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Language and Politics: An analysis of Rodrigo Duterte’s Sona 2016-2021

Louis Philip C. Mercado*; Kim Angel Lyka Remedios; Precious Belle Pelonio;
Jamaica Pacquiao; Vince Empinado; Prince P. Padrigao

Humanities and Social Sciences

St. Rita’s College of Balingasag

Corresponding Author’s Email: philipmercs2@gmail.com, jamaicapacquiao-humss@srcb.edu.,

remedioskim0@gmail.com, Princepadrigao3@gmail.com, peloniobelle@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is a constitutional obligation and yearly tradition
wherein the chief executive reports on the status of the country, unveils the government's agenda
for the coming year, and proposes to Congress certain legislative me. The purpose of this study is
to find out how people feel about Duterte's policies on the fight against drugs, eliminating
corruption, and implementing human rights. Additionally, this study seeks to determine if
Duterte was well handled throughout his administration and what effects his policies had on the
populace. This mixed-methods study uses a descriptive survey model. The participants included
300 citizens from Binitinan Balingasag and Barangay 6, who evaluated three survey statements:
the war on drugs, corruption eradication, and human rights implementation. The survey reveals
that a majority of respondents are male, indicating a potential gender bias in news consumption.
This suggests that the issue of Duterte's SONA and its pronouncements on drugs, corruption, and
human rights might be reaching a predominantly male audience. The survey findings indicate
that the issue of drugs, corruption, and human rights is "very evident" to the respondents. This
highlights the significant impact of these issues on public perception and underscores the
urgency of addressing them effectively.

Keywords: Human rights, War on Drugs, Corruption, Duterte’s administration, Duterte’s ways,
How Citizen perceives Duterte’s ways
 Introduction

One of the powers of language is to transport the messages or information from the
speaker to the receiver (Levinson, 2022). In order for the receiver to interpret what a speaker
means in a particular context, one has to understand the utterances being made; And
using presuppositions, how they are applied or even manipulated can contain
illocutionary messages that affect the overall impact of what is being communicated.

President Rodrigo Duterte is one of the most influential and most loved presidents by the
Filipinos. President Duterte is known for his authoritarian leadership style and man-of-the-people
persona, characterized by fiery rhetoric and controversial, off-the-cuff speeches. His
spokesperson and advisors frequently had to interpret and clarify his remarks. While the road to
reform will undoubtedly be challenging, Duterte's bold leadership and comprehensive plan
provide a roadmap for a brighter future. With the support of the Filipino people and the
international community, the Philippines can emerge as a beacon of hope and a model for
inclusive and sustainable development. His commitment to addressing these pressing issues
ignited a spark of hope among Filipinos, signaling a potential turning point towards a more just
and prosperous nation.

Despite his strong personality, some still criticizes his global notoriety. He was dubbed "Duterte
Harry", a reference to Dirty Harry, the eponymous fictional American detective played by Clint
Eastwood who takes the law into his own hands. Mr Duterte openly encouraged citizens and the
police to shoot and kill suspected drug dealers and users. Noting that there are three million
addicts in the Philippines, he said he would be "happy to slaughter them” (BBC, 2023)

Salvaleon (2019) revealed that people expect transparency, accountability, and the prosecution of
corrupt officials to create a cleaner and more efficient government protection and promotion of
human rights in the country. Address issues such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination, and
ensure the fair treatment of all citizens. President Duterte's SONA painted a vision of a
Philippines free from the shackles of drugs, corruption, and human rights abuses. His
commitment to addressing these pressing issues ignited a spark of hope among Filipinos,
signaling a potential turning point towards a more just and prosperous nation. While the road to
reform will undoubtedly be challenging, Duterte's bold leadership and comprehensive plan
provide a roadmap for a brighter future. With the support of the Filipino people and the
international community, the Philippines can emerge as a beacon of hope and a model for
inclusive and sustainable development.

This study focused on the analysis of the common social issues presented in the six (6) SONAs
of President Duterte and interpreted perceptions of Filipinos to his promises.

Methodology
Research Design: This study is a mixed method study. The qualitative method focused on
discourse analysis of the text, while the quantitative method focused on counting the
frequency of the perceptions level of the select respondents.

Research Sample: The people in Binitinan Balingasag, and Balingasag Barangay 6 were the
study’s respondents. There are about 5,000 people living in the areas where the Citizens are
found. The researcher’s target population consisted of local residents in the study locations,
whose ages varied from 18 to 66. A total of 300 residents from Binitinan Balingasag and
Balingasag barangay 6 made up the sample. Male and female participants from the age of 18 to
66 were chosen in order to capture a wide range of experiences. With a maximum variation
sampling method from purposeful sampling strategies (McMillan & Schumacher, 2006), citizens
from various socioeconomic backgrounds were chosen in order to evaluate a bigger sample of
the community.

Research Instrument and Procedures: In order to obtain the necessary data, the researchers first
choose specific locations from which to recruit respondents. These locations are Binitinan
Balingasag and Barangay 6 Balingasag. There, with the respondents' consent, the researchers
present their survey statement paper, which covers three topics: the war on drugs, the eradication
of corruption, and the implementation of human rights during the administration of former
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte. The three elements' worth of studied data were represented in
tables by the researchers.

Data analysis: This mixed-method study analyzed discourse analysis and perception levels
among 300 residents of Binitinan Balingasag and Balingasag Barangay 6, aged 18–66. The target
population consisted of local residents from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Researchers
recruited respondents from specific locations and presented a survey statement paper covering
three topics: the war on drugs, the eradication of corruption, and human rights implementation
during former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte's administration. This was performed by
calculating the mean and standard deviation for every factor, for a total of 21 statements. The
study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the community's experiences.
Considering it a concern for society, the survey questionnaire was a form of Likert scale test that
was surveyed or distributed to the research's respondents. After the researcher gathered and
analyzed the data, factor 1: war on drugs shows a total mean of 4.17 and a SD of 0.09, which is
interpreted as very evident; factor 2: corruption eradication shows an overall mean of 3.98 and
the SD of 0.05 in Table 2 is therefore seen as evident; and factor 3: human rights implementation
shows an overall mean of 4.10 and a SD of 0.57, which is regarded as evident.

Results and Discussion

1. What is the demographic profile of respondents according to:

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
Table 1.1 Demographic Profile (Age)

Age Frequency Percentage

18-30 172 57%
31-42 74 25%
43-54 34 11%
55-66 20 7%
Total 300 100%

Table 1.1 displays data spanning the age groups of 18–30 to 55–66. The frequency ranges are as
follows: range 18–30 is 172, range 31–42 is 74, range 43–54 is 34, and range 55–66 is 20. The
demographic profile's overall proportion is 100%.

Most of our respondents are between the ages of 18 - 30 because older youth are more capable of
accessing social media and the internet, and according to the study of Karen Sabina Freeman
(March 2013), “A study by the World Association of Newspapers [4] reveals that youth view the
internet as their first choice for news and information. The fact is online news is abundant and
easily available and people go for online news rather than the traditional media.”

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 162 54%
Female 138 46%
Total 300 100%

Data for the male and female gender groupings are shown in Table 1.2. The frequency for male
respondents is 162, with a percentage of 54%, and for female respondents, it is 138, with a
percentage of 46%. The overall proportion of respondents in this demographic profile is 100%.

Most of the respondents in this research study are male because males are more interested in
news than woman, according in mediamakersmeet.com it states that “According to surveys in the
countries covered by the report, men are more likely to say they are interested in news than
women. For example, in Germany 72% of men and 63% of women say they are extremely or very
interested in news. In most cases, the difference is around 10 percentage points.”

2. The perception level of respondents in terms of Duterte’s administration according to:

2.1 War on drugs
 2.2 Corruption eradication
2.3 Human rights implementation

Table 1: War on Drugs

Statements Mean SD Interpretation
1. The vow to drugs 4.09 1.16 Very Evident
impact of Duterte's to
destroy drug cartels
during his presidency
have on the state of our
nation
2. The improvements on 4.17 1.02 Very Evident
Duterte's approach to
addressing our country's
drug problem during his
presidency

3. Duterte's approach to 4.27 0.91 Very Evident

eradicating the drug
issue in the Philippines
during his presidency.
4. Former President 4.17 0.97 Very Evident
Duterte’s way of
minimizing drug users
in our country.

5.The impact of former 4.23 0.95 Very Evident

President Duterte's drug
campaign on you as a Fi
lipino citizen.
6. Former President 4.20 1.00 Very Evident
Duterte's influence on
Filipino citizens to
refrain from using
drugs.
7. Duterte’s way of 4.07 1.09 Very Evident
eradicating the waste
away lives,
dysfunctionalize
families and ruin
relationship due to
drugs.
TOTAL 4.17 0.09 Very Evident

Table 1 shows the war on drugs. It is very evident that, among all the statements, statement
number 3 has the highest mean of 4.27 and a SD of 0.91, which is interpreted as very evident. It
is followed by the statement number 7, which has the lowest mean of 4.07 and a SD of 1.09,
which is also interpreted as very evident. Then Table 1 shows a total mean of 4.17 and a SD of
0.09, which is interpreted as very evident.

In contrast to the Danilo Andres Reyes article, the response to question number 3, "Duterte's
approach to eradicating the drug issue in the Philippines during his presidency," had the highest
mean score of 4.27 and standard deviation of 0.91. Nevertheless, the Danilo Andres Reyes
research study states that "I will argue that, under the Duterte administration, criminals are
humiliated and killed in a spectacle of violence that politicizes their lives, sending a message that
intimidates others." This research, based on the poll, claims that Duterte is implementing an
approach to resolve concerns about eradicating the drug issue. In the process, law-abiding
citizens are meant to feel safe, which is seen as likely to increase the newly elected president's
popularity and his power as chief executive. Duterte has thereby politicised life, not only putting
criminals outside of state protection but actively targeting them."
 Table 2: Corruption Eradication

Statements Mean SD Interpretation

1. The results of 3.87 1.10 Evident
Duterte's commitment to
exposing and removing
dishonest officials from
government in our
nation.
2. During his 3.95 1.06 Evident
administration, Duterte's
plan for tackling our
country's corruption
problem, which has an
influence on our
economy.
3. The government's 4.00 1.03 Very Evident
reporting and
investigation of
corruption under
Duterte's administration.
4. Duterte's SONA 4.03 1.03 Very Evident
highlights the
importance of citizen
involvement in reporting
and combating
corruption.
5. The explanation of 4.03 0.92 Very Evident
Duterte’s steps during
his administration plans
to take to prevent and
reduce corruption in his
SONA.
6. The effect of 3.94 1.01 Evident
Duterte’s Plan on
eradicating corruption in
our country.
7. The explanation in 4.07 0.98 Very Evident
Duterte’s SONA about
the role of technology
and digital solutions in
preventing corruption.
Total 3.98 0.05 Evident

Table 2 displays the Corruption. Statement number seven has the greatest mean of
4.07 and the SD of 0.98 out of all the statements, which is evaluated as very evident.
Statement number 1, which is understood as evident only, comes next. It has the lowest
mean, 3.87, and an SD of 1.10. The overall mean of 3.98 and the SD of 0.05 in Table 2
are therefore seen as evident.

With the highest mean score of 4.07 and standard deviation of 0.98, the response to
item number 7, "Duterte's SONA about the role of technology and digital solutions in
preventing corruption," is in agreement with the research article by Bradley Busetto and
Anga Tamilsina. This study supports the answer as it says in its paper that “In recent
years, technology has become one of the greatest allies for preventing and tackling
corruption. Digitalization and digital transformations have advanced and transformed the
public sector tremendously, with the enormous potential and wide-ranging benefits of
improving the efficiency and effectiveness in public administration and service delivery,
as well as enhancing transparency, accountability, accessibility and citizen
participation.”
Table 3: Human rights Implementation
 Statements Mean SD Interpretation
1. Your protection by 4.07 1.05 Very Evident
human rights as a
Filipino citizen under
Duterte's administration.

2. Your benefit from 4.05 0.92 Very Evident

former President
Duterte's policies
regarding human rights
issues as a filipino
citizen.
3. The government's 3.96 1.05 Evident
reporting and
examination of human
rights abuses under
Duterte's administration.
4. Duterte's emphasis and 4.05 0.98 Very Evident
his efforts with his
administration against
human trafficking are
mentioned in his SONA.

5. Duterte’s sufficiency 4.27 2.50 Very Evident

in addressing concerns
about the justice system
and due process rights in
his SONA.
6. Duterte’s SONA 4.2 0.96 Very Evident
effectively address
labour rights and fair
working conditions in the
country.

7. Duterte’s SONA in 4.07 1.11 Very Evident

addressing the rights of
indigenous peoples in the
Philippines.

Total 4.10 0.57 Very Evident

Table 3 shows human rights. Out of all the assertions, statement number 5 has the highest mean
(4.27) and SD (2.50%), which is deemed to be very evident. The 3 statement is the one that is
considered to be evident only. It has the lowest SD of 1.05. Its mean is 3.96. Thus, Table 3 has
overall mean of 4.10 and SD of 0.57 are regarded as evident.

The response to item number 5, "Duterte's sufficiency in addressing concerns about the
justice system and due process rights in his SONA," has the greatest mean score of 4.27 and
standard deviation of 2.50, which is in contrast to the Ronald A. Pernia article. Based on the poll,
this research asserts that Duterte is implementing measures to resolve concerns about the legal
system and due process rights; yet, the Ronald A. Pernia research study indicates that “This
paper argues that Duterte's populist political attitude is a mere reflection of the country's
authoritarian culture and illiberal values characterized, among others, by the disregard for liberal
political institutions, norms, and practices. The failure of the liberal democratic regime to
sufficiently respond to basic social ills was harnessed and mobilized by Duterte, the "strongman"
from Davao, into political action. In addition, Duterte's indifference and violative treatment of
human rights as a principle and a standard that needs protection transpired in a highly unequal
and elitist political system. This implies that turning against this populist challenge to human
rights necessitates treating populism as an ideal that is initially hidden but must be surfaced."

3. What is the common issue that Duterte Sona addresses?

The following are the results of our research, where we identified the emerging themes
of the Duterte administration that have a significant impact on our country. Our
government and the previous president, Duterte, paid attention to these issues during
his term.

CORRUPTION TIMELINE

High Impact

Moderate Impact
Impact

Low Impact

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Duterte’s SONA 2016: ON ESTABLISHING 8888 HOTLINE FOR CORRUPTION

In his 2016 SONA, Duterte made a commitment. I'll be establishing the 8888 solely for,
committed to corruption, I promise. Even a whisper, even a whisper, hiwalay-hiwalay na
tayo pag may marinig ako sa Executive Department, Duterte issued Executive Order
No. 6, institutionalizing the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Center and the 8888 hotline, which
had opened in August 2016. The Civil Service Commission stated in a summary report
that during its 10-month operation up until June, it had answered 115,742 or 77.5
percent of 149,294 calls to Hotline 8888, or an average of 498 calls per day. In this
case, we can truly say that during 2016, corruption has a high impact, indicating that
through hotlines, the corruption is decreasing. based on (vera files)

Duterte’s SONA 2017: RID THE GOVERNMENT OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

During the 2017 SONA of Duterte, he stated that, "I will never tolerate corruption in my
administration, not even a whiff of it. Let the dismissal of several high-ranking officials —
whom I myself appointed — serve as a warning to all that I will never back down on my
commitment to cleanse this government and corporation." During 2017, corruption had
a low impact since it was not improving, and a number of high-ranking government
officials, including Cabinet Secretaries, resigned or were fired by President Rodrigo
Duterte due to corruption allegations, in keeping with his 2016 State of the Nation
Address (SONA) warning that "those who betrayed the people’s trust shall not go
unpunished" and his 2017 SONA promise to "cleanse this government." According to
the Vera files.

In his 2018 State of the Nation Address, Duterte stated about corruption, "time and
again, I have stressed that corruption must stop. Corruption is like a leech; it bleeds the
government of funds programmed for its infrastructure and other social development
projects. We run after those who steal the people's money." He also fired "all members
of the board and management of Nayong Pilipino (Foundation)" and two Department of
Agriculture officials, whom he did not identify, thus we can really claim that corruption
had a minor impact in 2018 because there was no change. According to the Vera
documents,
In Duterte's SONA 2019, he said that "I am not singling out myself. It’s the entire gamut
of our system. Corruptionexasperates. It frustrates. It is also exasperating that there are
times when I think that perhaps it is blood that we need to cleanse and rinse away the
dirt and the muck that stick to the flesh like leeches." It has a low impact on our nation
since the corruption problem is not improving, and it has a negative influence on our
country because it will hurt our economy. According to governance.neda.gov.ph, in the
group's Corruption Perceptions Index 2019, the Philippines scored 34 to land in the
113th spot, a decline of 14 places from its previous rank of 99 in 2018. The Philippines
tied with five other countries, namely El Salvador, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Eswatini, and
Zambia. From "National Economic and Development Authority"

In 2020, SONA Duterte did not highlight the topic of corruption, and according to the
WORLD REPORT, corruption was not an issue in 2020 because it was not among the
issues of the Philippines that year.

2021 SONA Duterte said that "But corruption, it’s endemic in government. You cannot
stop corruption. Nobody can stop corruption unless you overturn the government
completely.” It has a significant negative influence or has a low impact on our country
because corruption kills the lives of our fellow Filipinos and is the root cause of the
poverty that the majority of Filipinos have faced. According to
(governance.neda.gov.ph), in its 2021 index, the Berlin-based watchdog reported that
the Philippines saw “a sharp decline in freedom of association and freedom of
expression, making it harder to speak up about corruption” since the election of former
President Rodrigo Duterte.
 DRUG TIMELINE

High Impact

Moderate Im-
pact

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

SONA 2016: Duterte eyes inter agency committe vs illegal drug

According to data from the PNP over 129,000 drug users and pushers have
surrendered to police as.of July 24. In this case, it would be high impact. Because of the
results and improvement of anti-illegal drugs will also prioritize around our country. And
also PNP chief director Ronald Dela Rosa has suggested mose monitoring by barangay
captaina as a temporary fix to the lack of rehabilitation facilities around our country.

Sona 2017 Promise tracker drugs and crime

In this case high impact because we all know that illegal drugs are very crusial illegal
drugs will be sustained through peaceful country.

Sona 2018 promise tracker drug and crime

Duterte’s said that I’m tired and I think I cannot fullfil the promise of ending all these
problems. In this moderate because case we all know that drugs will not end so it must
be start with yourself to change your life.

2019 SONA: Drug crackdown

The State of the Nation Address in the year 2019 was referring to the problem of illegal
drugs which has a big impact in the society. He warned that the Philippines would turn
into a marco-state if nothing is done against illegal drugs. Two years after he was
elected, he admitted that “drugs will not end at the end of my term” and that it could
even “worsen.”

2020 SONA: Drug war

As expected, Duterte dedicates time in his speech to his drug war. It was among the
first topics he mentioned as he proposed to fight the pandemic with the “same fervor”
seen in the government’s anti-illegal drug campaign. In the year 2020, the drug war was
a big impact to the society because of Duterte's perseverance in solving the said
problem.

2021 SONA: War on Drugs In the year 2021 State of the Nation Address of Rodrigo
Duterte, states that "Kahit napakarami na nating nahuli, kahit masasabi nating
napakarami na nating na-confiscate, and yet meron pa ding drug user doon, hindi pa rin
pwede i-declare na drug cleared." In this year 2021, this issue gives a big impact to the
society because of it's controversial "Tokhang" operations, where authorities knock on
the foors of supposed drug peddlers and users, and ask them to surrender and avail of
government rehabilitation programs.
 HUMAN RIGHTS TIMELINE

High Impact

Moderate Im-
pact

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

2016 SONA: HUMAN RIGHTS President Rodrigo Duterte’s vow to protect human
rights of Filipinos. During his first SONA, Duterte emphasized that his administration will
be “sensitive to the State’s obligations to promote, and protect, fulfill the human rights of
our citizens, especially the poor, the marginalized and the vulnerable.” (FULL TEXT:
President Duterte’s 1st State of the Nation Address) The President added that social
justice will be pursued, “even as the rule of law shall at all times prevail.” It hast a high
impact.

2017 SONA: HUMAN RIGHTS President Rodrigo Duterte’s call for police to shoot
human rights activists who are “obstructing justice” places all members of the country’s
human rights community in grave danger, Human Rights Watch said today. On August
16, 2017, Duterte instructed Philippine National Police personnel to “shoot those who
are part of [drug activity]. If they [members of human rights organizations] are
obstructing justice, you shoot them.” Duterte should immediately withdraw his statement
or be investigated for possibly instigating or inciting violence against Philippine human
rights advocates. It has low impact in our country.

2018 SONA: HUMAN RIGHTS In his shortest SONA yet, Duterte accused human rights
advocates of lashing at the administration and law enforcers over the killings but failing
to direct their protest against “drug-lordism” and drug trade. As we can see we can say
that it has low impact in our country due to the fact that“Your concern is human rights,
mine is human lives,” the chief executive said, using an oft-repeated but inaccurate
dichotomy that support for human rights is support for crime suspects.

2019 SONA Duterte said “Human Rights Watch said today. On August 16, 2017,
Duterte instructed Philippine National Police personnel to “shoot those who are part of
[drug activity]. If they [members of human rights organizations] are obstructing justice,
you shoot them.” It has a significant influence / high impact on our nation because it will
safeguard more people's rights from illicit substances, which take human lives, and
because it will greatly aid in the resolution of the drug problem.

In 2020 SONA Duterte has not mention directly about human rights but he stated about
our rights in Philippine sea, “The president has made it clear that he may be prepared to
go to war to settle a dispute, so we should stop criticizing people who claim we have
done nothing about our rights in the West Philippine Sea. In his 2020 State of the Nation
Address (SONNA), Duterte vowed to safeguard our rights in the South China Sea while
remaining independent and un-reliant”. Which has a high impact in our country because
it will reassure our country that our president is fighting for our country’s right to claim
what we own.

In 2021 Duterte has not included Human rights issue in his SONA.

Discussion and Conclusion

The findings from the survey data presented in the tables indicate that respondents
perceive the Duterte administration's efforts in addressing the war on drugs, corruption, and
human rights as very evident in the country. The highest mean scores were recorded for
statements relating to the administration's approach to eradicating drug problems (Table 1,
Statement 3), the role of technology in preventing corruption (Table 2, Statement 7), and the
administration's sufficiency in addressing concerns about the justice system and due process
rights (Table 3, Statement 5). The perception of the war on drugs being very evident suggests
that the respondents recognize the significant efforts made by the Duterte administration to
combat drug cartels and minimize drug use in the Philippines. This could reflect the aggressive
stance and high-profile campaigns that have been widely publicized and discussed both
nationally and internationally. Regarding corruption eradication, respondents also found the
administration's actions very evident, particularly in the use of technology and digital solutions
to prevent corruption. This aligns with the literature suggesting that digitalization can enhance
transparency, accountability, and citizen participation, thereby strengthening governance and
reducing corruption. In the area of human rights, the survey indicates a strong perception of the
administration's protective measures for citizens. However, this is in contrast with critiques from
some scholars, such as Ronald A. Pernia, who argue that Duterte's populist political attitude
reflects a disregard for liberal political institutions and practices, potentially undermining human
rights. It is important to note that the standard deviations in some statements are relatively high,
indicating variability in respondents' perceptions. This suggests that while there is a general trend
in the positive perception of the administration's efforts, there are also differing opinions among
the respondents that could be further explored.

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