lOMoARcPSD|32628230

INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT LAB FILE

Undertaken at

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

Under the Guidance of

Dr. NAVEEN LAMBA Submitted by-Satya
Narayan
Faculty, KCCILHE BBA -5h Semester Enrolment No:
07127401721
Batch 2021- 2024

KCC Institute of Legal and Higher Education, Greater

Noida Affiliated to GGSIPU
(Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University), Dwarka New Delhi-
110037

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UNDERTAKING BY THE STUDENT

I Satya Narayan Pandey , 07127401721 , student of BBA-V Sem

Batch 2021-24 of the KCCILHE, Gr Noida hereby declare that
the INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT LAB FILE” is
an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree,
diploma/certificate or published any time before.

Date: (Signature of the Student)

Name: Satya Narayan Pandey

This is to certify that as per best of my belief, the

INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT LAB FILE is a
bonafide research work carried out by Satya Narayan Pandey,
07127401721, student of BBA,

KCCILHE, Greater Noida, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Business Administration.

Date:
Signature of the Faculty Guide
Name

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Acknowledgement

• I wish to express my sincere gratitude to MS. NAVEEN

LAMBA, KCC Professor for helping me with an opportunity to
do my LAB FILE.

• In the accomplishment of completion of my File, I would like

to convey my special gratitude to Ms. Naveen Lamba and
Professor Dr. Bhawna Aggarwal for providing me a great
opportunity to complete my work.

• Your valuable guidance and suggestions helped me in various

phases of the completion of this project. I will always be
thankful to you in this regard.

• I am ensuring that this Lab File was finished by me and not

copied.

Thanking You Satya Narayan

Pandey

Roll No-
07127401721

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College Vision Mission Statement

VISION

• To transform ordinary aspirants into extraordinary professionals.

• To eradicate the hindrance of geographical boundaries for students in
obtaining world class education by having multiple campuses across India and
abroad.
• To create and sustain professional synergies for smooth sailing career for
students.
• To inculcate a strong sense of commitment and ethics in students.
• To blend theory with practice by exposing students to the prevailing industry
standards.

MISSION

To impart comprehensive education to the students matching the global standards,

foster socially responsible culture in the students and be globally recognized and
accepted as an institution delivering world class education.

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INDEX

SNO. CONTENT PAGE

NO.

1 Introduction to SQL 3- 6
2 EXPLAIN SQL DDL COMMANDS 7-8
3 EXPLAIN SQL DML COMMANDS 9-11
4 Primary Key Constraint & Foreign Key Constraint 12-13
5 Update Command & Alter Command 14
6 ‘Order By’ and ‘Like’ Clause 15-16
7 Aggregate Functions 17-19
8 Command for operators 20-22
9 Command for and, or, not operators 22-23
10 Command for indexes and view 24
11 Command for Upper case. Lower case, Substring, Replace 25-26

12 Command for Concat, Length , MONTH, DAY OF 27-28

MONTH and YEAR
13 Create employee table 29-31
14 Create the student table and perform SQL commands 32-33

15 Create the supplier and parts tables and perform SQL 34-36
commands

16 ER Model 37
17 Explain all the symbols of ER Model 38-42
18 Entity Relationship diagram of an Organization 43
19 Entity Relationship diagram of a Banking System 44
20 Entity Relationship diagram of a Hospital 45
21 Entity Relationship diagram of a University 46

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Ques 1:- Introduction to SQL. Explain what different types of

data types in SQL are.

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to create,

remove, alter the database and database objects in a database
management system and to store, retrieve, update the data in a database.
SQL is a standard language for creating, accessing, manipulating
database management system. SQL works for all modern relational
database management systems, like SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, etc.

SQL Data Types define the type of value that can be stored in a table
column. For example, if we want a column to store only integer values,
then we can define its data type as .

SQL Data Types

SQL data types can be broadly divided into following categories.

1. Numeric data types such as int, tinyint, bigint, float, real, etc.

2. Date and Time data types such as Date, Time, Datetime, etc.

3. Character and String data types such as char, varchar, text, etc.

4. Unicode character string data types, for example nchar, nvarchar, ntext, etc.

5. Binary data types such as binary, varbinary, etc.

6. Miscellaneous data types – clob, blob, xml, cursor, table, etc.

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SQL Data Types important points

• Not all data types are supported by every relational database vendor. For
example, Oracle database doesn’t support DATETIME and MySQL doesn’t
support CLOB data type. So while designing database schema and writing SQL
queries, make sure to check if the data types are supported or not.
• Data typeslisted here doesn’t include all the data types, these are the
most popularly used data types. Some relational database vendors
have their own data types that might be not listed here. For example,
Microsoft SQL Server has and data types but since it’snot
supported by other popular database vendors, it’s not listed here.
• Every relational database vendor has its own maximum size limit for different
data types, you don’t need to remember the limit. Idea is to have the knowledge
of what data type to be used in a specific scenario.

Let’s look into different categories of SQL data types in detail.

SQL Numeric Data Types

Data type From To

bit 0 1

tinyint 0 255

smallint -32,768 32,767

int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647

bigint -9,223,372,036, 854,775,808 9,223,372,036, 854,775,807

decimal -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

numeric -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

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float -1.79E + 308 1.79E + 308

real -3.40E + 38 3.40E + 38

SQL Date and Time Data Types

Data type Description

DATE Stores date in the format YYYY-MM-DD

TIME Stores time in the format HH:MI:SS

Stores date and time information in the format YYYY-

DATETIME MM- DD HH:MI:SS

Stores number of seconds passed since the Unix epoch

TIMESTAMP (‘1970-01-01 00:00:00’ UTC)

Stores year in 2 digits or 4 digit

YEAR format. Range 1901 to 2155 in 4-
digit format. Range 70 to 69,
representing 1970 to 2069.

SQL Character and String Data Types

Data type Description

CHAR Fixed length with a maximum length of 8,000 characters

Variable-length storage with a maximum length of 8,000

VARCHAR characters

Variable-length storage with provided max characters, not

VARCHAR(max) supported in
MySQL

TEXT Variable-length storage with maximum size of 2GB data

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Note that all the above data types are for character stream, they should
not be used with Unicode data.

SQL Unicode Character and String Data Types

Data type Description

Fixed length with maximum length of 4,000

NCHAR
characters
Variable-length storage with a maximum length of
NVARCHAR 4,000 characters

NVARCHAR(max) Variable-length storage with provided max characters

Variable-length storage with a maximum size of 1GB

NTEXT data

Note that above data types are not supported in MySQL database.

SQL Binary Data Types

Data type Description

BINARY Fixed length with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes

Variable-length storage with a maximum length of

VARBINARY 8,000 bytes

VARBINARY(max) Variable-length storage with provided max bytes

Variable-length storage with maximum size of 2GB

IMAGE binary data

SQL Miscellaneous Data Types

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Data type Description

CLOB Character large objects that can hold up to 2GB

BLOB For binary large objects

XML for storing XML data

JSON for storing JSON data

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Ques 2:- EXPLAIN SQL DDL COMMANDS. With Syntax and Examples.

DDL (Data Definition Language):

DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands

that can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals with
descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify
the structure of database objects in the database.DDL is a set of SQL
commands used to create, modify, and delete database structures but
not data. These commands are normally not used by a general user, who
should be accessing the database via an application. List of DDL
commands:

• CREATE: This command is used to create the database or its objects (like
table, index, function, views, store procedure, and triggers).
SYNTAX

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

• DROP: This command is used to delete objects from the database.

SYNTAX
DROP TABLE "table_name";

• ALTER: This is used to alter the structure of the database.

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•
SYNTAX
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

• RENAME: This is used to rename an object existing in the database.

•
SYNTAX

ALTER TABLE old_table_name RENAME new_table_name;

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Ques 3:- EXPLAIN SQL DML COMMANDS. With Syntax and

Examples

DML Commands in SQL

DML is an abbreviation of Data Manipulation Language.

The DML commands in Structured Query Language change the data

present in the SQL database. We can easily access, store, modify, update
and delete the existing records from the database using DML commands.

Following are the four main DML commands in SQL:

1. SELECT Command

2. INSERT Command

3. UPDATE Command

4. DELETE Command

SELECT DML Command

SELECT is the most important data manipulation command in Structured

Query Language. The SELECT command shows the records of the
specified table. It also shows the particular record of a particular column
by using the WHERE clause.

SYNTAX

SELECT column1, column2

FROM table_name;

SELECT * FROM table_name;

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INSERT DML Command

INSERT is another most important data manipulation command in

Structured Query Language, which allows users to insert data in database
tables.

SYNTAX

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2,

column3,...columnN)] VALUES (value1, value2,
value3,...valueN);

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UPDATE DML Command

UPDATE is another most important data manipulation command in Structured

Query Language, which allows users to update or modify the existing data in
database tables.

SYNTAX

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN WHERE
[condition];

DELETE DML Command

DELETE is a DML command which allows SQL users to remove single or

multiple existing records from the database tables. This command of Data
Manipulation Language does not delete the stored data permanently from
the database. We use the WHERE clause with the DELETE command to select
specific rows from the table.

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SYNTAX
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

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Ques 4:- Write a command for Primary Key Constraint & Foreign
Key Constraint PRIMARY KEY
A primary key is the column or columns that contain values that
uniquely identify each row in a table. A database table must have a
primary key for Optim to insert, update, restore, or delete data from a
database table. Optim uses primary keys that are defined to the
database. However, you can also define primary keys to supplement
those in the database.

SYNTAX

CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255),Age int);

FOREIGN KEY

The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy
links between tables.

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A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table, that refers
to the PRIMARY KEY in another table.

The table with the foreign key is called the child table, and the table with
the primary key is called the referenced or parent table.

SYNTAX

CREATE TABLE orders (O_Id int NOT NULL, Order_No int NOT NULL, S
_Id int, PRIMAY KEY (O_Id), FOREIGN KEY (S_Id) REFERENCES
Persons ( S_Id)) ;

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Ques 5:- Write a command for Update Command & Alter Command

UPDATE

SYNTAX

UPDATE table_name

SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN WHERE

[condition];

SYNTAX
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

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Ques 6:-Write a command for ‘Order By’ and ‘Like’ Clause

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or

descending order.

The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To

sort the records in descending order, use the DESC keyword.

ORDER BY Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

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The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in
a column.

There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:

• The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or multiple characters

• The underscore sign (_) represents one, single character

LIKE Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_nameWHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

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Ques 7:- Write a command Aggregate Functions

SQL aggregation function is used to perform the calculations on multiple
rows of a single column of a table. It returns a single value. o It is also
used to summarize the data.

Types of SQL Aggregation Function

1. COUNT FUNCTION

o COUNT function is used to Count the number of rows in a database

table. It can work on both numeric and non-numeric data types. o
COUNT function uses the COUNT(*) that returns the count of all the
rows in a specified table. COUNT(*) considers duplicate and Null.

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Syntax

COUNT(*) or COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

2. SUM Function

Sum function is used to calculate the sum of all selected columns. It works on
numeric fields only.

Syntax

SUM() or SUM( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

3. AVG function

The AVG function is used to calculate the average value of the

numeric type. AVG function returns the average of all non-Null
values.

Syntax

AVG() or AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

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4. MAX Function

MAX function is used to find the maximum value of a certain column. This
function determines the largest value of all selected values of a column.

Syntax

MAX() or MAX( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

5. MIN Function

MIN function is used to find the minimum value of a certain column. This
function determines the smallest value of all selected values of a column.

Syntax

MIN() or MIN( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

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Ques 8:- Write a command for operators:

1. Less than
2. Greater than
3. Less than to equal
4. Greater than equal to between,

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LESS THAN

GREATER THAN

LESS THAN EQUAL TO

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GREATER THAN EQUAL TO

BETWEEN

LIKE

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IN

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Ques 9:- Write a command for and, or, not operators

AND TRUE if all the conditions separated by AND is TRUE

OR TRUE if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE

NOT Displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE

AND

NOT

OR

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Ques 10:- Write a command for indexes and view

The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables.

Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database more quickly than
otherwise. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed
up searches/queries.

• CREATE INDEX Syntax

Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed:
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields
in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.

You can add SQL statements and functions to a view and present the data
as if the data were coming from one single table.

A view is created with the CREATE VIEW statement.

• CREATE VIEW Syntax

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM

table_name WHERE condition;

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Ques 11:- Write a command for Upper case. Lower case, Substring, Replace

UPPER ():

This function in SQL Server helps to convert all the letters of the
given string to Uppercase. If the given string contains special
characters or numeric values, then they will remain unchanged by
this function. Syntax :

SELECT UPPER( ) FROM TABLE_NAME;

LOWER ():

The LOWER() function converts a string to lower-case.

SYNTAX

SELECT LOWER( ) FROM TABLE_NAME;

SUBSTRING :

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The SUBSTRING() function extracts some characters from a string.

SYNTAX

SELECT SUBSTRING(STRING FROM START FOR LENGTH)FROM

TABLE_NAME;

REPLACE:

The REPLACE() function replaces all occurrences of a substring within a

string, with a new substring.
SYNTAX

REPLACE(string, old_string, new_string)

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Ques 12;- Write a command for

i. Concat
ii. Length
iii. MONTH, DAYOFMONTH and YEAR

CONCAT

This function returns a string resulting from the concatenation, or joining, of

two or more string values in an end-to-end manner.

Syntax

CONCAT( string_value1, string_value2 [, string_valueN ] )

LENGTH

The LENGTH() function returns the length of a string (in bytes).

SYNTAX

LENGTH(string)

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MONTH, DAYOFMONTH and YEAR

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Ques 13:- Create employee table & perform following

SQL Commands.
• EID,ENAME,DESG,BRANCH,SALARY,ADDRESS.

• INSERT 10 RECORDS

• List employees whose salary is between 10000- 30000.

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• ENAME should be unique

• Add column in above table date of joining, experience

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• Delete the column DESG

• Find out details of employee whose salary is above 25000.

• Calculate total number of records in employee table

•

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Ques 14:- Create the following table and perform sql commands
student (roll_no, name, age, course, marks).

• Select student name where age is greater than 18 & course is equal
to MBA

• Show the name of student using like command

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• Find out name, course, marks from student order by marks asc.

• Find the student with max marks

• Find out name, of students order by Roll_No in des. Order.

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• Find out the average of all the marks. Display it as average_marks.

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Ques 15:- Create the following tables. Insert atleast 10 records in each.
a) Supplier (s_no, sname, status, city)

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b) Parts (p_no, pname,color,weight, city)

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c) Answer the following queries in SQL

i. Find the supplier for city Delhi

ii. Find all supplier whose name start with sa

iii. Find all suppliers whose status is 10, 20 or 30

Find total number of city of all suppliers

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Ques 16:- What do you understand by ER Modeling?

An E–R model is usually the result of systematic analysis to define and

describe what is important to processes in an area of a business. It does not
define the business processes; it only presents a business data schema in
graphical form. It is usually drawn in a graphical form as boxes (entities)
that are connected by lines (relationships) which express the associations
and dependencies between entities. An ER model can also be expressed in
a verbal form, for example: one building may be divided into zero or more
apartments, but one apartment can only be located in one building.

Entities may be characterized not only by relationships, but also by

additional properties (attributes), which include identifiers called "primary
keys". Diagrams created to represent attributes as well as entities and
relationships may be called entity-attribute-relationship diagrams, rather
than entity–relationship models.

An ER model is typically implemented as a database. In a simple relational

database implementation, each row of a table represents one instance of an
entity type, and each field in a table represents an attribute type. In a
relational database a relationship between entities is implemented by
storing the primary key of one entity as a pointer or "foreign key" in the
table of another entity.

There is a tradition for ER/data models to be built at two or three levels of

abstraction. Note that the conceptuallogical-physical hierarchy below is
used in other kinds of specification, and is different from the three schema
approach to software engineering.

Conceptual data model

This is the highest level ER model in that it contains the least granular
detail but establishes the overall scope of what is to be included within the
model set. The conceptual ER model normally defines master reference
data entities that are commonly used by the organization. Developing an
enterprise-wide conceptual ER model is useful to support documenting the
data architecture for an organization.

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A conceptual ER model may be used as the foundation for one or more logical
data models (see below). The purpose of the conceptual ER model is
then to establish structural metadata commonality for the master data
entities between the set of logical ER models. The conceptual data model may
be used to form commonality relationships between ER models as a basis for
data model integration.

Logical data model

A logical ER model does not require a conceptual ER model, especially if the

scope of the logical ER model includes only the development of a distinct
information system. The logical ER model contains more detail than the
conceptual ER model. In addition to master data entities, operational and
transactional data entities are now defined. The details of each data entity are
developed and the relationships between these data entities are established. The
logical ER model is however developed independently of the specific database
management system into which it can be implemented.

Physical data model

A physical data model specifies how the data model will be built in the database. It
outlines all table structures, including column name, data types, column constraints,
primary key and foreign key with indexes to the relevant table column, relationships
between tables, stored procedures, and views.
The responsibility regarding physical data model creation usually lies with
database administrators and developers. Information systems and software
applications heavily rely on interactions with physical databases. Physical data
models need to be designed and implemented correctly. It is challenging to
modify physical data models once data from the existing application has been
inserted into databases.

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Entity Symbol Name Description
lOMoARcPSD|32628230

These shapes are independent from other

Strong entities, and are often called parent
entity entities, since they will often have weak
entities that depend on them. They will
also have a primary key, distinguishing
each occurrence of the entity.

Weak Weak entities depend on some other

entity entity type. They don't have primary
keys, and have no meaning in the
diagram without their parent entity.

Associative Associative entities relate the instances of

entity several entity types. They also contain
attributes specific to the relationship
between those entity instances.

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Ques 17:- Explain all the symbols of ER Model with examples.

Conceptual ER diagram symbols

Conceptual Data Models establish a broad view of what should be included in the
model set. Conceptual ERDs can be used as the foundation for logical data
models. They may also be used to form commonality relationships between ER
models as a basis for data model integration. All of the symbols shown below are
found in the UML Entity Relationship and Entity Relationship shape library of
Lucidchart.

ERD entity symbols

Entities are objects or concepts that represent important data. Entities are
typically nouns such as product, customer, location, or promotion. There
are three types of entities commonly used in entity relationship diagrams.

Examples of entities:

• Person: Employee, Student, Patient

• Place: Store, Building

• Object: Machine, product, and Car

• Event: Sale, Registration, Renewal

• Concept: Account, Course

ERD relationship symbols

Within entity-relationship diagrams, relationships are used to document the
interaction between two entities. Relationships are usually verbs such as
assign, associate, or track and provide useful information that could not be
discerned with just the entity types.

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Relationship Symbol Name Description

Relationships are
Relationship associations between or
among entities.

Weak Weak Relationships are

relationship connections between a
weak entity and its owner.

ERD attribute symbols

ERD attributes are characteristics of the entity that help users to better
understand the database. Attributes are included to include details of the
various entities that are highlighted in a conceptual ER diagram.

Attribute Symbol Name Description

Attributes are characteristics of an

Attribute entity, a manyto-many relationship,
or a one-to-one relationship.

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Multivalued Multivalued attributes are those that

attribute are can take on more than one value.

Derived attribute Derived attributes are attributes

whose value can be calculated from
related attribute values.

Relationship Relationships are

associations between or
among entities.

Cardinality

Defines the numerical attributes of the relationship between two entities or entity
sets.

Different types of cardinal relationships are:

• One-to-One Relationships

• One-to-Many Relationships

• May to One Relationships

• Many-to-Many Relationships

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1. One-to-one:

One entity from entity set X can be associated with at most one entity
of entity set Y and vice versa.

Example: One student can register for numerous courses. However, all
those courses have a single line back to that one student.

2. One-to-many:

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One entity from entity set X can be associated with multiple entities of
entity set Y, but an entity from entity set Y can be associated with at
least one entity.

For example, one class is consisting of multiple students.

3. Many to One

More than one entity from entity set X can be associated with at most
one entity of entity set Y. However, an entity from entity set Y may or
may not be associated with more than one entity from entity set X.

For example, many students belong to the same class.

4. Many to Many:

One entity from X can be associated with more than one entity from Y and vice
versa.

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For example, Students as a group are associated

with multiple faculty members, and faculty
members can be associated with multiple students.

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-
Ques 18: Draw Entity Relationship diagram of an Organization.

Ques 19: Draw Entity Relationship diagram of a Banking Sy

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Ques 20: Draw Entity Relationship diagram of a Hospital

Management System.

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Ques 21: Draw Entity Relationship diagram of a University.

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