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Lesson 2: Basic Concepts in Understanding ICT in Education

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

• Define conceptually or operationally terms that are basic to the understanding of ICT
• Use the concepts and terms in communicating with peers for further understanding.

“I think we need to be careful not to get too specific (technology = Computers) while at the same
time not getting so broad that our definition of technology includes everything from pencil and
paper to lasers and computers. I’d like see us define technology in a manner that looks at
electronic tools we use to enhance teaching and learning.” (Sally, grade teacher from Joy Egbert
2009)

Here are some terms and concepts that you need to know and understand:

1. Technology Refers to the advancements in the methods and tools people use to solve problems and achieve
goal. In the classroom, technology can encompass all kinds of tools from low-tech (pencil, paper, chalkboard) to
high-tech (presentation, software, tablets, computer, etc.).

2. Information and Communication Technology Literacy or ICT Literacy is the use of digital technology,
communication tools and/or networks to access, manage, integrate evaluate, create and communicate
information in order to function in a knowledge society. (Guro 21, 2011)

3. Digital Literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share and create contents using information technologies
and the Internet (Ccornell University). According to American Library Association (2018), digital literacy is the
ability to use information and communication, requiring both cognitive and technical skills
(hptts://edweek.org.downloaded06-03-18)

4. Digital learning is any type of learning that is accompanied by technology or by instructional practice that
makes effective use of technology. It encompasses the application of a wide spectrum of practices which
included blended or virtual learning. it can come as online or off-line which utilizes digital technology.
5. On-line digital tools and apps use an Internet connection to access the information needed. A common
example is Skype. It is a telecommunication application software product that specializes in providing video
chat and voice calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices via Internet and to regular telephones.
6. Off-line digital tools and apps can still be used even if there is no internet access. Among these are Canary
Learning, Pocket, Evertone, ibooks, KA LITE (Gupta, Prinyaka, 2017) downloaded in edtech review (July 03,
2017)
7. Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and
evaluation of the processes and resources for learning (Association for Educational Communications and
Technology, Seels, B.B. & Richey, P.C. 1994)
8. Software refers to program control instructions and accompanying documentation; stored on disks or tapes
when not being used in the computer. By extension, the term refers to any audiovisual materials (Smaldino,
2005)
9. Multimedia is a sequential or simultaneous use of a variety of media formats in a given presentation or self-
study program (Smaldino, 2005)
10. Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers
together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long
as they are connected to the Internet. It is generally defined as a global network connecting networks
connecting millions of computers. (https://www.webopeddia.com)
11. World Wide Web (www) is also called the Web which is a graphical environment on computer networks that
allows you to access, view and maintain documentations that can include text, data, sound and videos
(Smaldino, 2005) it is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information
sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.
12. Web access is the ability of the learner to access the Internet at any point during the lesson in order to take
advantage of the array of available education resources.
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13. Webquest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all information that learners work with comes
from the web. These can be created using various programs, including simple word processing documents that
include links to websites.
14. Productivity tools refer to any type of software associated with computers and related technologies that can
be used as tools for personal, professional or classroom productivity. Examples: Microsoft Office, Apple works
– word processing, grade and record keeping, web page production, presentation. (KFIT-Unesco 2016)
15. Technology Tool is an instrument used for doing work. It can be anything that help you accomplish your goal
with the use of technology. These technology tools can be classified as:
a. Data Calculation tools. Examples: spreadsheets, Excels, Sketchpads, probability constructor
b. Design tools. These are used to make models and designs, creating and building. Included here are
Family Tree Maker, GollyGee and Crazy Machines among others.
c. Discussion tools. There are 4 different approaches that utilize discussion and interaction in the Internet.
These are threaded discussion forum, Blogging, Live chat and Video teleconferencing, Netiquette and
Safety on the Net.
d. Email Tools. Emails are great communication tools for sending messages, photographs, videos and other
files. It allows you to reach out to others around the world. Examples are google mail, Ymail, Yahoo mail
and many more.
16. Handheld devices are any portable device that can be carried and held in one's palm. These include Personal
Digital Assistants, global positioning system, (GPS) and geographic information System (GIS) in the
classroom, Portable electronic keyboards, Digital Cameras, Mobile Phones, Palm, Handheld Computers.
17. Blog is an online activity where individuals share their thoughts, ideas, and experiences through written
content on a website. There are three kinds of blogs: blogs used for communication, blogs used for instruction,
and blogs used for both. (Ferriter & Garry, 2010).
18. Wiki , an editable website usually with limited access, allows students to collaboratively create and post written
work or digital files, such as digital photos, or videos. Wikipedia is one of the most widely recognized of all the
wikis (Watters, 2011)
19. Flipped Classroom utilizes a reverse instructional delivery, where the teacher is required to use the web
resources as homework or out of class activity as initial instruction of the lesson which will be discussed during
class time.
20. Podcast is a video or audio multi-media clip about a single topic typically in the format of the radio talk show.
The two basic functions of podcast are to retrieve information and to disseminate information (Eash, 2006)
21. Google Apps is a cloud-based teaching tool which is stored in the Google server and is available for students
both at home and in school. It includes the gmail, a free-email for all; Google docs is used for sophisticated
word processing and editing of the document.
22. Vlog is a video blog where each entry is posted as a video instead of the text.
23. Facebook is a popular social networking site used by students and adults worldwide to present information on
themselves and to the world.
24. VOIP (voice over internet protocol) is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the
Internet as transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than
traditional circuit transmission.
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Lesson 3: ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

1. Identify roles of technology in teaching and learning
2. Appreciate the value of technology in supporting student learning

According to Stosic (2015), educational technology has three (3) domains.

1.) Technology as a tutor

- technology can support the teacher to teach another person or technology, and when programmed by the teacher it
can be a tutor on its own.
2.) Technology as a teaching tool
- technology is a teaching tool but can never replace a teacher. Technology is used to facilitate and lighten the works of a
teacher. It is good that a teacher can also create or develop technological tools that are needed in the classroom.
3.) Technology as a learning tool
- technology is an effective tool for learning because it makes learning easy and effective. It can produce learning
outcomes
that call for technology- assisted teaching. As a learning tool, it's very interesting that even the elderly use these tools
for learning for life.

A. FOR TEACHERS AND TEACHING

As a tool, technology has opened wider avenues in management of resources and management learning.
1.) Technology provides enormous support to the teacher as facilitator of learning.
- it transforms a passive classroom to an active and interactive one.
2.) Technology has modernized the teaching-learning environment.
- the teachers are assisted and supplemented with appropriately structured instructional materials for daily activities.
3.) Technology improves teaching-learning process and ways of teaching.
- it makes the act of teaching more efficient and effective.
4.) Technology opens new fields in educational researches.
- the areas of teaching testing and evaluation are enhanced by technologies for teaching and learning. Current education
researcher will no longer find any difficulties because there are available programs that can analyze and interpret the
results.
5.) Technology adds to the competence of teachers and inculcates scientific outlook.
- through the utilization of theories of learning and intelligence which explained in references uploaded in the net the
teachers are encouraged to imbibe skills to source this information with speed and accuracy.
6.) Technology supports teacher professional development
- the availability of technology provides alternative way of attending professional development online. Trainers,
facilitators, or organizers can level up or enhance their delivery system with the help of technologies.

B. FOR LEARNERS AND TEACHING

1.) Support learners to learn how to learn on their own.

All teachers fully understand that subject matter or content is a means to achieve the learning outcomes.

There are three (3) categories of knowledge according to Egbert (2009).

a. DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
- consist of discrete pieces of information that answers the questions what, who, when, and where.
b. STRUCTURAL KNOWLEDGE
- consist of facts or pieces of declarative knowledge put together to attain some form of meaning.
- it can be presented by concept maps, categorization and classification.
c. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
- Also known as knowledge in action or the knowledge of how to do something. It is based on facts but learned through
the process of procedural knowledge.
- Procedural knowledge is indicated by a performance task or graphical representation of a concept.
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2.) Technology enhances learners’ communication skills thru social interactions.

According to Shirly (2003) in Egbert (2009) there are three (3) basics communication patterns.
a. Point to point two-way or one-to-one like internet chat, photos conversation or even face-to-face conversation.
b. One-to-many outbound like a lecture, or television. There is no social interaction.
c. Many-to-many like group discussion, buzz session, heads together. This kind of interaction provides
opportunities for social interaction.
Social interaction occurs in two ways where the participants ask for clarification, argue, challenge, each other and work
towards common understanding.

Benefits derived from technology-supported communication.

a. Enables any teacher to guide the learners virtually and making learning unlimited because communication and social
interaction go beyond a school day or a school environment.
b. Enhances students’ freedom to express and exchange ideas freely without the snooping eyes of the teacher face to face
c. Enables learners to construct meaning from joint experiences between the two or more participants in communication.
d. Help learners to solve problems from multiple sources since there is limitless sources of information that the teacher can
direct or refer to the learners.
e. Teaches learners to communicate politeness, taking turns in sending information and giving appropriate feedback.
f. Enhances collaboration by using communication strategies with wider community and individuals in a borderless learning
environment.
g. Develops critical thinking, problem solving and creativity throughout the communication.

3. Technology upgrades learners higher-order thinking skills: critical thinking, problem solving and creativity
Twenty-first century learning requires the development of higher order-thinking skills.

Technology has a great role to play in the development and enhancement of these skills.

CRITICAL THINKING
-is part of the cluster of higher order thinking skills, it refers to the ability to interpret, explain, analyze, evaluate, infer
and self-regulate in order to make good decisions. Which is the use of technology, one will be able to evaluate the
credibility of the source, ask appropriate question, become open-minded defend a position on an issue and draw
conclusion with caution. All of these competencies are covered by Bloom's Taxonomy of analysis, Synthesis and
Evaluation.

Teachers play a significant role in supporting learners with technology.

As a role model teachers should display and practice critical thinking processes, so that the learners can imitate them.
here are some ways that teachers can do to develop critical thinking.
a. Ask the right questions
Most often teachers ask questions to find out if the students can simply repeat the info from the lesson. Although
these are necessary questions like what, who, when, where, these do not develop critical thinking. CT questions should
ask for clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth and logic.
b. Use Critical thinking task with appropriate level of challenge.
- Teachers should be mindful of the readiness of the students. Students who have higher ability may find the task too
easy thus getting bored early, while those who have low ability may find the task too difficult.

Creativity is characterized as involving the ability to think flexibly, fluently, originally and elaborately.
Flexibly means able to use many points of view while, fluently means able to generate many ideas. Originally implies
being able to generate new ideas and elaborately means able to add details.
7 Creative Strategies (Obsorn,1963)

1. Substitute – find someone else to replace to do what it does.

2. Combine - blend two things that do not usually go together.
3. Adapt - look for other ways this can be used.
4. Modify/magnifying/minify - make a change, enlarge, decrease.
5. Put to another use - find other uses.
6. Eliminate - reduce, remove
7. Reverse - turn upside-down inside out, front-side back
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