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Lecture3 Matrices

The document discusses matrices and matrix operations. It defines what matrices are, introduces common types of matrices like identity and diagonal matrices. It also explains how to perform operations on matrices such as addition, scalar multiplication and matrix multiplication.

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bangtanmochiman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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25 views

Lecture3 Matrices

The document discusses matrices and matrix operations. It defines what matrices are, introduces common types of matrices like identity and diagonal matrices. It also explains how to perform operations on matrices such as addition, scalar multiplication and matrix multiplication.

Uploaded by

bangtanmochiman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

1

2.2 Matrices

2.2.1 Simultaneous Equations


Consider the linear system of equations

3x + y = 1

x − 3y = 7
2

2.2.2 Introduction to Matrices Example


(a)
A matrix is a m × n rectangular array of [ ]
2 1
numbers with m rows and n columns A=
6 −3
 
a11 a12 · · · a1n
 a21 a22 · · · a2n 
A = (aij ) = 
···


am1 am2 · · · amn

aij is the coefficient in the ith row and jth (b)


 
column. 3 1 7 2
B = 0 4 1 0 
2 −9 6 −3
3

Special Matrices Zero Matrix

Vectors If all coefficients aij = 0, the matrix A is a


zero matrix.
[ ]
a = a1 a2 · · · an  
0 0
A = 0 0
0 0

 
a1
 a2 
a=
.. 

an
4

Square Matrix Diagonal Matrix

If the number of rows and columns are A square n × n matrix with non-diagonal
equal, m = n, then A is a n × n square coefficients set to zero.
matrix.
   
1 2 3 1 0 0
A = 4 5 6 A = 0 5 0
7 8 9 0 0 9
5

Identity Matrix The Transpose of a Matrix

A square n × n matrix with ones along the The transpose of a m × n matrix A is the
diagonal and zero elsewhere. n × m matrix AT
Swap the rows and columns
 
1 0 0
 
I = 0 1 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 A = 4 5 6
7 8 9
6

2.2.3 Matrix Operations Example

Equality of Matrices Determine x, y, z such that


[ ] [ ]
If all coefficients aij of A are equal to the x + 3 −1 6 y
=
coefficients bij of B, then matrices A and 4 5 z−3 5
B are equal.
7

Addition (and Subtraction) of Matrices Example

We can only add (and subtract) matrices, Add matrices


if they have the same number of rows and
[ ] [ ]
columns. 2 3 5 1 −1 −2
A= and B=
1 2 −1 0 4 3
e.g. We cannot add matrices
[ ] [ ]
2 3 1 −1 −2
A= and B=
1 2 0 4 3
8

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

Given a matrix
 
1 2
A = −1 0
3 1

and a constant c = −2, determine c A.


9

Matrix Multiplication Example

We can only multiply matrices A and B, to Given matrices


make AB, when the number of columns of
[ ] [ ]
A is equal to the number of rows of B. 1 2 1 0 2
A= and B=
0 −1 3 −1 3

determine AB.
10
11

Example (b)
  
3 0 1 1 2 −1
Determine −1 2 1  2 0 2 
(a) 2 1 −3 1 −1 3
 
[ ] 5
1 2 3 1
7
12

Example Exercise

If A2 = 2A+3I, find A3 in the form kA+mI, In general AB ̸= BA. Multiplication of


for real values k and m. matrices is not commutative.

Given matrices
[ ] [ ]
1 0 2 1
A= and B=
2 3 0 1

Confirm that
[ ] [ ]
2 1 4 3
AB = and BA =
4 5 2 3

Hence, AB ̸= BA.

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