674
1 0.5 106 423
4 2 169 674
32 64 2 1 106 423
1 0.5 61 243
4 2 106 423
64 128 2 1 61 243
1 0.5 33 131
Table 3-11: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v37.83)
AFR v40.35 and Later Versions (Including v57.58)

This version supports all tool sizes and both memory sizes. It incorporates improved data
compression in the memory storage, yielding an approximately six-times improvement
over previous versions. The figures quoted in Table 3-12 are for tools with the standard
button configurations shown in Figure 2-7. It can be seen that with this version of
software and the 1 GB memory board, memory capacity is no longer a meaningful
constraint, since in the worst case shown in the table, the memory will still last for more
than 25 day.

256 MB 1 GB
Std. High Std. High
4 ¾ in. or 4 ¾ in. or
Res. Res. Res. Res. 8 in. 8 in.
6 ¾ in. 6 ¾ in.
4 2 886 803 3544 3213
16 32 2 1 518 463 2074 1851
1 0.5 283 250 1133 1002
4 2 728 694 2914 2777
32 64 2 1 414 392 1655 1567
1 0.5 222 209 887 838
4 2 537 546 2149 2185
64 128 2 1 294 300 1177 1200
1 0.5 154 158 617 630
Table 3-12: Typical Memory Fill Times (AFR v40.35 and later)
43
Field Testing and Preparation AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 4 Field Testing and Preparation

Scope This chapter describes the steps necessary to prepare, inspect and test an AFR
prior to a run in hole.
Chapter Contents 4.1 Physical Inspection and Preparation of Tools 44
4.2 Safe Tool Handling 45
4.3 Tool Communications 46
4.4 Tool Diagnostics 51
4.5 Battery and Memory Life 56
4.1 Physical Inspection and Preparation of Tools

The first step in the verification process is the physical inspection of the tool. Tools
should be inspected:
• When they arrive on location

• Prior to running in hole
• After pulling out of hole, particularly after any stuck-pipe incident
• Prior to leaving the location
• When they arrive at the R&M facility.
The physical inspection includes the following areas of the tool:
• Upper and lower stabilisers and shrink band retaining ring

• Upper and lower toroid protective sleeve
• Each straight blade including:
- Each button blade
- Each button electrode
- Each button blade screw
- Each button blade screw retaining snap ring
- Each button blade grub screw
4.1.1 Stabiliser Blades

The stabiliser blades have a coating of hard-facing material which is ⅛ in. thick. If this
coating wears away, the underlying steel will wear quickly. A stabiliser should be
replaced if it is more than ¼ in. under-gauge at any point or if the underlying steel is
visible. All damage and wear should be noted; anything that is questionable should be
photographed and the pictures sent to district level technicians or GTS for appraisal prior
to using the tool again.
4.1.2 Button Blades

Each button blade should be carefully inspected for the following:
• Cracks
• Excessive wear
• Ringing of the blade due to wear
• Differences in the colour of the steel from normal. This may be indicative of
frictional heating (rotation without circulation), acid or corrosive environments such
as H2S and or CO2.
• Missing button blade bolts
• Missing button blade bolt retaining rings
• Any noticeable bowing or twisting of the blade
• Pitting or gouging of the blade or button.
44
Using a three-point stabiliser gauge (Figure 4-1), compare the blade size with the size that
is marked on the blade itself or noted in the tool paperwork. If the diameter of the blade is
more than ¼ in. smaller than its original size, the tool should not be used.
Figure 4-1: Measuring AFR Blade Diameter Using Three-Point Stabiliser Gauge
4.2 Safe Tool Handling

When handling the AFR, it is important to avoid damaging certain key areas of the tool,
during lifting operations and when installing in the BHA (Figure 4-2).
Figure 4-2: Sensitive Areas of the AFR Collar
Toroid Protector Sleeves

These sleeves may be crushed. They should not be used as lifting points and should not
support the tool when it is laid across beams on a pipe deck. Use of slips in this area
should be avoided if possible, but if the use of slips is necessary, ensure that they bite into
the tool above or below the protective sleeve, not on the sleeve itself.
Receiver buttons
Do not rest the weight of the tool on the button blades. Rotate the tool approximately 60°,
so that the weight is taken on the flat area between the blades, not on the blade itself.
45
4.3 Tool Communications

With the current version of InSite (v8.3), diagnostic functions and tool download are
performed via the HCIM SWRO connector using the main Tool Diagnostics and Tool
Download modules in InSite. The AFR is read through its own SWRO port via an
Ethernet connection, using the main Tool Read module (Figure 4-3). It is no longer
necessary to use an AFR-specific stand-alone application for these functions.
Figure 4-3: Tool Diagnostics, Download and Tool Read Modules in InSite
The AFR surface communications are set up differently depending on the requirements.
• Surface testing and download with an HCIM (Recommended)

• AFR Tool Specific Communications
4.3.1 Surface Testing with an HCIM

When connected to an HCIM, the confidence test and tool download is performed through
the sub-bus. The surface equipment and communication setting (including IP addresses)
should refer to the HCIM. Note that the static IP address for the ECMB is 34.251.252.253.
4.3.2 AFR Tool Specific Communications

When communicating with AFR for tool specific functions (Tool Read, Firmware
Update), the AFR must be connected via its own SWRO port and an Ethernet connection.
All new AFR tools are fitted with the 6-pin SWRO and older, 4-pin tools are being
retrofitted. Power is supplied to the AFR tool by the InSite surface computer via a Y-
cable (Figure 4-4).
46
Figure 4-4: Y-Cable for Surface Communications with AFR (P/N 101430385)
The 3-pin connector on the Y-cable may be connected either to the CIM I/O card in a
rack-mounted computer or to the corresponding port on the portable CIM I/O rig floor
communications box. The box is in turn connected to the surface computer via a USB
connection (Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5: Portable CIM I/O Rig Floor Communications Box (P/N 101744751)
AFR tools can be tested standalone if the power is provided through the sub-bus
N NOTE
line.
A 10-pin HSC jumper cable can also be used. Figure 4-6 illustrates examples of the
surface equipment setup.
47
Figure 4-6: AFR Surface Equipment Setup
Before communicating with the AFR, it is necessary to set up the Internet Protocol (IP)
properties of the InSite computer. Communication will not be possible unless this is set
up correctly. The required settings are shown in Table 4-1.
Software Version Tool IP Address Computer IP Address Subnet Mask
v32.40 or Lower 10.1.1.160 10.1.1.10 255.0.0.0
v37.83 or Higher 172.16.1.33 172.16.1.10 255.255.0.0
Table 4-1: TCP/IP Settings for AFR Communications
48
To change or verify the settings on the computer, take the following steps:
• On the Windows desktop, open the Control Panel by selecting Start > Control Panel.
• When the Control Panel window opens, double-click the Network and Sharing Center
icon.
Figure 4-7: Network and Sharing Center
• On the left panel, select Change Adapter Settings. The Network Connections window
opens (Figure 4-8).
Figure 4-8: Network Connections Window
• Right-click on the Local Area Connection icon, and then select Properties. The
Local Area Connection Properties window (Figure 4-9) opens.
49
Figure 4-9: Local Area Connection Properties Window
• On the Local Area Connection Properties window, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP),
and then click the Properties button. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
window (Figure 4-10) opens.
Figure 4-10: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties Window
• Verify that the IP Address and Subnet Mask settings match those shown in Table 4-1,
for the AFR software version that is on the tool, and change them if necessary. Click
OK to save the changes.
When a communication problem is encountered, Link Speed & Duplex setting

may help. The 10 mbps Full Duplex as illustrated in Figure 4-11 is NOT
N NOTE
recommended for ECMB communications. Use Auto Negotiation option when
communicating with an ECMB.
• On the Local Area Connection Properties window (Figure 4-11), click the Configure
button. The Ethernet device properties window appears. Select the Advanced tab.
50
Select Link Speed & Duplex in the Property list. Select 10 Mbps Full Duplex from
the Value dropdown list, click OK and close the Network Connections window
(Figure 4.10).
Figure 4-11: Ethernet Device Properties Window
4.4 Tool Diagnostics

When the Tool Diagnostics module is activated, it will search for the CIM I/O card and
then the High Speed Communications card. When found, the blank Tool Diagnostics
window is presented.
Figure 4-12: InSite Tool Diagnostics Window
Ethernet Connection Information window may appear if the TCP/IP is not properly
N NOTE
configured. Enter the AFR tool IP address as shown in Figure 4-13.
51
Figure 4-13: Ethernet Connection Information
In the Run Info area, fill out all the relevant information. The message window will show
the session log for any given test. What appears in this window also appears on the main
InSite session log. The Test Notes window can be used to enter comments relevant to the
test. These comments will appear in the header of the diagnostics report.
When the test is complete, a diagnostics report is stored in the InSite database in the
specified well and run number. It can be viewed via the Run Analyzer module.
When the run information has been set up, select Poll for Sensors from the Options menu.
The sensor configuration window will then appear (Figure 4-14). The user then has
several choices for how the tool string should be polled.
Figure 4-14: InSite Tool Diagnostics –Tool Polling Window
Perform Complete HCIM with Sensors Polling

All tools in the Sperry fleet capable of running with an HCIM will be polled. This is very
time-consuming and should only be used for diagnostics or troubleshooting.
Perform Complete Non-HCIM Polling

This option is also quite time consuming. All non-HCIM tools will be polled.
52
Poll for Sensors Based on Tool Parameters

This is the preferred option for polling the tool string. It is much faster than the previous
two options as only tools that are listed in Tool Parameters will be polled.
Retrieve Stored Bus Map from Database

This is the fastest option but is only available if the tool string has been previously polled
during the current run. If there are tool communications problems, it is recommended that
this option not be used as it only remembers those tools that were recognized on the
previous tool polling.
When the polling has been successfully completed, only those tests applicable to the tools
found will be presented (Figure 4-15).
Figure 4-15: InSite Tool Diagnostics after Polling
4.4.1 Confidence Test

When the confidence test function is selected, InSite will prompt the user for the tools to
test from what is available, based on the previous polling.
Figure 4-16: Tool Diagnostics – Sensor Selection
53
During the confidence test, the AFR is powered up and InSite gathers data from the
essential systems in the tool. On completion of the testing routine, the tool is powered
down and the results are displayed in a confidence test report. The report is saved in the
database in the active run and can be viewed later using the Run Analyzer module. An
example of a confidence test report is shown below.
Figure 4-17: AFR Confidence Test Report
The information contained in the AFR confidence test is fairly limited compared with
other tools but covers the essential functionality of the tool. Review the report to ensure
that all entries are as expected, with no errors. The entries in the report are as follows:
Tool ID
The soft ID of the tool. The first digit usually indicates the tool size (4, 6 or 8 for 4 ¾ in.,
6 ¾ in. and 8 in.) The remainder indicates the soft serial number of the tool.
Controller SW Version
The version of software installed on the INC-TP board (see section 3.4.3).
DSP SW Version
The version of software installed on the Digital Signal Processor.
PIC SW Version
The version of software installed on the Peripheral Interface Controller.
Tool Size
The nominal tool size. This information is referenced from its calibration file.
54
Internal Offset
The internal offset is the angular offset between the AFR’s azimuthal reference and the
alignment of the magnetometer package inside the tool. This value is fixed for each tool
size. The standard values are shown in Table 4-2.
Tool Size Internal Offset (degrees)

4 ¾ in. 67
6 ¾ in. -128
8 in. 108
Table 4-2: AFR Internal Offset Values
PreAmp Mag Board ID

The SID (Silicon ID) number associated with the magnetometer board.
PreAmp Mud Cell Board ID

The SID (Silicon ID) number associated with the mud cell board.
Power Transmitter Communications Board ID

The SID (Silicon ID) number associated with the power, transmitter and comms board.
Calibration File
Indicates the presence and status of the calibration file. If it is present and correct, the
report shows good, otherwise it shows bad.
Memory Size
Reports the size of the Data partition in the flash RAM, in bytes. This will normally be
either 1 GB or 256 MB.
Temperature
The temperature is not reported correctly and should be ignored. This will be corrected in
a future software release.
Sub Bus Voltage

The voltage on the sub bus as measured by the AFR, in volts.
Sub Bus Current

The current drawn by the AFR during the test, in amps. This value should be around 150
mA (0.15 A), corresponding to the tool being in Surface mode (see section 3.3.5).
Power Consumption
The power consumption of the AFR, in watts.
Button 1 – 9 Status
Indicates whether each button electrode is good or bad. The AFR takes a sample
measurement on each button and compare the measured magnitude of gain to the
calibration file. If the measurement is within 20% of range, the report shows good,
otherwise it shows bad.
5V, -5V and 3V Status

Indicates the status of the three main power supplies inside the AFR. If the supply is
good, the report shows good, otherwise it shows bad.
4.4.2 AFR Verification

A field verification test for the AFR tool is not yet supported.
4.4.3 Deck Check

The purpose of deck checking is to confirm the following:
• That the AFR is communicating properly with the HCIM;
55
• That the internal components and software of the AFR are functioning properly, and
they were not damaged during transport;
• That the surface communications systems and HCIM are working properly;
• That the download parameters are correctly transferred to the tool.
The deck check comprises four basic steps:
Preparation
Once the confidence test has been performed, the AFR software version and tool size will
be read from the tool and displayed on the AFR tool parameters page. This information
should be checked to ensure that it is correct.
Download
Prepare the download for the next run. Use a T-Delay of 5 or 10 minutes, and do not
specify any real-time data unless a positive pulser and running rig are set up. Download
this to the tool. Identify any errors and solve such errors at this point. Let the tool run for
30-60 minutes (to obtain one or two entries in the HCIM 30-minute diagnostics).
Read the Tool

Again, look for errors to identify and solve. Process normally.
Analyse the Data

Look for issues in the parameter report (section 6.4.4) and ADI records such as sample
frequency. Any anomalies should be scrutinized thoroughly!
4.5 Battery and Memory Life

Determine the number of amp-hours remaining in the HCIM battery, by examining the
battery usage log in the tool paperwork. Using the battery & memory calculator (BMC) in
the MWD Download module, together with an estimate of the expected run length,
determine whether the battery will last for the duration of the run.
The BMC is also used to determine the capacity, in terms of run length, of the tool
memory, based on the settings chosen in the download. Details of how to set up the
download are given in section 5.2. Typical memory-life values are shown in section 3.5.
56
Configuring a Download AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 5 Configuring a Download

Scope This chapter describes the steps required to prepare a download for the AFR,
including the information required by the InSite software system.
Chapter Contents 5.1 AFR Tool Parameters 57
5.2 AFR Download 60
5.3 AFR Pre-Trip Display 68
5.1 AFR Tool Parameters

The AFR tool parameters page is a requirement for tool diagnostics and processing. No
diagnostic routines, downloads, reads or processing (real-time or recorded) may proceed
without this page. Many of the variables and information boxes will be automatically
filled during tool communications or processing. Refer to individual variable definitions
for further information.
Figure 5-1: AFR Tool Parameters
5.1.1 Parameters Required for Processing
The parameters selected in this section have a direct impact on the way the log
CAUTION
C data is processed in InSite. It is therefore essential that they are all entered
correctly.
Tool Size
Select the size of the tool. This is populated automatically during confidence tests and
tool downloads or may be entered manually. The processing software uses this value to
calculate the sensor-to-bit distances for the various measurements as well as to specify
which set of tool size-dependent environmental correction equations to use during data
57
processing. The tool size selection also controls the choice of available stabiliser and
button blade diameters.
Distance from Middle Row Buttons/AFR SWRO Port to Bit

Enter the distance from the bit to the AFR reference point. For the 4 ¾” and 6 ¾” tools,
the reference point is the middle row of buttons. In the 8” tool, which does not have a
middle row, the reference point is the AFR SWRO port. This is used in calculating the
correct bit-to-sensor distances for the various AFR measurements. It is also used in
calculating the at-bit resistivity measurement, which depends on the length of the BHA
between the lower receiver and the bit (when operating in water-based mud).
Stabiliser Diameter
Select the diameter of the stabilisers fitted to the tool. The choices available are
controlled by the choice of tool size. This selection may be manually overridden if the
stabiliser diameter on the tool does not match one of the options in the list. It is important
to choose the correct value, as this determines the button blade diameter, which is used in
processing. The available stabiliser diameters are listed in Table 3-1.
Button Blade Diameter

Displays the diameter of the button blades fitted to the tool. Each diameter of button
blade is normally associated with a specific diameter of stabiliser, so the value displayed
is controlled by the choice of stabiliser diameter. This value may be manually overridden
if the button blade diameter on the tool does not match the displayed value. The button
blade diameter is used by the InSite processing to determine the correct conversion
between raw conductance measurements and resistivity. It is also used in the borehole-
correction of the resistivity data. The available button blade diameters are listed in Table
3-1.
Override Diameters
This option allows the user to manually enter values for stabiliser diameter and button
blade diameter, if the sizes fitted to the tool do not match one of the available options.
5.1.2 Tool Information

The parameters in this section are for reporting or tracking purposes only, and have no
impact on processing.
AFR Tool ID
Displays the identification number of the tool. This is automatically read from the tool
during downloads or may be entered manually.
Software Version
Displays the down-hole software version installed on the AFR tool. This is automatically
read from the tool during downloads or may be entered manually.
PIC Version
Displays the version of the PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) in the AFR tool. This is
automatically read from the tool during downloads or may be entered manually.
Internal Offset
The mechanical offset angle between the AFR scribe line and the magnetometers inside
the tool. This is automatically read from the tool during downloads or may be entered
manually. Note that the value displayed is for information only, and does not have any
impact on the binning of azimuthal data in the tool or on the InSite processing. Only the
value stored in the tool is applied to the azimuthal binning. The standard values for the
three available tool sizes are shown in Table 4-2.
Memory Size
Indicates the size of the memory available in the AFR tool. This option must be selected
manually.
58
5.1.3 Hardware Numbers

The values entered in this section are for reporting or tracking purposes only and have no
impact on processing. Some or all of them may be read directly from the tool, depending
on the tool software version.
Collar Tech ID
The Tech ID of the AFR collar. This should be visibly stamped on the collar and listed in
the tool paperwork.
Electronics Insert Tech ID

The Tech ID of the electronics insert in the AFR. This will normally be obtained from the
tool paperwork.
INC-TP Board Tech ID

One of four AFR electronic modules, INC-TP handles data processing and side-wall
readout communication. Enter the appropriate INC-TP Tech ID from the tool paperwork.
Mud Cell Board

One of four AFR electronic modules, the mud cell board handles three receiver channels,
the at-bit resistivity measurement and the mud cell measurement. Enter the appropriate
mud cell board Tech ID from the tool paperwork.
Mag Board
One of four AFR electronic modules, the magnetometer board handles six receiver
channels and the magnetometer. Enter the appropriate magnetometer board Tech ID from
the tool paperwork.
Power/Tx Comms Board

One of four AFR electronic modules, the power/transmitter communications board
controls the power supply and the transmitter. Enter the appropriate power/transmitter
communications board Tech ID from the tool paperwork.
Lower Insert (6.75” and 8”)

The Tech ID of the lower insert, from the tool paperwork. The 4 ¾” tool does not have a
lower insert.
SID Numbers
Some boards in the AFR are equipped with SID chips, which carry unique identification
numbers, intended to aid in tracking equipment. These may be read automatically during
surface communications with the tool. They play no role in processing or reporting and
are presented for reference only.
5.1.4 Downloaded Parameters

This section displays the sample period and number of azimuthal bins that were specified
in the download for the standard-resolution and high-resolution data. It also displays the
t-delay that was selected in the download. These fields are updated automatically during
the download and are not editable.
5.1.5 Tool Diagram

The tool diagram shows a schematic of the selected tool size. The diagram illustrates the
tool in the orientation in which it should be run. Compare the features shown on the
diagram with those on the tool to determine the correct orientation. Also pay attention to
the markings on the 6 ¾ in. and 8 in. tools, which clearly indicate the correct orientation
(Figure 3-6).
59
5.2 AFR Download

In InSite v7.4 the initialization of the AFR is integrated into the MWD Download module.
This controls both the recorded and the real-time sampling.
5.2.1 AFR Recorded Parameters Page

The appearance of the AFR recorded parameters page in MWD Download changes,
depending on the size of tool selected. The two possible layouts are shown in Figure 5-2
and Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-2: AFR Recorded Parameters Page for 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. Tools
Figure 5-3: AFR Recorded Parameters Page for 8 in. Tool
Software Version
The software version is copied automatically from the AFR tool parameters page or may
be entered manually. The available options for tool size and memory capacity are
60
determined by this selection, since not all versions support the 1 GB memory board and
not all versions support the 8 in. tool. Select the software version before selecting
anything else.
The choice of software version must match the version in the tool. The download
N NOTE
will abort if the tool is found to have a different version from the one selected.
Tool Size
Choices are 4.75”, 6.75” or 8”. The choice is limited for some software versions, which
do not support all tool sizes. This selection also controls the button selection boxes and
BMC settings (see below), since the 8 in. tool has a different button configuration from
the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools.
Memory Size
Choices are 256 MB and 1024 MB (1 GB). The availability of the 1 GB option requires
the selection of a software version which supports it, otherwise only the 256 MB option is
available. For early versions of software, prior to v40.35, no check is done at the time of
the download, to determine whether the selected memory size matches the memory
capacity of the tool. This is because those versions do not report the tool’s memory
capacity to InSite. Version 40.35 and later versions report the tool’s memory capacity and
the download will fail if the selected memory capacity does not match the size of the
tool’s memory.
T-Delay
Set the delay between the initialisation time and the time when the AFR is required to start
recording. No memory data will be recorded until this period expires.
If the rig pumps are turned on prior to the end of the T-Delay period, the tool will
N NOTE
record valid data in memory and will transmit valid data in real time.
Standard and High-Resolution Bins

Select the number of azimuthal sectors to record in memory for the standard-resolution
and high-resolution data. The number of bins chosen will depend on the button resolution
and the diameter of the borehole being logged. The objective should be to choose
sufficient bins so that each bin is no larger than the intrinsic resolution of the button
electrode. So each azimuthal bin should cover no more than 1 inch of the circumference
of the borehole for the standard-resolution buttons and no more than 0.4 inches for the
high-resolution buttons. In practice, the image quality may be improved slightly by
increasing the number of bins above the theoretical minimum. Recommended values are
shown in Table 5-1.
Recommended
Hole Size
Number of Bins
Standard- High-
Inches Millimetres Resolution Resolution
Buttons Buttons
5⅞–6¾ 149 - 171 32 64
8½–9½ 216 - 241 32 64
12 ¼ 311 64 128
Table 5-1: Recommended Numbers of Azimuthal Bins for Common Hole Sizes
Standard and High-Resolution Sample Periods

Select the desired sample period for the standard-resolution and high-resolution data
separately. Typically the sample period for the high-resolution data should be half of the
sample period for the standard-resolution data, since the buttons are about half the size.
61
Although there are several default sample periods in the drop-down lists, any
N NOTE value between 0.5 and 10 seconds may be entered, in steps of 0.1 seconds
The chosen sample period should provide adequate data density at the expected maximum
logging speed, so that the image quality is not compromised. Due to the relatively high
resolution of the AFR button measurements compared with other LWD sensors, the target
data density is correspondingly much higher and the sample period much shorter than for
other sensors. The optimum data density for the standard-resolution data is 18 points per
foot (60 points per metre); for high-resolution data the target is 36 points per foot (120
points per metre). This is based on observations of images from real wells, where data
densities significantly less than these values have been seen to result in degradation of the
image quality. The relationship between sample period and maximum ROP, for both
high-resolution and standard-resolution data, is illustrated in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5-4: Maximum ROP vs. Sample Period
Real-Time Sample Period

The real-time sample period is the period with which the AFR updates its real-time buffer.
The HCIM takes data from the buffer when a new real-time sample is required. Some
suggested values are provided as drop-down options, but any value may be typed in the
box.
It is recommended that the real-time sample period be set to approximately half of

N NOTE
the expected interval between real-time AFR data items.
Power Down AFR When Pumps Are Off

This option is provided in order to conserve battery life. The tool will shut down when it
receives a pumps-off signal from the HCIM and will restart when it receives a pumps-on
signal. However it has been observed that in some cases this can cause the loss of data,
resulting in gaps in the memory log.
CAUTION Until further notice, this option should not be used. The data loss problem will be
C corrected in a future version of AFR software.
62
If it is necessary to shut down the AFR for a long period of time (such as during a short
trip or during rig repairs), it can be safely shut down using a downlink command. Refer to
section 5.2.5 for details.
Button Selection
Enable all working buttons on the tool. Individual buttons may be disabled if they are
known to be faulty. Check the confidence test (section 4.4.1) to verify which buttons are
working and inspect the tool for physical damage (section 4.1.2). The appearance of this
section of the download screen changes depending on the selected tool size. For the 8 in.
tool, there is no middle row and the check-boxes for buttons 4, 5 and 6 are not shown. If
the 8 in. tool is fitted with dual-resolution buttons on the lower row, then the check-boxes
for buttons 7, 8 and 9 control both the high-resolution and standard-resolution portions of
the button. It is not possible to disable only one portion of a dual-resolution button.
Button Resolution for BMC

This section of the download page has no impact on the operation of the tool. It is used
only for the purposes of the memory-fill calculation on the BMC tab.
Set each button to match the type fitted to the tool. The choices are High for high-
resolution buttons, Standard for standard-resolution buttons and Disabled if the button is
disabled in the check-boxes to the left. For the 8 in. tool, there is also the option to select
Dual for a dual-resolution button.
CAUTION The button configuration must match the physical arrangement on the tool;
C otherwise the calculated memory life will be incorrect.
Refer to section 3.5 for typical values for the expected memory life, for a range of
possible downloads.
5.2.2 HCIM Download Page

The HCIM page is the interface for many of the universal functions for the general tool
string. For the purposes of the AFR, the settings associated with the azimuthal binning
reference are of particular importance (Figure 5-5).
Figure 5-5: Azimuthal Tool Reference Information on HCIM Download Page
63
The HCIM Azimuthal Tool Reference Info settings control all azimuthal sensors, including
the AFR. The settings must be carefully selected based on the expected well path and
drilling objectives.
As a rule of thumb, if entering a well-bore where the inclination of the casing shoe is in
excess of 20° and the intention is to either build or hold angle, then Lock in Highside
would be an appropriate choice. If entering a well-bore at less than 10° and the intention
is to stay below 10°, select Lock in Magnetic.
If entering the well-bore to build angle from near vertical or to drop angle to near vertical,
selecting Automatic is the best option. In this case, the Magnetic to Highside Switchover
Angle (the angle above which the data will be binned relative to high-side) must also be
chosen and should be set at an angle that will be passed through quickly (e.g. during a
build section). This ensures that the changeover happens only once during the well. The
azimuthal binning reference will be set to high-side when a full survey indicates that the
inclination is greater than the selected value. If the survey indicates that the inclination is
less than the selected value, the binning reference will be set to magnetic north.
If the Automatic option is chosen, it is necessary to include a Tool Status item in the start-
up or initial real-time list. This indicates, to the InSite surface software, which azimuthal
reference is being used by the tool, so that InSite can assign the azimuthal data to the
appropriate database records. The download will not be allowed to continue unless a
status item is included. All azimuthal tools have a status item available, but if there are
multiple azimuthal tools in the string, it is necessary to transmit the status from only one
of them. This status will be applied to the data from all the azimuthal tools. In the case of
the AFR, the status is contained in the TST VDF item.
If the AFR is run without either a directional sensor or a pump status indicator
N NOTE (positive pulser or SDC) in the string, the azimuthal data will always be referenced
to magnetic north. Both are required in order to obtain high-side-referenced data.
Refer to sections 6.3.4 and 6.4.5 for details of the AFR real-time and memory database
records.
5.2.3 Real-Time VDF Definitions (up to v41.02)

The AFR has the capability to participate in real-time data transmission. For all software
versions up to v41.02, the available real-time items are shown in Figure 5-6.
Figure 5-6: AFR Real-Time VDF Items
64
PSA – PIC Status A

This contains two items, being the sub-bus voltage measured by the AFR and a flag
indicating whether the tool is powered on or off.
TST – Tool Status

The tool status item contains multiple pieces of information:
• Disk Usage. Reports the percentage of the tool’s memory that has been filled.
• Tool Mode. Reports whether the tool is in surface mode, pre-trip mode, logging
mode or off.
• Pin Orientation. Indicates the tool orientation (pin-up or pin-down) as determined by
the tool, based on its observed direction of rotation.
• Binning Mode. Indicates whether the tool is binning data relative to magnetic north
or high-side.
BSA – Button Status A

Reports whether buttons 1 to 7 are good or bad.
BSB – Button Status B

Indicates whether buttons 8 and 9 are good or bad. This item also reports the status of the
at-bit measurement (good or bad) and whether or not the memory is more than 97% full.
VTL – Vital Functions

The vital functions item contains multiple pieces of information:
• +5 volt analogue power status (in or out of range).

• -5 volt analogue power status (in or out of range).
• 5 volt digital power status (in or out of range).
• 3.3 volt digital power status (in or out of range).
• Sub-bus voltage (in or out of range).
• Temperature (<140°C, 140 to 150°C, 150 to 160°C or >160°C).
BRE – Medium Ring Resistivity

For the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. tools, the BRE item is the medium-spacing, compensated, ring
resistivity, measured at the middle row of buttons. For the 8 in. tool, it is the shallow-
spacing, uncompensated, ring resistivity, measured at the lower row of buttons (standard-
resolution portion of dual-resolution buttons).
MRE – Mud Resistivity

The resistivity of the borehole fluid, as measured by the mud cell mounted on the AFR
tool.
ABR – Resistivity at Bit

The at-bit resistivity measurement.
$AFR_4B_A, $AFR_8B_A and $AFR_16B_A

These three items represent the compressed real-time resistivity image. For the 4 ¾ in.
and 6 ¾ in. tools, the image is from the medium-spacing, compensated measurement,
measured at the middle row of buttons. For the 8 in. tool, it is the shallow-spacing,
uncompensated measurement, measured at the lower row of buttons (standard-resolution
portion of dual-resolution buttons).
Unlike other azimuthal tools, the average resistivity is NOT calculated by InSite
CAUTION
C from the transmitted image data. If the average resistivity is required, the BRE
item must be transmitted in addition to the image.
TCUR – Tool Current

Reports the current drawn by the AFR from the sub-bus, in milliamps.
65
RPM_8 – RPM
The rate of rotation, as measured by the magnetometers in the AFR.
TMP_8 – Temperature
The temperature measured by the on-board temperature sensor inside the tool.
CONV – Conventional Item

This item is paired with the compressed image and will be pulsed when the tool is not
rotating. It is identical to the BRE item, above.
5.2.4 Real-Time VDF Definitions (v57.58)

For the firmware 42.79, 57.58 and greater versions, some additional real-time items are
available, corresponding to the uncompensated ring resistivities. With v57.58, the real-
time at-bit resistivity is in 16-bit format to increase the accuracy. These are shown in
Figure 5-7.
Figure 5-7: Additional VDF Items Available with AFR v42.79
ABR16Z – Resistivity At Bit 16 Bit

The 16-bit at-bit resistivity measurement.
AFRSUZ – Shallow Ring Resistivity – Upper Transmitter

The shallow ring resistivity, measured from the upper transmitter to the upper row of
buttons.
AFRMUZ – Medium Ring Resistivity – Upper Transmitter

The medium ring resistivity, measured from the upper transmitter to the middle row of
buttons.
AFRDUZ – Deep Ring Resistivity – Upper Transmitter

The deep ring resistivity, measured from the upper transmitter to the lower row of buttons.
AFRSLZ – Shallow Ring Resistivity – Lower Transmitter

The shallow ring resistivity, measured from the lower transmitter to the lower row of
buttons.
66
AFRMLZ – Medium Ring Resistivity – Lower Transmitter

The medium ring resistivity, measured from the lower transmitter to the middle row of
buttons.
AFRDLZ – Deep Ring Resistivity – Lower Transmitter

The deep ring resistivity, measured from the lower transmitter to the upper row of buttons.
5.2.5 Downlink
There are four downlink commands available for the AFR (Figure 5-8).
Figure 5-8: AFR Downlink Commands
AFR Power Down

The AFR Power Down command will power off the AFR tool. This may be used in cases
where it is necessary to conserve battery power, for example during rig repair operations.
The PIC will remain awake to listen for power-on commands, time stamps from the
HCIM and magnetic-to-high-side offset broadcasts. The tool will power up under either
of two circumstances:
• The AFR Power Up command is received via downlink;

• Power is cycled to the AFR via VDF mode switch.
AFR Power On, Logging Mode

This command powers the tool on after having been powered down with the AFR Power
Down downlink command. After powering on, the tool will enter normal logging mode.
AFR Power On, Surface Mode

This command powers the tool on after having been powered down with the AFR Power
Down downlink command. After powering on, the tool will enter surface mode, which is
the mode used during surface communications.
It is recommended that this option should NOT be used. There is no scenario in

N NOTE
which it is desirable to put the tool into surface mode whilst down-hole.
67
AFR Tool Reset

This command will cause a software reset, in effect causing the AFR to reboot. This
would be used in cases where is it suspected that the tool software may have locked up or
is producing unexpected real-time data values.
5.3 AFR Pre-Trip Display

Once the HCIM is initialized it will supply power to the AFR via the sub-bus. The HCIM
will begin broadcasting time stamps on the sub-bus, which the AFR will use for setting its
own time. The AFR depends on time stamps from the HCIM. Time stamps are received
by the PIC, which remains powered at all times. The PIC transfers the time stamp to the
INC-TP processor each time the AFR powers up.
The HCIM broadcasts a time stamp every 5 minutes after initialisation. It does
N NOTE not transmit time stamps for any other reason (VDF mode switch, power resets,
etc.)
After initialisation, the AFR will enter pre-trip mode, displaying all the available
parameters from the tool. An example pre-trip display is shown in Figure 5-9.
68
---- Starting Pre-Trip Cycle 1 -------------------
------ AFR
Resistivity At Bit Bulk resistivity Mud Button Resistivity
------------------- ----------------- ------------------------
AFR Res Rt RAB Cnts: 46 AFR Res Rt BRE Cnts: 221.00 AFR Res Rt MRE Cnts: 201.00
AFR Res Rt Res At Bit: 2.67 ohmm AFR Res Rt Bulk Res: 5669.04 ohmm AFR Res Rt Mud Res: 50.564 ohmm
Tool Status
-----------
AFR Diag Rt TST Cnts: 3
AFR Diag Rt AFR Mode: Logging AFR Diag Rt Disk Status: <= 97 Percent Full
AFR Diag Rt Pin Dir: Down AFR Diag Rt Binning: Highside
PIC Status A
------------
AFR Diag Rt PSA Cnts: 187
AFR Diag Rt Sub Bus Volts: 18.95 V AFR Diag Rt Inc TP Power: Powered On
Button Status A + Button Status B

----------------------------------
AFR Diag Rt Button 1 Stat: Good AFR Diag Rt Button 2 Stat: Good
AFR Diag Rt Button 9 Stat: Good AFR Diag Rt RAB Status: Good
AFR Diag Rt Disk Status: <= 97 Percent Full
Vital Functions
----------------
AFR Diag Rt VTL Cnts: 0
AFR Diag Rt AFR V5APos: In Range AFR Diag Rt AFR V5ANeg: In Range
AFR Diag Rt AFR V5Dig: In Range AFR Diag Rt AFR V3Dig: In Range
AFR Diag Rt AFR VSubBus: In Range AFR Diag Rt Temperature: <=140 Celcius
Figure 5-9: Example AFR Pre-Trip Display
If the AFR tool is functioning properly it will initialize and begin displaying the values
and telemetry codes for resistivity at bit, bulk resistivity and mud button resistivity plus
the following:
Tool Status
The tool should be in logging mode, with the disk status (used memory) showing <= 97
percent full and the RPM should show <40. Pin orientation should be Down and the
binning mode should reflect what was selected during the download.
PIC Status A
The sub-bus voltage should show more than 18 volts and the tool should be powered on.
Button Status A + Button Status B

Check that all nine buttons, the at-bit resistivity and the mud cell are showing Good. If
any show Bad, steps should be taken to identify the problem and if possible correct it. If a
button persists in showing Bad then it will be necessary either to replace the tool or re-
download the tool with the defective button disabled (see section 5.2.1).
Vital Functions
This is a check of the tool electronics. All items listed should show In Range and the
temperature should be <= 140°C.
Several pre-trip cycles may be required before all of the available parameters are
N NOTE
properly displayed.
69
Data Acquisition & Processing AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 6 Data Acquisition & Processing

Scope This chapter describes the steps necessary to process real-time and memory
data from the AFR sensor, using the InSite surface software system.
Chapter Contents 6.1 Operational Procedures 70
6.2 Environmental Parameters 76
6.3 Real-Time Data 80
6.4 Memory Data 85
6.5 Enhanced Image Processing 96
6.6 Data Presentation 100
6.7 Data Handover to FRS 100
6.1 Operational Procedures

There are several operational issues which have an effect on the quality of the AFR image
data. These are mainly associated with the movement of the tool, either its depth or its
rotary speed, and the acquisition of directional survey data.
6.1.1 Depth Tracking

High-resolution borehole imaging demands very close attention to the measurement of
depth. Image data is typically viewed on a depth scale of around 1:20, which is 10 times
more detailed than for conventional log data. Features in the image may be less than an
inch in size. It is therefore vitally important that the depth-tracking system is set up and
maintained as accurately as possible. Small errors can have a dramatic effect on the
quality of the image. Details on best practices associated with depth control can be found
in the document “Depth Control Procedures” (WM-UK-HES-SSDS-MLWD-004). Some
key aspects of the depth-tracking system are discussed below. Examples showing the
impact that these issues can have on the quality of the AFR image data can be found in the
LWD Log Quality Control Guide.
Off Bottom Distance

One key issue related to depth control with AFR, or any other high-resolution imaging
tool, is the Off Bottom Reference Length, also known as the Off Bottom Distance. This
parameter specifies how far the bit has to move off the bottom of the hole, as measured by
the InSite depth system, before the system registers that the bit is actually off-bottom.
This allows for a small amount of damping in the system, so that small variations in the
measured bit depth, especially on a floating rig, do not cause the system to switch
constantly between on-bottom and off-bottom states.
For conventional logging, the Off Bottom Reference Length is typically set to between one
and three feet, depending on the amount of rig movement. For imaging with the AFR, it
should be set to the smallest value possible. On land or on a fixed offshore rig, it should
be possible to run with this distance set to no more than 0.2 feet (0.06 m), as shown in
Figure 6-1. On floating rigs it should be set to the smallest value possible, given the
accuracy of the rig’s compensation system. This is important because it minimises the
number of off-bottom image data samples which are assigned an activity of Drilling as the
BHA is being picked up off bottom. These samples can cause corruption in the image, as
they will not appear at the correct depth due to decompression of the drill-string.
70
Figure 6-1: Off Bottom Reference Length
Time/Depth Update Interval

Another aspect of the surface depth system setup which can impact the quality of the
image data is the rate at which the Time/Depth record is updated. It is important that the
Time/Depth record is updated frequently enough so that relatively small variations in ROP
can be properly captured. Typically a depth-based update interval of around 0.2 feet and a
time-based update interval of 0.5 to 1 second are considered adequate. These can be
edited in InSite via the IRIS Data Mapping function (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2: Time/Depth Update Interval
71
Drilling off the Weight

The term Drilling off the Weight refers to a common practice among drillers at the end of
drilling a stand. The driller puts on the brake while the BHA is still on bottom and allows
it to continue drilling until there is negligible weight left on the bit. During this period the
surface depth system sees no change in depth while the BHA continues to move as the
compression in the string is reduced. Figure 6-3 shows an extract from the Time/Depth
record where this has occurred. The surface system showed no change in depth for about
8 minutes, although the BHA was still on bottom and rotating. An estimate of the true
borehole depth has been added in red. The interval logged by the AFR during this time is
lost, with all the data that it acquired during this period being compressed into a single
depth-point. After the connection, the depth system goes back on bottom too soon, while
the weight that was drilled off is put back onto the bit. This results in about two feet of
very sparse data being included in the log, further distorting the image.
Estimated depth
of borehole
Figure 6-3: Effect of Drilling off Weight on the Time/Depth Record
To avoid distortion of the image around connections, the practice of drilling off the weight
should be avoided. Instead, the driller should be asked to lift off bottom as soon as the
end of the stand is reached, thereby ensuring that the log data is acquired with near-
constant weight on bit.
6.1.2 Rotation
The rate at which the AFR must be rotated is a function of the sample period selected in
the download (section 5.2.1). The basic requirement is that the entire circumference of
the borehole should be scanned within the sample period; otherwise parts of it may be
missed, resulting in gaps in the image. Since the tool has three buttons on each row,
spaced at 120° intervals, theoretically the tool would only have to make one third of a
rotation within the sample period, in order to produce a complete image. However in
practice it is better if the tool can make at least one complete rotation within the sample
period, so that all three buttons contribute to every azimuthal bin. This reduces the chance
that some bins may be unpopulated, and also improves the signal-to-noise ratio in the
binned measurements.
The plot in Figure 6-4 illustrates the range of acceptable rotation rates as a function of the
downloaded sample period. Ideally the tool should be run somewhere in the green shaded
area. In this area, all azimuthal bins will receive contributions from all three buttons as
the tool rotates. In the yellow shaded area, the tool makes less than one full revolution
within the sample period, so that some bins receive contributions from only one or two
buttons. In the red region the tool makes less than one third of a rotation within the
sample period, so that some parts of the borehole are not scanned at all. This area should
be avoided.
72
Figure 6-4: Acceptable Range of Rotary Speed vs. Sample Period
6.1.3 Stick-Slip
Stick-slip is a process in which the rotation speed of the drilling assembly is not constant,
but varies periodically. In the most severe cases, the rotation may stop altogether and then
dramatically accelerate again. Typically this is caused by the bit stalling, due to an over-
aggressive cutting structure or too much weight being applied to it. With the bit
stationary, the drill-string continues to rotate at surface, causing a build-up of torque,
which eventually reaches a point where the bit breaks free and the BHA spins very rapidly
as the torque is released. This tends to happen on a regular cycle, with a period of
between 1 and 5 seconds.
The AFR samples data very rapidly, with a sample period that is typically between 0.5
and 2 seconds. If the BHA is subject to stick-slip, it is very likely that the tool may
remain stationary for one or more sample periods, resulting in missing data in the image.
Only those azimuthal bins where the three buttons happened to be pointing will contain
data. The effect is illustrated in Figure 6-5, which shows a small section of data from a
standard AFR QC plot on a very detailed depth scale. The red traces indicate the rotary
speed of the tool, which can be seen to be falling to zero for multiple sample periods,
causing the data in the image to be omitted (shaded blue).
73
Figure 6-5: Example of AFR Rotation Stopping Completely Due to Stick-Slip
Continued periods of stick-slip can have a very detrimental effect on the overall image
quality, since it effectively reduces the amount of data contained in the image. In severe
cases it can also cause physical damage to the BHA components. The effect can be
mitigated in real time by altering the drilling parameters (rotary speed and weight on bit)
so that the bit does not cut so aggressively into the formation. In the longer term, careful
selection of bits, to avoid overly-aggressive cutting structures, is recommended.
6.1.4 Directional Surveys

The acquisition of accurate directional survey data is essential for the purposes of
measuring the position of the borehole, and procedures and standards for such data are
well documented. However the impact of directional surveys on LWD data should not be
overlooked. In particular it is important to realise that directional survey data plays a vital
role in the acquisition of azimuthally binned data from the AFR, as well as from all other
azimuthal sensors.
All azimuthal sensors measure their orientation relative to magnetic north, by way of
built-in magnetometers. However customers generally require the azimuthal data to be
referenced to the high side of the borehole, not magnetic north. When a directional survey
is taken, the HCIM uses the data to determine the offset angle between magnetic north and
the high side of the borehole. This angle is then broadcast to the azimuthal sensors in the
tool-string, which use it to orient their data to the high side of the borehole. Before
broadcasting this data, the HCIM checks the Gtotal value associated with the survey, to
determine whether it is within acceptable limits. However the limits applied to the Gtotal
value are fairly wide (0.995 to 1.005 g) and no check is performed on the magnetic data.
Experience has shown that it is possible for a bad survey to pass this check and for a bad
offset angle to be broadcast to the tools.
The above logic applies only to full surveys and not to surveys-on-the-fly, which
N NOTE
are not used to determine the magnetic to high-side offset.
Figure 6-6 shows an example in which the data from two sensors, the AFR and the ADR,
has been compromised by bad directional survey data. Images from the two sensors are
shown, together with the magnetic to high-side offset angle (blue curve). It can be seen
that in two intervals, a bad offset angle value has caused the images to appear skewed. In
the first interval in particular, this has resulted in an image which is still plausible and
74
which, if the error had not been identified, could have resulted in an incorrect
interpretation of the geological structure.
Figure 6-6: Example of Bad Directional Survey Affecting Azimuthal Binning
In this case, the data was acquired during a wipe, and the primary directional surveys had
already been acquired in a previous run. Even though the directional surveys acquired
during wipe intervals are generally not used for measuring the well position, care should
still be taken to ensure that good data is acquired, in order to maintain the quality of the
azimuthal image data.
Figure 6-7 shows the same data but on a time-based plot, along with directional survey
parameters which are typically used for survey QC. It can be seen that while the Gtotal
value remained within limits, the calculated magnetic field strength and dip angle are
seriously out of limits wherever the offset angle is erroneous. It is expected that future
versions of HCIM software will take magnetic field parameters into account, rather than
relying solely on the Gtotal value, in order to improve the down-hole QC of survey data and
to avoid cases such as this. Until a more robust down-hole QC check is implemented, it is
essential to ensure that all directional surveys that are used by the azimuthal sensors are
good.
If a directional survey is taken, whether intentionally or not, and the results are not
CAUTION received at surface, it should be assumed that the survey is bad and has passed
C the down-hole QC check. Logging should not proceed until a good survey has
been obtained, with the results received and verified at surface.
In the event that sections of the memory-data image are incorrectly oriented, it is possible
to correct the orientation by using the Rotate Image function in the Borehole Imaging
Studio image interpretation application.
75
Figure 6-7: Bad Magnetic Data from Directional Survey
6.2 Environmental Parameters

In common with most other tools, the AFR measurements are affected by the borehole
environment. In particular, the ring resistivity measurements are affected by the presence
of conductive mud around the tool. It is necessary to apply a correction to the ring
resistivity measurements to compensate for this effect. This is done automatically by the
InSite software, both for real-time and memory data. However the processing requires
inputs from the user for the key environmental parameters that affect the measurement, so
that appropriate corrections can be made. The environmental inputs affecting AFR
processing are described below.
All environmental parameters are entered in the Environmental Parameters & Formation
Properties module in InSite. The entries made by the user are saved in a set of database
records, called Depth Env and Time Env, with descriptions indicating the specific
parameter that they contain (Figure 6-8). The records are stored in the Well Based folder
for the well. It is not possible to edit these records directly. All edits must be performed
via the Environmental Parameters & Formation Properties module.
It is important to ensure that the depth and time ranges covered by the environmental
inputs span the entire range covered by the AFR log data. In particular, the starting depth
and starting time of the environmental parameters should be shallower and earlier than the
first data point in the run. If any environmental input is missing for a particular data
point, no environmental correction will be applied and the output curves will be blank.
76
Figure 6-8: Database Records for Storage of Environmental Parameters
For the AFR, there are only three environmental parameters which are used in processing,
namely the borehole diameter, the mud resistivity and the mud type.
Borehole Diameter
Borehole diameter is used in correcting the ring resistivity measurements for the presence
of conductive mud around the tool. As the borehole diameter increases, the effect that the
mud has on the measurement also increases, requiring a larger correction.
The borehole diameter is also used in calculating the at-bit resistivity measurement, when
operating in oil-based mud. In oil-based mud, the ABR measurement is influenced
primarily by the contact area between the bit and the formation, which is a function of the
bit diameter. The ABR measurement is scaled based on the selected borehole diameter,
which is assumed to be the same as the bit diameter. In water-based mud, the borehole
diameter is not used for processing the ABR measurement.
Borehole diameter is entered as a depth-based variable. It can be specified in terms of

entries in a table or by selecting a suitable database record containing a borehole diameter
variable (Figure 6-9).
77
Figure 6-9: Environmental Parameters – Hole Diameter
In the example, the borehole diameter will be taken primarily from the Conv Acou Calip
variable in the ALD Conv RT record (the real-time acoustic calliper measurement from the
ALD tool). If the variable has missing data for more than the specified Gap Fill distance,
InSite will use the value entered in the table to the left. The choice of variable will
depend on the tools being run and what measurements are available. The best available
measurement should be selected, in order to produce the most accurate borehole
correction.
When running the AFR in oil-based mud, where only the ABR measurement will be
useful, set the primary borehole diameter to be a fixed value in the table on the left, equal
to the bit diameter.
Mud Resistivity
Mud resistivity is used in the correction of the ring resistivity measurements for the
presence of conductive mud around the tool. As the mud resistivity decreases
(conductivity increases), the effect on the measurement increases, requiring a larger
correction.
Mud resistivity is entered in the Environmental Parameters & Formation Properties

module as a time-based variable (Figure 6-10). The primary source for mud resistivity
data is the mud cell, built into the AFR, which directly measures the mud resistivity
down-hole. In the event that this data is not available, entries should be made manually,
based on measurements made at surface, using the mud resistivity kit.
CAUTION The entries made must be mud resistivity values at the down-hole temperature,
C not at surface temperature.
The down-hole resistivity will be lower than the resistivity measured at surface, due to the
temperature being higher down-hole. Measurements made at surface can be converted to
a down-hole value by using the calculator built into the Mud Stats tab in the Sperry Data
Center module in InSite (Figure 6-11). Enter the measured value of mud resistivity (Rm)
in the location shown, along with the temperature of the mud at the time of the
measurement. Enter the down-hole temperature in the Max Tool Temp box. Calculate the
78
down-hole mud resistivity by clicking the Calc button. A similar calculator and chart is
also available in the online eChartBook (http://eChartBook.Halliburton.com).
Figure 6-10: Environmental Parameters – Mud Resistivity
Figure 6-11: Down-Hole Mud Resistivity Calculator in Sperry Data Center
Mud Type
The mud type is used by InSite in deciding how to process the at-bit resistivity. The
processing applied for oil-based mud is different from that used in water-based mud. In
water-based mud (most commonly used with AFR), the ABR measurement is scaled
based on the length of the BHA below the lower AFR transmitter, and the resistivity of
the surrounding formation. In oil-based mud, the ABR is scaled based on the diameter of
the borehole (see above). It is important to use the correct mud type, so that the ABR data
is properly scaled.
79
Mud type is entered as a time-based variable in the Environmental Parameters &

Formation Properties module. The primary input is the table of manually-entered values.
There is no secondary input (Figure 6-12). It is important to select a mud type, from the
list of available options, which most closely matches the mud being used. In cases of
doubt, consult the mud engineer.
Figure 6-12: Environmental Parameters – Mud Type
6.3 Real-Time Data

6.3.1 Azimuthal Reference
When the tool string in initialised, the azimuthal reference selected in the download
(section 5.2.2) is copied to the HCIM tool parameters page (Figure 6-13).
80
Figure 6-13: Binning Mode in HCIM Tool Parameters
Normally there is no need to change the setting shown. If the tool string was initialised
using a Toughbook computer, this entry will be automatically updated on the main
computer during the Notebook Sync operation. However, if necessary the entry can be
changed by clicking on the Override check-box.
Upon receiving any azimuthal data in real time, InSite will look here for the binning
status. If the setting is HS or MAG, InSite will store the data in the real-time record type
corresponding to that entry. If the setting is AUTO, it will look for the last real-time tool
status entry (from any azimuthal sensor) to determine the correct record in which to store
the data.
6.3.2 Real-Time Error Codes

Some of the real-time VDF items from the AFR include codes reserved for error
reporting, rather than data. This applies to all ring resistivities, the at-bit resistivity and
the mud resistivity. It does not apply to diagnostics items. The current set of code values
reserved for error reporting is shown in Table 6-1.
Telemetry Code Meaning

1 – 249 Data
250 Not Used
251 Not Used
252 Not Used
253 Not Used
254 Data Not Ready (Generated by AFR)
255 No Response (Generated by HCIM)
Table 6-1: Real-time AFR Error Codes
Data Not Ready (Code 254)

This code indicated the bus master tried to sample the data and the AFR was not ready.
This may occur when the tool is still rebooting after a power reset.
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No Response (Code 255)

This code is reserved by the bus master to indicate a no-response condition from the AFR.
Under no circumstances will the AFR respond with a 255.
6.3.3 Real-Time Reprocessing

In some situations it may be necessary to reprocess the real-time data from the AFR. This
should be done under any of the following circumstances:
• If the Time/Depth record is edited;

• If any of the information in the Parameters Required for Processing section of the
AFR tool parameters page is changed;
• If the borehole diameter, mud resistivity or mud type is changed in the Environmental
Parameters & Formation Properties module.
To reprocess real-time AFR data, open Processing Monitor in the InSite main window
and select MWD Real-Time Reprocessing from the Processing menu (Figure 6-14).
Figure 6-14: MWD Real-time Reprocessing
In the MWD Real-Time Reprocessing window (Figure 6-15), select the appropriate well
name, run number, input description and output description.
When the input description is selected, a list of all the available database records with that
description, and which are capable of being reprocessed, is displayed on the right. Select
the records to reprocess by checking or unchecking the items in the list. The output
description defaults to the same as the input description but may be changed if desired. If
the input and output descriptions are the same, the input record will be overwritten with
the reprocessed data, but a backup copy of the original input data is preserved, with a date
and time stamp in the description, to guard against possible loss of data (Figure 6-16).
Click the Process button to start reprocessing the data.
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Figure 6-15: Real-Time Reprocessing Window
Figure 6-16: Backup Copy of Real-Time Data Preserved During Reprocessing
The processing sequence used in real-time data processing is illustrated in Figure 6-17.
The colour coding of the various inputs is shown in Table 6-2.
Parameter Type Parameter Names Reference

Permanently • Button Calibration Factors
See section 2.6
Stored in Tool • Button Configuration
• Number of Azimuthal Bins
Downloaded
• Button Selection See section 5.2.1
Parameters
• RT Sample Period
Processing • Tool Size
See section 5.1.1
Parameters • Stabiliser/Button Blade Diameter
• Mud Resistivity
Environmental
• Borehole Diameter See section 6.2
Parameters
• Mud Type
Table 6-2: Input Parameters Used in Real-Time Processing
83
Number of
High and Button
Button
Standard Calibration
Configuration
Resolution Factors
Bins
Image, ring
Acquire image,
and at-bit
Button ring and at-bit
conductance
Selection conductance
data stored in
measurements
tool memory
Calculate image,
RT Sample Update Real-Time
ring and at-bit
Period Image Buffer
resistance
Pulse RT image,
ring and at-bit
resistance, as Downhole
required Processes
See separate
Process for memory
Surface
A flowchart for
Processes data continues in
memory data
Figure 6-21
processing
Stabilizer Decode real-time Decode real-time Decode real-time

Diameter resistance image ring resistance at-bit resistance
Button Convert resistance

Blade image to resistivity Tool Size Mud Type
Diameter image
Oil Water
Store real-time
resistivity
image
Convert ring Convert at-bit Convert at-bit

resistance to ring resistance to at-bit resistance to at-bit
resistivity resistivity in OBM resistivity in WBM
Mud
Resistivity
Apply Borehole Sensor

Correction Distance
1 Button Blade
Diameter is
Borehole
determined from
Diameter
the Stabiliser
Diameter but may
be manually
overridden
Store
Store at-bit Store at-bit
corrected and
resistivity for resistivity for
uncorrected
OBM WBM
ring resistivity
Figure 6-17: AFR Down-Hole & Real-Time Processing
84
6.3.4 Real-Time Data Records

The records and variables used to store real-time data are summarised in Table 6-3.
Record Description VDF Mnemonic(s)

AFR HS Comp RT Medium Spacing Compensated Resistivity $AFR_16B_A
Image Referenced to High Side (4 ¾ in. and $AFR_8B_A
6 ¾ in. Tools) $AFR_4B_A
AFR HS LR RT Shallow Spacing Uncompensated $AFR_16B_A
Resistivity Image Referenced to High Side $AFR_8B_A
(8 in. Tool) $AFR_4B_A
AFR Mag Comp RT Medium Spacing Compensated Resistivity $AFR_16B_A
Image Referenced to Magnetic North (4 ¾ $AFR_8B_A
in. and 6 ¾ in. Tools) $AFR_4B_A
AFR Mag LR RT Shallow Spacing Uncompensated $AFR_16B_A
Resistivity Image Referenced to Magnetic $AFR_8B_A
North (8 in. Tool) $AFR_4B_A
AFR ABR RT At-Bit Resistivity ABR
AFR Ring RT AFR Medium Spacing Compensated Ring BRE
Resistivity (4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾ in. Tools)
AFR Ring LR RT Shallow Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, BRE
Lower Transmitter (8 in. Tool)
Shallow Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRSLZ
Lower Transmitter
Deep Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRDUZ
Upper Transmitter
AFR Ring MR RT Medium Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRMLZ
Lower Transmitter
Medium Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRMUZ
Upper Transmitter
AFR Ring UR RT Deep Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRDLZ
Lower Transmitter
Shallow Uncompensated Ring Resistivity, AFRSUZ
Upper Transmitter
AFR Mud Res RT Mud Resistivity MRE
AFR Diag Rt Diagnostics Data BSA, BSB, PSA,
RPM_8, TCUR,
TMP_8, TST, VTL
AFR Env RT Environmental parameters used in real-time -
processing (hole size, mud resistivity &
mud type)
Table 6-3: Real-Time Database Records
There are no conductivity variables available in real time. This is because only
N NOTE the real part of the measured resistance is transmitted to surface. Both the real
and imaginary parts would be required in order to calculate conductance and
conductivity (see section 2.1.4).
6.4 Memory Data

6.4.1 Tool Read
When a run has been completed, the AFR data is read from the tool via its own SWRO
port and an Ethernet connection, as discussed in section 4.3. It is not possible to read the
AFR via the HCIM SWRO. The tool is read using the Tool Read module in InSite (Figure
6-18).
85
Figure 6-18: AFR Tool Read
6.4.2 Memory Data Processing

Processing of memory data may be initiated either automatically after reading the tool or
manually by selecting MWD Recorded Processing from the Processing menu in the InSite
Processing Monitor module (Figure 6-19).
Figure 6-19: Memory Data Processing in InSite Processing Monitor
In either case it is necessary to configure the various options before processing the data
(Figure 6-20).
86
Figure 6-20: AFR Memory Data Processing Options
Generate Parameter Report Only

Only the parameter report is processed from the image. This option is provided in order
to generate the parameter report quickly for diagnostics purposes, without having to wait
for the full processing to complete, which can take a significant amount of time.
Axial Averaging Window

The ring resistivity measurements are produced in two forms, raw and averaged. In the
latter, the conductivity measured by the tool is averaged over the specified depth interval
prior to conversion to resistivity. This gives a slightly better result than simply applying
smoothing (coercion) to the processed raw resistivity data, especially where the resistivity
is high. The default value of 1.0 feet is considered appropriate in most cases but this
value may be increased if the data is particularly noisy for any reason.
Parse Image
AFR memory data processing has two stages. The first stage is the parsing of the tool
image into raw data records, while the second takes the raw data and processes it into
resistivity. The parsing stage only needs to be done once. When reprocessing data, the
option to parse the image may be deselected in order to save some processing time,
provided that the raw data was not deleted after the previous round of processing (see
below).
Parse Diagnostic Data

Selection of this option will produce some raw diagnostics records, containing data which
is useful for expert users when trouble-shooting. The records produced all begin with
“n:”, such as “n:AuxiliaryData”. The data they contain is of limited value to most field
users.
Delete Raw Data After Processing

If this option is selected, the raw data records produced by the image parsing are deleted
after the final processed records are produced. This helps to reduce the size of the
database. In most cases this option should be checked, as shown. Expert users may wish
to preserve the raw data by unchecking this option, to aid in trouble-shooting or to reduce
the time spent on subsequent rounds of reprocessing.
Apply Borehole Correction to Compensated/Uncompensated Data

Two options are provided when choosing the measurements to which a borehole
correction will be applied. The default case (as shown) is to apply the borehole correction
only to the compensated ring resistivity measurements. This option may be unchecked if
no borehole-corrected data is required. This will reduce the time required to process the
data. Similarly it is possible to apply a borehole correction to the uncompensated ring
resistivities but the default is not to do so as this adds significantly to the processing time.
87
Hole Size Selection

For the purposes of the borehole correction, the hole size that is used may be taken from
data specified in the Environmental Parameters & Formation Properties module, or may
be derived directly from the AFR ring resistivity data. Selecting the Derived Hole Size
option will add significantly to the processing time.
The derived hole size may be significantly larger than the actual diameter of the
CAUTION borehole in cases where there is significant invasion of borehole fluid into the
C formation. This may result in unrealistic resistivity values being assigned to the
borehole-corrected data. In such cases, use of the derived hole size is not
recommended.
Max & Min Borehole Size

When the Derived Hole Size option is selected (see above), InSite uses an iterative
technique to determine the borehole size from the various ring measurements. This
iteration is bounded by the maximum and minimum borehole sizes entered by the user.
The default values depend on the tool size for the run being processed, and represent the
maximum range that can be used. The range may be reduced if desired; doing so will
reduce the processing time.
Azimuthal Data to Process

This option specifies whether to process high-side only, magnetic-only or both high-side
and magnetic data. In most cases, only one will be required and this option allows the
data to be processed without generating superfluous records in the database. The default
selection is based on the azimuthal reference specified in the HCIM tool parameters of the
run being processed. For example, if the run was set up with the HCIM locked in high-
side mode, then the azimuthal option in the processing window will reflect this, although
the option may be changed if desired.
The overall processing sequence for memory data is shown in Figure 6-21. The colour
coding of the various inputs is shown in Table 6-4.
Parameter Type Parameter Name Reference

Processing • Tool Size See sections 5.1.1
Parameters • Stabiliser/Button Blade Diameter and 6.4.2
• Parse Image
• Parse Diagnostic Data
• Delete Raw Data
• Axial Averaging Window
• Borehole Correction Selection
• Hole Size Selection
• Max & Min Borehole Diameter
Environmental • Mud Resistivity See section 6.2
Parameters • Borehole Diameter
• Mud Type
Table 6-4: Input Parameters Used in Memory Data Processing
88
A Process continued from

Figure 6-17
Memory data
No Raw data Parse
transferred to
records already Parse Image? Diagnostic No End
AFR Image
exist? No Data?
record
Yes Yes
Yes
Error. Must parse AFR

Unpack image into Unpack diagnostic
image to generate raw Diagnostic
raw records data
records Records
Raw records will

be deleted after
Stabilizer Raw Image Raw Ring Raw At-Bit
processing if
Diameter Conductance Conductance Conductance
“Delete Raw Data”
option is selected
1 Convert
Button conductance
Oil Water
Blade image to Tool Size Mud Type
Diameter uncompensated
resistivity image
Uncompensated
resistivity image
Convert at-bit
conductance to at-
Calculate bit resistivity in
compensated WBM
resistivity image Convert at-bit
Convert ring conductance to at-
conductance to bit resistivity in
uncompensated OBM
ring resistivity
1 Button Blade
Diameter is
determined from Compensated Calculate At-Bit At-Bit
the Stabiliser Resistivity compensated ring Resistivity for Resistivity for
Diameter but may Image resistivity OBM WBM
be manually
overridden
Calculate
Axial
compensated AFR Ring Avg Sensor
Averaging
average ring Record Distance
Window
resistivity
Uncorrected
uncompensated ring;
Apply Borehole
and compensated No
Correction?
ring & avg ring
resistivity
Yes
Derived Env
Max & Min Hole Size Params
Calculate derived Hole Size Borehole
Borehole
hole size Selection Size
Size
Derived Mud
Hole Size Resistivity
Apply borehole
correction to
compensated and/
or uncompensated
ring data
Apply borehole
correction to
compensated and/
or uncompensated
ring data Corrected and
uncorrected
uncompensated
ring; and
compensated ring &
avg ring resistivity
Figure 6-21: AFR Memory Data Processing
89
6.4.3 HCIM Parameter Report

The AFR and most of the newer tools (ALD, BAT, MRIL, EWR-M5, AGR, etc.) are
considered to be Site-Definable Tools. This means that HCIM down-hole software has no
specific code for any of these tools. InSite loads a table into the HCIM during the HCIM
initialization that instructs it to send specific commands to the site-definable tools and
pulse their data in specific VDF data items. This functionality was implemented to speed
up the process of releasing new tools to the field without having to generate new HCIM
down-hole software each time a new tool is released.
With HCIM versions up to 88.57, the only diagnostics implemented in the HCIM
parameter report for site definable tools is a summary of total communications attempts
and total no-responses.
6.4.4 AFR Parameter Report

An example AFR parameter report is shown below. The report is stored in the AFR
Image in the InSite database. It can be viewed using the Run Analyzer module. It
comprises several sections, each of which is described in detail below.
Tool Info
This section summarises the tool information which were included in the AFR calibration
file stored in the image and Tool Parameters.
Tool Size – The size selected by the user in the AFR tool parameters.
Tool ID – This is the soft serial number of the tool and usually corresponds to the
numerical part of the host name.
Tech IDs – This is the soft serial number of the boards and inserts. The Tech ID numbers
are read from Tool Parameters.
Tool Software Version – This shows the version of software installed on the INC-TP
board.
DSP Version – The version of firmware installed on the Digital Signal Processor.
PIC Version – The version of firmware installed on the Peripheral Interface Controller.
MAC Address – The MAC (Media Access Control) address of the INC-TP board, for
network communications purposes.
90
Stabilizer Diameter (in) – The stabilizer diameter selected in Tool Parameters.
Button Blade Diameter (in) – The button blade diameter selected in Tool Parameters.
Internal Offset (deg) – The mechanical offset angle between the AFR scribe line and the
magnetometers inside the tool.
Button 1-9 – This shows the type of each button stored in the calibration file. If the types
of the button do not match the actual tool configuration, the tool should not be used.
Tool Calibration
This section summarises the calibration information which was included in the AFR
calibration file stored in the image.
Frequency (36 kHz and 4 kHz) – The frequencies, in hertz, at which the transmitters
operated during the run. Image data is recorded using only the 36 kHz signal. Ring and
ABR data are recorded using both the 4 kHz and the 36 kHz firings. For the ring
resistivities the 36 kHz data is considered primary measurements; for the ABR, the 4 kHz
signal is considered the primary. The frequencies at which the tool operates are not user-
selectable.
Memory Status
The memory available for data will depend on the overall memory size (256 MB or 1
GB). In the example shown, the reported size of the data partition is 268224 Kilobytes,
corresponding to a 256 MB memory size. For a tool fitted with a 1 GB memory board,
the reported size of the data partition is 1079232 Kilobytes. The report also shows the
number of bytes that are used in Kilobytes, and percentage of memory used.
91
Download Parameters
This section summarizes the parameters which were included in the AFR download.
These are read from the AFR itself and stored in the AFR image (Refer to 5.2.1).
Event Log
The event log records all of the significant events that were seen by the AFR during the
run. The example shown is an excerpt from a run. Each time the power is cycled during
the surface communications or downhole operations, the AFR controller (INC) starts
counting time from zero, which appears on the log as 01/01/1970 00:00:00. After a few
seconds, the controller receives a time stamp from the PIC, which never shuts down, so
that subsequent entries in the event log have the correct date and time assigned to them.
92
Every five minutes, the HCIM broadcasts a new time stamp, which is used to
resynchronise both the INC and the PIC.
The event log records the mode in which the AFR is operating, such as Pre-Trip, Logging
or Surface and other events such as recalibration of the magnetometers. In this case the
magnetometers were recalibrated during the trip out, due to saturation caused by the
presence of the casing.
System Voltages
This section shows the status of the three power supply lines between the Inc-TP board
and power, transmitter & comms board. At the time of writing, the graphs on 5 V are
overlapped in that the V5A and V5D Negative are not visible. These parameters must
have steady readings.
V5D – 5 V digital voltage.
V3D – 3.3 V digital voltage.
V5A – 5 V analogue voltage.
V5D Negative – Negative 5 V analogue voltage. This is mislabelled as it should read

“V5A Negative.” This error will be corrected in a future version of InSite.
Bus Power
Bus voltage – The sub-bus voltage measured at the AFR.
Bus current – The bus current measured at the AFR. The current consumption increases in
conductive environments as more current will be injected into the formation. Excessive
wear on the insulator ring could also increase the current consumption.
93
6.4.5 Memory Data Records

Image Data
The image data available in memory depends on the button configuration on the tool,
based on the following constraints:
• Uncompensated, high-resolution images are not recorded for the deep spacing. The
measurement is considered too noisy to be useful. Uncompensated, standard-
resolution images are recorded for the deep-spacing.
• Uncompensated images are always recorded for the medium and shallow spacings,
regardless of the button resolution.
• Compensated image data is always calculated for the middle row (medium spacing),
regardless of the button sizes fitted to that row.
• Compensated images are calculated for the shallow spacing if the upper and lower
rows are fitted with the same resolution buttons, either high-resolution or standard-
resolution.
• Compensated images are calculated for the deep spacing only if the upper and lower
rows are both fitted with standard-resolution buttons.
For the standard tool configurations currently in service (Figure 2-7), the images available
in the memory data, including the resolutions, are shown in Table 6-5.
Uncompensated Compensated
Tool Size
Shallow Medium Deep Shallow Medium Deep
4 ¾ in. & 6 ¾ in. High Standard  High Standard 

High &
8 in.
Standard
 Standard Standard  Standard
Table 6-5: Images Available from Standard Tool Configurations
In the InSite database, uncompensated image data is stored in records which are named
according to which button row the data came from (upper, middle or lower).
Compensated data records are named according to which spacing the data came from
(shallow, medium or deep). The naming also accounts for whether the data is referenced
to high-side or magnetic north. Table 6-6 summarises the available records.
Image Type High-Side Record Magnetic Record

Uncompensated Lower Row AFR HS LR AFR Mag LR
Uncompensated Middle Row AFR HS MR AFR Mag MR
Uncompensated Upper Row AFR HS UR AFR Mag UR
Shallow Compensated AFR HS Comp Sh AFR Mag Comp Sh
Medium Compensated AFR HS Comp Md AFR Mag Comp Md
Deep Compensated AFR HS Comp Dp AFR Mag Comp Dp
Table 6-6: Database Records Containing Image Data
Each record contains several image variables, providing places for each of the possible
images which may exist, including data from each of the two transmitters for
uncompensated data (Table 6-7). In most cases only a few of the available variables will
be populated with data, depending on the button configuration of the tool that was used.
Variable Name Description

HR Res LT High-Resolution Resistivity, Lower Transmitter
HR Cond LT High-Resolution Conductivity, Lower Transmitter
SR Res LT Standard-Resolution Resistivity, Lower Transmitter
SR Cond LT Standard-Resolution Conductivity, Lower Transmitter
HR Res UT High-Resolution Resistivity, Upper Transmitter
HR Cond UT High-Resolution Conductivity, Upper Transmitter
SR Res UT Standard-Resolution Resistivity, Upper Transmitter
94
SR Cond UT Standard-Resolution Conductivity, Upper Transmitter

HR Res High-Resolution Resistivity, Compensated
HR Cond High-Resolution Conductivity, Compensated
SR Res Standard-Resolution Resistivity, Compensated
SR Cond Standard-Resolution Conductivity, Compensated
Table 6-7: Variable Names Used for Image Data
Ring Data
Uncompensated ring data (resistivity and conductivity) is generated for each row of
buttons on the tool. If a row contains a mix of standard-resolution and high-resolution
buttons (such as for the dual-resolution buttons on an 8 in. tool), then the ring data will be
calculated from only the standard-resolution measurements, as these are generally less
noisy and have better absolute accuracy.
Compensated ring data is generated for each available spacing. For the 4 ¾ in. and 6 ¾
in. tools, three spacings (shallow, medium and deep) are calculated; for the 8 in. tool, only
the shallow and deep spacings are calculated.
The five records associated with the ring data are listed in Table 6-8. Unlike the image
data, the variable names used in these records match the associated curve mnemonics
(refer to Appendix A).
Record Name Description

AFR Ring LR Uncompensated, Lower Row
AFR Ring MR Uncompensated, Middle Row
AFR Ring UR Uncompensated, Upper Row
AFR Ring Compensated, All Spacings
AFR Ring Avg Compensated, All Spacings, Smoothed
Table 6-8: Database Records Containing Ring Data
All records contain resistivity and conductivity measurements, in borehole-corrected and

uncorrected forms, and from both high-frequency and low-frequency measurements. The
uncompensated records also contain separate measurements from each transmitter.
The AFR Ring record contains the primary compensated ring measurements, most
commonly presented to customers, being the borehole-corrected shallow, medium and
deep compensated resistivities (AFRSC, AFRMC and AFRDC). It also contains
uncorrected data and low-frequency data.
CAUTION
In general, the low-frequency ring measurements should not be used for
C customer data. They are retained for expert analysis purposes only.
The AFR Ring Avg record contains the same variables as AFR Ring but with smoothing
applied during processing. Smoothing is applied to the conductance data before it is
converted into resistivity. In situations where the resistivity is high and erratic, applying
smoothing to the resistivity data can have undesirable results, exaggerating the thickness
of spikes and distorting the log. In such cases, smoothing the conductance data first,
before converting to resistivity, produces a more stable result. The degree of smoothing
applied is controlled by the Axial Averaging Window setting on the AFR memory
processing window (section 6.4.2).
At-Bit Resistivity
The at-bit resistivity (ABR) data is stored in the AFR ABR record. This record contains
resistivity and conductivity data from both the high-frequency and low-frequency
measurements.
95
Unlike the ring and image data, the preferred measurement for ABR is the low
CAUTION
C frequency data. The high-frequency data is retained for expert analysis purposes
only.
Auxiliary Measurements
In addition to the main measurements described above, there are a few additional items
which are produced during memory data processing.
Derived Hole Size – An estimate of the borehole diameter may be derived from the
multiple-spacing ring resistivity measurements. The option to calculate the borehole
diameter in this way is included on the memory data processing window (section 6.4.2).
The result is stored in the AFR Ring and AFR Ring Avg records, but should be treated with
caution, as it may be distorted by the effects of fluid invasion into the formation.
Mud Resistivity – The mud resistivity, measured by the sensor mounted on the AFR collar,
is stored in the AFR Mud Res record.
Environmental Parameters – The environmental parameters used in processing (borehole

diameter, mud resistivity and mud type) are preserved in the AFR Env record, to aid in
post-run QC of the data.
6.5 Enhanced Image Processing

In most cases, the AFR image data produced by InSite needs to be enhanced in order to
bring out details and features which might not otherwise be clearly visible. Enhancement
is not performed by InSite but is a basic function of Borehole Imaging Studio (BIS). BIS
is an image interpretation application, which is used primarily by specialist image
interpreters and is not normally used in the field. The use of its many interpretation
functions is considered to be beyond the scope of this manual. However the production of
enhanced images is a relatively straightforward process and should be considered to be a
standard part of the final customer deliverable. The steps required to produce an
enhanced image are described below.
Install Borehole Imaging Studio

BIS is available from TSOrders, the Halliburton technical software website
(http://tsorders.corp.halliburton.com/). The software is licensed, with each license
applying to a specific computer. The license is tied to the MAC address of the computer,
so it is important to ensure that the MAC address shown in the TSOrders system is
correct, prior to ordering a license. Help in identifying the correct MAC address is
included on the website.
BIS can be found in the list of available software under the Halliburton Reservoir
Evaluation Services heading, as shown in Figure 6-22. Both the software and the
associated licence should be selected as shown.
Figure 6-22: Downloading Borehole Imaging Studio from TSOrders
Before installing BIS, uninstall any older version which may already be installed on the
computer. Run the installation program that was downloaded from the TSOrders website
and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
96
Having installed the software, copy the license file, which was obtained from TSOrders,
into the folder C:\Program Files\Halliburton\LAM. Remove any existing, expired license
files from this folder. If installing BIS on a computer running Windows 7, copy the
license file into C:\Program Files (x86)\Halliburton\LAM.
After installing BIS, it should appear as a new icon in the InSite System Manager main
window, in the Imaging group. If the icon does not appear, select File > Merge, browse to
the C:\PS1 folder and select the file BIS.sin.
Figure 6-23: Borehole Imaging Studio Icon in InSite
Load Data into BIS

Double-click the BIS icon to start the application and select File > Select Input to load the
desired dataset. In the Select Dataset window, browse to the desired dataset by selecting
the appropriate well, run, record type and description and select the variable for the image
data that is to be enhanced. Only variables containing image data, and which are
recognised by BIS, will be displayed.
N NOTE Be careful to select the correct activity from the TD Activity window (Figure 6-24).
97
Figure 6-24: BIS Data Selection
BIS will determine the depth range covered by the data. The entire depth interval may be
loaded or a smaller interval can be selected by entering appropriate values in the Data
Limits window (Figure 6-25).
Figure 6-25: BIS Depth Range Selection
When the data is loaded, BIS will display the entire selected depth interval in the track on
the left of the screen (Figure 6-26). The image in the second track is a short depth interval
displayed on an expanded depth scale. The interval that is displayed corresponds to the
green shaded box on the main image track.
98
Figure 6-26: BIS Main Window
Save Enhanced Image

The image that is displayed is referred to as Static, meaning that it has not been enhanced.
A dynamically enhanced version of the image, which maximises the contrast between
features, can be saved by right-clicking on the static image and selecting Save Image.
In the Curve Name Selection window (Figure 6-27), choose the description of the output
dataset. It is recommended that the description should match the name of the image that
was selected as an input.
Choose an appropriate number of samples per foot. For high-resolution data select a
value of at least 40; for standard-resolution data select at least 20. Any value may be
entered but saving the image with an excessively large number of points per foot will
increase the size of the resulting dataset without improving the appearance of the image.
The Output Image Normalized option should remain checked. Click OK to save the
image.
Figure 6-27: Saving an Enhanced Image
The enhanced image is saved in the same well and run number as the original data, in the
record type RA:Images. The image in this record may be plotted or exported in the
99
normal way. An example of a dynamically enhanced image is shown alongside the

original image in Figure 7-4.
6.6 Data Presentation

Log plots and digital data files for customer presentations, and for the purposes of quality
control, should be formatted according to the guidelines laid out in the LWD Log Quality
Control Guide (http://halworld.corp.halliburton.com/internal/hms/sperry/pubsdata/WM-
GL-HAL-SD-LQC601.pdf). Any requirements which differ from this standard will be
documented in the Data Acquisition Programme (DAP) for the well.
6.7 Data Handover to FRS

Interpretation services based on AFR image data are provided by the FRS group
(Formation & Reservoir Solutions), including dip-picking, dip interpretation, fracture
identification, facies analysis, well-bore stability analysis and three-dimensional
visualisations. It is important that the data delivered to FRS should be subject to exactly
the same QC checks as data delivered to the customer. From an operational point of view,
FRS is the customer.
FRS analysts may not have been involved in the real-time phase of the well and will need
to be briefed on any aspects of the data acquisition process which may have an impact on
their interpretation of the data. When passing a dataset to FRS, it is important to provide
as much background information as possible, in addition to the basic InSite data. This
background information should include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:
• Objectives of the well and why the AFR was run.

• A summary of the AFR tool size, button configuration and download parameters used
for each run.
• Indicate which of the bit-runs in the database contributed to the final log.
• Indicate which intervals, if any, were acquired while wiping, rather than while
drilling, with an explanation of why this was necessary.
• If descriptors have been used to construct the final image log, indicate what they are
called so that the FRS analyst can use the same ones.
• Point out any intervals where the data is known to be compromised or corrupted.
This could be for a variety of reasons including tool failures, drilling problems,
oriented drilling, poor depth control, stick-slip, borehole washouts, bad directional
surveys, etc.
• AFR QC plots are to be included for each AFR run and for each Time/Depth activity
used to construct the final image log.
• Indicate what other sensors were used on each run and any associated problems with
the data they acquired. If other sensor data was acquired on a different run but covers
the same section of hole as an AFR run (for example, Triple Combo data acquired
while drilling and the AFR data acquired on a subsequent hole opener run) indicate
which runs cover the common open hole.
When exporting the database for FRS, include all relevant data, including all AFR
records, other sensor records, directional surveys with the final survey descriptor or the
official survey of record, time/depth records and well-based information. The simplest
way to achieve this is to provide the database for the entire well. It is also imperative that
all well data and run data is accurate and complete in the database (avoid manual
overrides of well and run information on log headers). This ensures that FRS and Sperry
have exactly the same data and the header information, on the Sperry logs and the FRS
image interpretation logs, is the same.
100
Log Interpretation AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Chapter 7 Log Interpretation

Scope This chapter presents examples of real logs from various different down-hole
environments, highlighting the response of the AFR to those conditions.
Chapter Contents 7.1 Formation Dip 101

7.2 Effect of Oriented Drilling 107
7.3 Borehole Breakout and Spiralling 108
7.4 Effect of Casing & Rat-Hole 110
Log interpretation is a very important part of the field engineer’s job. Our customers’
representatives look to our engineers to interpret the responses of our sensors. They
expect the engineers to be knowledgeable in this area. In order to understand a sensor’s
response, the field engineer must first comprehend the physics behind the sensor’s
operation. That information will become useful in explaining an unusual log response or
how our sensor responses may differ from wireline tool responses.
7.1 Formation Dip

The primary application for the AFR is to provide images of the borehole wall. These
images are a very useful aid to understanding the structure of a reservoir and can provide
valuable information for steering a well through complex geological structures.
In order to interpret image data correctly, it is important to understand how the image
relates to the rock formations and the borehole. Consider Figure 7-1(a), which illustrates
the basic situation of a circular borehole crossing a flat, planar boundary. In this case the
borehole is shown as being horizontal, with the top, right, bottom and left sides of the
hole, when viewed looking down-hole, indicated by T, R, B and L, respectively. Because
the borehole is not perpendicular to the boundary, the measured depth at which the
boundary is detected is a function of the sensor orientation. A particular button on the
AFR will encounter the boundary earlier (at a shallower measured depth) when oriented
towards the low side of the borehole than it will when oriented towards the high side. The
difference in depth between the two is shown in the figure as d.
To generate an image which can be displayed on a log plot, the borehole is (notionally)
split along the high side and laid out flat (b and c in the figure). The ellipse formed by the
intersection of the borehole with the flat plane in (a) appears on the image as a sinusoid
(c). The amplitude of the sinusoid will be equal to d. The top of the borehole appears at
the edges of the track with the bottom in the centre. When the image is rotated to the
vertical position, as it would be on a log plot (d), the right-hand portion of the borehole,
when viewed looking down-hole, appears on the left side of the image and vice versa.
101
Figure 7-1: Appearance of a Bed Boundary as a Sinusoid on a Log Plot
A common misunderstanding is that the sinusoid should always be centrally placed in the
log track, so that it appears symmetrical. This is not the case. Consider the situation
shown in Figure 7-2, in which a vertical well intersects two planes. The blue plane may
be a horizontal bed boundary, while the orange plane may be a high-angle fault. In this
case, since the well is vertical, the image is referenced to north, rather than the high side
of the borehole but similar plane orientations could be encountered in high-angle wells
too. The horizontal plane appears as a horizontal line across the image, while the fault
plane appears as a sinusoid, which is significantly off-centre when viewed on the log.
Figure 7-2: Non-Symmetrical Sinusoid
Figure 7-3 illustrates a common scenario encountered in horizontal wells. The blue plane
represents a horizontal bed boundary, which is parallel with the axis of the well. The
orange, inclined plane could be a fracture. The horizontal plane appears on the image as a
pair of parallel lines, running down the log. The fracture appears as a sinusoid which is
inverted compared with the example in Figure 7-1.
102
Figure 7-3: Intersection of a Horizontal Well with a Horizontal Bed
Figure 7-4 shows a section of log from a horizontal well. Track 1 shows the TVD of the
well on a 10-foot reversed scale. It also contains a plot of the borehole orientation,
presented as a tadpole curve 4. It can be seen that the well starts at around 92° inclination,
then drops angle through horizontal at about X625 ft., finishing at about 88°. The well
azimuth is towards the south-east.
Track 2 shows an AFR resistivity image. The image shown is the standard-resolution,
uncompensated image from the middle row of buttons and the lower transmitter. Patterns
of light and dark colour represent variations in the resistivity of the formations through
which the borehole has passed. Lighter colours represent higher resistivities and darker
colours represent lower resistivities. As the borehole crosses bed boundaries, the image
forms a series of bands which appear as sinusoidal features on the image.
Track 3 contains the same data as track 2, after it has been dynamically enhanced to
maximize the contrast. It also shows blue sinusoids, indicating the interpreted positions of
bed boundaries. The dynamically enhanced data, the interpreted picks, and the
corresponding tadpoles in track 4, were generated using the Borehole Imaging Studio
application, which is available as an add-on to InSite. The tadpoles indicate the true dip
and dip direction of the bed boundaries that have been identified. The dips were
calculated by measuring the amplitude and lateral position of each sinusoid and
combining these with the effective borehole diameter 5 and the orientation of the borehole
from the directional survey record, to define the position of a flat plane in space. From
the plot, it can be seen that most of the dips fall between about 2 and 4°, with an azimuth
towards the north-east. Track 4 also shows a series of rose diagrams, illustrating the
distribution of dip azimuths over a depth interval. In this case each rose diagram
illustrates the distribution of azimuths in the range from 50 feet above to 50 feet below the
point at which it is plotted.
4
The conventional use of a tadpole plot is to represent the dip angle of a bed by the position of the head of the tadpole from left to right and the
azimuth of the dip direction by the orientation of the tail of the tadpole. The tail direction is read like a compass, with vertical representing north.
Tadpole plots can also be used to represent the inclination and azimuth of a borehole, with the position of the head representing the inclination and
the orientation of the tail representing the borehole azimuth.
5
The effective borehole diameter is the sum of the physical diameter of the borehole plus twice the depth of investigation of the tool. This is
discussed in more detail in section 2.5.5.
103
Figure 7-4: AFR Image in Horizontal Well, Showing Bed Dips
It can be seen from the plot that as the borehole comes closer to being parallel with the
bedding planes, the amplitude of the sinusoidal features increases, although the true dip
remains roughly constant. The amplitude of the sinusoid is a function of the relative dip
angle, which is the angle between the borehole axis and a line perpendicular to the
bedding plane. In the example, the relative dip is close to 90°, since the well is almost
parallel with the bedding planes.
In the example, the well is cutting upwards through the geological structure from the top
of the plot to about X625 ft. From this point onwards, it is cutting downwards through the
structure. It can be seen that the sinusoidal features appear inverted where the well is
cutting upwards through the structure, compared with where it is cutting downwards. A
simple way to remember which way round the sinusoids appear is that they look like
104
smiles when the well is moving up and frowns when it is moving down through the
structure (Table 7-1).
Well Direction
Appearance of Sinusoid Looks like a…
Relative to Bedding
Up Smile
Down Frown
Table 7-1: Effect of Well Trajectory on the Appearance of Sinusoids
Visualisation of the geometry of a particular situation can be difficult. Figure 7-5

illustrates the conventional terminology used when discussing dip interpretation and may
help when trying to understand a particular situation.
An additional term, which is often used, is Apparent Dip (Figure 7-6). This is a term used
by geologists to refer to the dip measured along a direction other than the true dip
azimuth. For example, it may refer to a cliff face or outcrop, in which a bedding plane
appears to dip at a particular angle, in the plane of the cliff face. It may also refer to the
angle created by a bedding plane which intersects two wells at different vertical depths.
Unless the line between the two wells is parallel with the true dip direction (true dip
azimuth), the apparent dip measured between them will always be smaller than the true
dip.
It is important to understand the differences between true dip, relative dip and
N NOTE apparent dip, since these terms are not interchangeable and are sometimes
misused.
105
Figure 7-5: Illustration of Conventional Terminology Used in Bed Dip Interpretation
Figure 7-6: Illustration of Apparent Dip
106
7.2 Effect of Oriented Drilling

The AFR is designed to be used primarily in rotary assemblies. Only when the tool is
rotating will an image be produced. If a well is drilled with a motor, data acquired during
periods of oriented drilling will not provide meaningful image data. Figure 7-7 shows a
log example from a well that was drilled using a mud motor. Track 1 shows the data that
was acquired while drilling. Periods of oriented drilling result in very little data appearing
on the image. Only three narrow strips of data are visible, corresponding to the positions
of the three button electrodes. The strips of data move to the left and right across the
track, corresponding to variations in the orientation of the tool with variations in the
torque applied by the motor. In this example, the background colour of the track is blue,
so that areas of missing data are easy to see.
It is often necessary to re-log intervals like this with the tool rotating, in order to acquire a
complete log. Track 2 shows the data that was acquired on a wipe, shortly after drilling.
In this case, each section that was drilled without rotation was immediately re-logged on a
wipe while rotating. Due to the reduced compression in the drill-string while wiping,
compared with while drilling, the wipe data is slightly shallower than the drilling data, by
about 1.5 feet. In order to produce a complete log (track 3), it is necessary to carefully
depth-match the wipe data to the drilling data, before splicing the two sets of data
together.
Figure 7-7: Example of AFR Data with Mud Motor
Both the depth-matching and the splicing can be achieved using the calibrated depth
function in a depth-based record descriptor. An example is shown in Figure 7-8.
107
Figure 7-8: Using a Descriptor with Calibrated Depths to Splice Drilling and Wipe Data
In the example, two intervals of wipe data have been inserted between intervals of drilling
data in order to fill gaps left by oriented drilling. Normally, in descriptors, the Calibrated
Top Depth and Calibrated Bottom Depth options are either left unused or are set to the
same values as the Top Depth and Bottom Depth entries, respectively. In this case, they
have been used to shift the wipe intervals by different amounts, in order to match them to
the drilling data. The first interval (highlighted in red) has been shifted deeper by 1.5 feet,
by setting the calibrated depths 1.5 feet deeper than the top & bottom depths. Similarly,
the second interval (highlighted in blue) has been shifted deeper by 1.0 feet. Note that
there should be no gaps between the depth ranges covered by the calibrated depths,
whereas the uncalibrated depths will have gaps and overlaps between intervals, depending
on the amount of shift required for each wipe section.77
7.3 Borehole Breakout and Spiralling

The shape of the borehole can have a significant impact on the appearance of the AFR
image. Figure 7-9 shows an example that was acquired while wiping in a borehole that
was drilled with a steerable motor. The borehole exhibits both spiralling and breakout.
The borehole shown in the example was drilled using a steerable motor in rotary mode. In
these conditions it is common for boreholes to be slightly helical or corkscrewed in shape
(commonly referred to as borehole spiralling). In a spiral borehole, the stand-off between
the borehole wall and the button electrodes varies cyclically with depth, causing a regular,
undulating response. In this case, the effect is quite subtle, being most noticeable on the
dynamically-enhanced image on the right, in the form of diagonal stripes of alternating
light and dark colour, with a period of about 6 or 7 feet. The period is often the same as
the distance between the gauge protection on the bit and the first stabilizer above it on the
motor. Spirals can be clockwise or anticlockwise.
108
Figure 7-9: Effect of Breakout and Spiral Borehole on AFR Response
109
The most striking feature of the image in Figure 7-9 is the pair of dark lines running down
the left and right sides of the borehole. These are caused by the borehole breaking out in
that direction and the tool being influenced by greater stand-off between the formation
and the button electrodes. Breakout is caused by the presence of stresses in the rock,
which are greater in one direction than in another. The act of drilling a borehole through
the rock relieves stresses in some directions and concentrates them in others. Where
stress is relieved, the borehole tends to break out while where stress is concentrated the
borehole tends to fracture. These effects usually happen in directions that are at right-
angles to each other (Figure 7-10).
Figure 7-10: Effect of Stress on Fracture and Breakout Orientation
In this case the borehole is almost horizontal. The direction of the maximum stress (as in
most cases) is vertical, resulting from the overburden, while the direction of minimum
stress is horizontal. This results in breakout on the left and right sides of the borehole and
fracturing on the high and low sides. In the example there is evidence of some fracturing
along the low side.
7.4 Effect of Casing & Rat-Hole

Care should be taken when interpreting AFR data close to a casing shoe. More often than
not the image will be distorted by magnetic interference from the casing and also by the
effect of the large-diameter rat-hole which usually exists immediately below the casing
shoe. Figure 7-11 shows a typical example from an 8 ½ in. borehole, drilled out of 9 ⅝ in.
casing. The previous borehole section was 12 ¼ in.
In this example the casing shoe is at about X711 ft., as indicated by the change in
response of the ring resistivities in track 1 and the image in tracks 3 and 4. Above this
point the ring resistivities read very low, due to the high conductivity of the steel casing,
and the image appears very dark. The rat-hole from the previous hole-section extends to
about X719 ft. In this interval the image data is very blurred, due to the large stand-off
between the button electrodes and the formation. A more detailed view of this interval is
shown in Figure 7-12. The points at which the lower transmitter and lower row of button
electrodes exit the casing are visible on the plot.
110
Figure 7-11: Effect of Casing & Rat-Hole on AFR Response
The image from the casing shoe to about X795 ft. is not oriented correctly. It can be seen
that in this interval the sinusoidal features appear inverted compared with those below
X795 ft. In fact the image in this interval it rotated, rather than inverted, as indicated by
the blue curve in track 3, which is the magnetic-to-high-side offset angle broadcast by the
HCIM and applied by the AFR to the azimuthal binning. The offset angle is wrong
initially, because the directional sensor is still inside casing. When the AFR had reached
X795 ft., a good survey, free from magnetic interference, was obtained and from that
point on the image was correctly oriented.
The response of the ABR curve in track 2 (green) is also affected by the casing shoe.
Initially it reads very low, as the entire tool is inside the casing. Remember that the ABR
measurement is referenced to the depth of the bit so the effect of the casing appears deeper
on this curve than on the other AFR measurements. When the bit was at about X746 ft.,
the lower transmitter exited the casing. With the upper toroid inside the casing and the
lower toroid (acting as a receiver for the ABR measurement) outside the casing, most of
the current driven down the collar by the upper toroid will flow into the casing before
reaching the lower toroid. This reduces the current flowing through the lower toroid,
which is interpreted as a high resistivity. The three spikes seen on the ABR curve
probably correspond with the three rows of button blades crossing the casing shoe, then
the tool finally exits the casing completely and the ABR begins to respond correctly to the
formation resistivity at about X751 ft.
111
Lower transmitter exits casing
Lower button row exits casing
Image blurred by large stand-off
Start of new borehole
Figure 7-12: Detailed View of Casing Shoe & Rat-Hole
112
Changing AFR Firmware AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Appendix A Changing AFR Firmware

The AFR firmware can be changed using the AFR Lab Interface application. A shortcut to
this app is created on the Desktop when InSite 8.0 or later version is installed. The latest
AFR software is available for download, along with detailed release notes, on SperryWEB
(http://sperryweb/PESoftTest/download/).
The AFR lab interface requires a SWRO probe connected directly to the AFR. Refer to
section 4.3.2 for the surface communication settings.
• Connect to the AFR using the 6-pin SWRO probe and Y-cable. Ensure the 20 V is
supplied to the tool by the CIM I/O app in InSite or an external power supply as the
firmware update must not be interrupted.
• Enter the tool IP address (172.16.1.33) and connect to the tool using the AFR Lab
Interface app.
• Click on the Globe to bring up the “Expert Mode” for AFR Lab Interface.
113
• Verify the existing firmware version:
• Click the “FW Update”:
CAUTION
Red buttons in the black box in the figure above will erase the calibration file
C stored in the tool. DO NOT click on the red buttons in the black box.
114
• Select the new firmware image:
• The update will take about 30 seconds. Allow the update to complete:
• Verify the new firmware version is in the tool:
115
INC-TP Boot Monitor

If tool power is interrupted during firmware update or the firmware update process fails
such that the tool becomes non-responsive there is a fail-safe boot-monitor that resides on
the INC-TP LWD that can be activated to recover the system. This is done via the SWRO
port as before, and the insert does not have to be removed. The following procedure is not
recommended to be performed at the rig-site.
Prerequisites
In order to use the INC Boot Monitor to update AFR firmware, you will need the
following:
• Java runtime on your computer. If you don’t have this already, you can download it
from java.com.
• The Boot Monitor program, BootMonCfgIpless.jar. This program is available in the
Tool Software Downloads page on SperryWEB.
• An Ethernet connection to connect the AFR tool to your PC.
Procedure
• Connect the AFR tool to your network (Section 4.3.2). The AFR tool must be off (no
power).
• Start the Boot Monitor program by double-clicking BootMonCfgIpless.jar. You

should see the following screen:
• Resize the Boot Monitor window so it’s more easy to see what’s going on:
116
• If there are any tool remainders in the discovery list click Discover->Clear Discovery
List. Here’s an example of a remaining tool:
• After clearing the discovery list the screen becomes:
• Ensure the AFR tool is turned off (no power).

• Click on the “discovery stopped” button. The button will change its color and text:
• Turn the AFR tool on.
117
• When the AFR tool shows up in the discovery list, quickly (within 2-3 seconds)
check the box on the left side of the item before State changes to “off-line.” Make
sure the State changes to “stopped”:
Delayed action in the step above will change the discovery list state to “offline.”
N NOTE
Start over the firmware change process once the state becomes offline.
• IMPORTANT: Click the discovery button (“discovery running”) to stop the

discovery protocol:
• Click on the discovery item to highlight it:
118
• Click on Expert->Program Without Archive

• Select the firmware you want to load to the AFR tool. This file is in “S-record”
format, and must have extension “.s”:
• When you click “Open”, the firmware will be loaded to the AFR tool. You will be
able to see the update progress:
119
• After completion of the firmware update, you should see something like this:
• Wait 30 seconds after the completion and close the Boot Monitor program.
• Cycle the power to the tool.
• When the tool is turned back on, it will have the new firmware. Use the AFR Lab
Interface application to verify the firmware version.
In case the AFR .bin version exists, but the .s version can’t be found
• Using any version of AFR firmware which is in “S-record” format (“.s” extension),
update the tool to that version of firmware using the procedure above.
• Use AFR Lab to update the AFR tool to the desired version of firmware.
120
AFR Variables AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Appendix B AFR Variables

The table below contains mnemonics and curve labels for the most commonly used AFR measurements. These
correspond to the defaults which are included in version 7.4 of the InSite database. Variables are listed in
alphabetical order by mnemonic. Notes relating to specific entries can be found at the end of the table.
A complete list of all AFR mnemonics, plus those from other sensors, can be found in the LWD Curve Mnemonics
document (H07513) at the following link:
http://wdahalcom.corp.halliburton.com/premium/ss/contents/procedures_and_manuals/web/h07513_lwd_curve_mne
monics.pdf.
Mnemonic Curve Label LISM1 InSite Record InSite Variable

ABC At-Bit Conductivity ABC AFR ABR At-Bit Cond LF
ABC-T At-Bit Conductivity RT ABC AFR ABR RT At-Bit Cond
ABR At-Bit Resistivity ABR AFR ABR At-Bit Res LF
ABR-T At-Bit Resistivity RT ABR AFR ABR RT At-Bit Res
AFCDC AFR Deep Conductivity BC CFCD AFR Ring AFCDC
AFCDLHH AFR Deep HR Cond LT HS CDLH AFR HS UR HR Cond LT
AFCDLHM AFR Deep HR Cond LT Mag HLDC AFR Mag UR HR Cond LT
AFCDUHH AFR Deep HR Cond UT HS CDUH AFR HS LR HR Cond UT
AFCDUHM AFR Deep HR Cond UT Mag HUDC AFR Mag LR HR Cond UT
AFCMC AFR Med Conductivity BC CFCM AFR Ring AFCMC
AFCMHH AFR Medium HR Cond HS CMHH AFR HS Comp Md HR Cond
AFCMHM AFR Medium HR Cond Mag CMHM AFR Mag Comp Md HR Cond
AFCMLHH AFR Medium HR Cond LT HS CMLH AFR HS MR HR Cond LT
AFCMLHM AFR Medium HR Cond LT Mag HLMC AFR Mag MR HR Cond LT
AFCMLSH AFR Medium SR Cond LT HS CMLS AFR HS MR SR Cond LT
AFCMLSM AFR Medium SR Cond LT Mag SLMC AFR Mag MR SR Cond LT
AFCMSH AFR Medium SR Cond HS CMSH AFR HS Comp Md SR Cond
AFCMSM AFR Medium SR Cond Mag CMSM AFR Mag Comp Md SR Cond
AFCMUHH AFR Medium HR Cond UT HS CMUH AFR HS MR HR Cond UT
AFCMUHM AFR Medium HR Cond UT Mag HUMC AFR Mag MR HR Cond UT
AFCMUSH AFR Medium SR Cond UT HS CMUS AFR HS MR SR Cond UT
AFCMUSM AFR Medium SR Cond UT Mag SUMC AFR Mag MR SR Cond UT
AFCSC AFR Shall Conductivity BC CFCS AFR Ring AFCSC
AFCSLHH AFR Shallow HR Cond LT HS CSLH AFR HS LR HR Cond LT
AFCSLHM AFR Shallow HR Cond LT Mg HLSC AFR Mag LR HR Cond LT
AFCSLSH AFR Shallow SR Cond LT HS CSLS AFR HS LR SR Cond LT
AFCSLSM AFR Shallow SR Cond LT Mg SLSC AFR Mag LR SR Cond LT
AFCSUHH AFR Shallow HR Cond UT HS CSUH AFR HS UR HR Cond UT
AFCSUHM AFR Shallow HR Cond UT Mg HUSC AFR Mag UR HR Cond UT
AFCSUSH AFR Shallow SR Cond UT HS CSUS AFR HS UR SR Cond UT
AFCSUSM AFR Shallow SR Cond UT Mg SUSC AFR Mag UR SR Cond UT
AFDD AFR Data Density AFDD AFR Ring2 Data Density
AFMR AFR Mud Resistivity AFMR AFR Mud Res Mud Res
AFMR-T AFR Mud Resistivity RT AFMR AFR Mud Res RT AFMR
AFRDC AFR Deep Resistivity BC CFRD AFR Ring AFRDC
AFRDLC-T AFR Deep Res LT BC RT CRDL AFR Ring UR RT AFRDLC
AFRDLHH AFR Deep HR Res LT HS RDLH AFR HS UR HR Res LT
AFRDLHM AFR Deep HR Res LT Mag HLDR AFR Mag UR HR Res LT
AFRDUC-T AFR Deep Res UT BC RT CRDU AFR Ring LR RT AFRDUC
AFRDUHH AFR Deep HR Res UT HS RDUH AFR HS LR HR Res UT
121
AFR Variables AFR Service Reference Manual – Rev. C
Mnemonic Curve Label LISM1 InSite Record InSite Variable

AFRDUHM AFR Deep HR Res UT Mag HUDR AFR Mag LR HR Res UT
AFRMC AFR Medium Resistivity BC CFRM AFR Ring AFRMC
AFRMC-T AFR Medium Res BC RT AFRM AFR Ring RT AFRMC
AFRMHH AFR Medium HR Res HS RMHH AFR HS Comp Md HR Res
AFRMHM AFR Medium HR Res Mag RMHM AFR Mag Comp Md HR Res
AFRMLC-T AFR Medium Res LT BC RT CRML AFR Ring MR RT AFRMLC
AFRMLHH AFR Medium HR Res LT HS RMLH AFR HS MR HR Res LT
AFRMLHM AFR Medium HR Res LT Mag HLMR AFR Mag MR HR Res LT
AFRMLSH AFR Medium SR Res LT HS RMLS AFR HS MR SR Res LT
AFRMLSM AFR Medium SR Res LT Mag SLMR AFR Mag MR SR Res LT
AFRMSH AFR Medium SR Res HS RMSH AFR HS Comp Md SR Res
AFRMSH-T AFR Medium SR Res HS RT RMSH AFR HS Comp RT AFRMSH
AFRMSM AFR Medium SR Res Mag RMSM AFR Mag Comp Md SR Res
AFRMUC-T AFR Medium Res UT BC RT CRMU AFR Ring MR RT AFRMUC
AFRMUHH AFR Medium HR Res UT HS RMUH AFR HS MR HR Res UT
AFRMUHM AFR Medium HR Res UT Mag HUMR AFR Mag MR HR Res UT
AFRMUSH AFR Medium SR Res UT HS RMUS AFR HS MR SR Res UT
AFRMUSM AFR Medium SR Res UT Mag SUMR AFR Mag MR SR Res UT
AFRSC AFR Shall Resistivity BC CFRS AFR Ring AFRSC
AFRSLC-T AFR Shallow Res LT BC RT CRSL AFR Ring LR RT AFRSLC
AFRSLHH AFR Shallow HR Res LT HS RSLH AFR HS LR HR Res LT
AFRSLHM AFR Shallow HR Res LT Mag HLSR AFR Mag LR HR Res LT
AFRSLSH AFR Shallow SR Res LT HS RSLS AFR HS LR SR Res LT
AFRSLSH-T AFR Shal SR Res LT HS RT RSLS AFR HS LR RT AFRSLSH
AFRSLSM AFR Shallow SR Res LT Mag SLSR AFR Mag LR SR Res LT
AFRSLSM-T AFR Shal SR Res LT Mag RT SLSR AFR Mag LR RT AFRSLSM
AFRSUC-T AFR Shallow Res UT BC RT CRSU AFR Ring UR RT AFRSUC
AFRSUHH AFR Shallow HR Res UT HS RSUH AFR HS UR HR Res UT
AFRSUHM AFR Shallow HR Res UT Mag HUSR AFR Mag UR HR Res UT
AFRSUSH AFR Shallow SR Res UT HS RSUS AFR HS UR SR Res UT
AFRSUSM AFR Shallow SR Res UT Mag SUSR AFR Mag UR SR Res UT
3
AFXT AFR Form Exp Time AFXT AFR Ring Form Expos Time
1. Entries headed LISM refer to the mnemonic used in the LIS digital data format, in which mnemonics are
limited to four characters. This format is considered obsolete and is rarely used. All other export formats
(DLIS, LAS or ASCII) use the standard mnemonic. For LIS mnemonics, no distinction is drawn between
real-time and memory variables.
2. Most InSite records contain a data density variable. The example shown is typical but alternatives may be
available.
3. Most InSite records contain a formation exposure time variable. The example shown is typical but
alternatives may be available.
122

+++ AFR Manual - 2016

Uploaded by

+++ AFR Manual - 2016

Uploaded by

Azimuthal Focused

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

Principal Contributing Authors

Chris Conrad Frode Hveding Tim Parker

Omar Abdel Razek Ramez Shokeir Jeff Watson

Tim Parker Matthew Chong

3.5 Memory Capacity ................................................................................................42

Appendix B AFR Variables........................................................................................................... 121

Figure 6-18: AFR Tool Read ....................................................................................................................... 86

• Numerous updates relating to changes in InSite, up to version 8.3.

Modifications made in this revision, compared with previous revision B:

• Changes to AFR hole size kits (Section 3.1.1).

1.2 Notes, Cautions, and Warnings

Notes emphasize a particular point which is important for the reader to

Warnings alert the user to a specific procedure or practice that, if not

Figure 1-1: AFR Tool Basic Configuration

1.4 Safety and Environmental Precautions

1.4.2 Hazardous Chemicals

1.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment

1.4.4 Tool Joints

1.4.5 Waste Disposal

Chapter 2 Sensor Theory

2.1 Basic Principles

2.1.1 Units of Measurement

2.1.2 Toroidal Transmitters and Electrode Receivers

Figure 2-1: Principles of Toroidal Transmitter

Figure 2-2: Focused Measurement Current

2.1.3 Button Current Measurement

Button Toroid (4 ¾ in. AFR)

Figure 2-3: Button Toroid Used to Detect Measurement Current

2.1.4 Complex Measurements

Figure 2-4: Representing a Complex Number as a Vector

2.1.5 Sensor Configuration

Figure 2-5: AFR Tool Configurations

Figure 2-6: Dual-Resolution Button Fitted to the 8 in. AFR

Figure 2-7: Standard AFR Button Configurations

2.2 Available Measurements

2.2.1 Borehole Image

Figure 2-8: Example AFR Image

Number Centre of Bin 1 Relative to High-

Figure 2-9: Orientation of Azimuthal Bins

2.2.2 Ring Resistivity

2.2.3 At-Bit Resistivity (ABR)

Figure 2-10: At-Bit Resistivity Current Flow

2.2.4 Mud Resistivity

Figure 2-11: Natural Compensation of Middle Row Measurement (6 ¾ in AFR)

Figure 2-12: Response of Uncompensated AFR Ring Measurement

By combining the two uncompensated measurements, it is possible to reduce this effect

The middle row produces what is referred to as a naturally compensated measurement,

Figure 2-13: Response of Compensated AFR Ring Measurement

Figure 2-14: Compensation by Depth-Matching

There is a significant difference between the responses of the upper-transmitter

Figure 2-15: Effect of Compensation at a Boundary

Compensated ring resistivities are calculated for all transmitter-to-receiver spacings. A

2.4 Measurement Corrections

No corrections are applied to the image data. The enhancement (normalization)

2.4.1 Skin Effect Correction

2.4.2 Borehole Correction

2.5 Measurement Limitations

2.5.1 Resistivity Range

Measurement Type Button Size Useful Range

2.5.2 Mud Resistivity

Figure 2-16: Resistivity Operating Ranges for LWD Resistivity Tools

Figure 2-17: Apparent Thickness of a Thin, Conductive Feature

Figure 2-18: Effective Resolution vs. Button Diameter and Stand-Off

2.5.4 Tool Motion

ROP Vertical ROP Vertical

Borehole Diameter (in.) Borehole Diameter (mm)

2.5.5 Depth of Investigation

Figure 2-19: Illustration of DOI for the Ring Measurements

Tool Size (in.) Tool Size (mm)

4¾ 6¾ 8 121 171 203

Spacing Ring Depth of Investigation (in.) Ring Depth of Investigation (mm)

Shallow 4.2 4.3 4.4 107 109 112

Medium 9.4 8.0 - 239 203 -

Deep 10.7 10.4 11.4 272 264 290