Tutorial 4 Solution

MTL100 - Calculus
Tutorial 4
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
(Maths Dept., IIT Delhi) MTL100 - Calculus, Tutorial-4 Semester-I, 2020-21 1 / 46

Question 1. Examine if the limits as (x, y ) → (0, 0) exist?
 3 3
x + y x 6= y
(a) x 2 − y 2
0 x = y.

2 2

x −y
(b) xy , (x, y ) ∈ R2 \ {(0, 0)}
x2 + y2
x sin 1 + y sin 1 xy 6= 0

(c) x y
0 xy = 0.

sin (xy )
(d) , (x, y ) ∈ R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
x2 + y2

Let us recall the following definition:
Definition
Let Ω be a open set in R2 , (a, b) ∈ Ω and let f be a real valued function
defined on Ω except possibly at (a, b). Then we say that
lim f (x, y ) = L, if for any > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that
(x,y )→(a,b)
q
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 < δ =⇒ |f (x, y ) − L| < .
If lim f (x, y ) has different values along two different paths then the
(x,y )→(a,b)
limit does not exist. (Why?)

Question 1 (a). Examine if the limit as (x, y ) → (0, 0) exist?
 3 3
x + y x 6= y
x2 − y2
0 x = y.

Solution:  3 3
x + y x 6= y
Let f (x, y ) = x 2 − y 2
0 x = y.

Then along the curves y = mx; m 6= 1, compute
x 3 + m3 x 3 x 3 (1 + m3 ) x(1 + m3 )
f (x, mx) = = = .
x 2 − m2 x 2 x 2 (1 − m2 ) (1 − m2 )
Therefore, the limit along this path is
x(1 + m3 )
lim f (x, mx) = lim = 0.
x→0 x→0 (1 − m2 )

1 (a) Contd..
Now, take another path y = x(x + 1) and compute
x 3 + x 3 (1 + x)3 x 3 (1 + (1 + x)3 )
f (x, x(x + 1)) = 2 2 2
= 2
x − x (1 + x) x (1 − (1 + x)2 )
(1 + (1 + x)3 )
= .
−x − 2
Then
(1 + (1 + x)3 )
lim f (x, x(1 + x)) = lim = −1.
x→0 x→0 −x − 2
We get two different paths y = mx and y = x(1 + x) such that limits
are different. Hence at (0, 0) limit of the function does not exist.

Question 1 (b). Examine if the limit as (x, y ) → (0, 0) exist?
x2 − y2

xy .
x2 + y2
Solution:
x2 − y2

Let f (x, y ) = xy .
x2 + y2

x 2 −x 2
Take the path y = x. Clearly, lim f (x, x) = lim x 2 x 2 +x 2
= 0.
x→0 x→0
Hence if the limit of this function at (0, 0) exists then it should be 0.
Now we will prove the limit to be 0 with the help of definition.

1 (b) Contd..
We have
x2 − y2 x2 − y2

xy − 0 = |x||y | ≤ |x||y |,
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x2 − y2
as ≤ 1.
x2 + y2
p
Now |x|, |y | ≤ x 2 + y 2 implies
2
x − y2
p p
xy − 0 ≤ x 2 + y2 · x 2 + y 2.
x2 + y2
√
Let > 0. Choosing δ = ,
2
x − y2
p
2 2
x + y < δ =⇒ xy − 0 < .
x2 + y2
2
x − y2

Hence, lim xy = 0.
(x,y )→(0,0) x2 + y2
Question 1 (c). Examine if the limit as (x, y ) → (0, 0) exist?
x sin 1 + y sin 1

xy 6= 0
x y
0 xy = 0.

Solution:
We have
1 1 p
x sin + y sin − 0 ≤ |x| + |y | ≤ 2 x 2 + y 2 .
y x

Let > 0 be arbitrary and δ = .
2
Clearly,
p 1 1
x 2 + y 2 < δ =⇒ x sin + y sin < 2 · = .
y x 2
Hence, the limit of given function at (0, 0) is 0.

Question 1 (d). Examine if the limit as (x, y ) → (0, 0) exist?
sin (xy )
.
x2 + y2
Solution:
sin (xy )
Let f (x, y ) = and take the path y = mx; m ∈ R.
x2 + y2
Along this path we have,
sin mx 2 sin mx 2
f (x, mx) = = .
x 2 + mx 2 x 2 (1 + m2 )
Therefore, the limit along this path is
sin mx 2 sin mx 2 m m
lim = lim . = .
x→0 x 2 (1 + m ) x→0 mx 2 1 + m2
2 1 + m2
Note that the limit depends on the parameter m.

So, the limit of the given function at (0, 0) does not exist.
Question 2
Examine the continuity of the following functions.

 3
 xy (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
(a) x2 + y6
0 otherwise.

(
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 ≤ 1
(b)
0 otherwise.
 2
 sin (x − y ) (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
(c) |x| + |y |
0 otherwise.

 2
x y 2
 (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
(d) x y + (x − y )2
2 2
0 otherwise.


First recall the following definition:
Continuity of a function of two variables
Let f be a real valued function defined in a ball around (a, b). Then f is
said to be continuous at a point (a, b) if
1) f (a, b) exists.
2) lim(x,y )→(a,b) f (x, y ) exists and
3) lim(x,y )→(a,b) f (x, y ) = f (a, b).

Question 2 (a). Examine the continuity of the following function
 3
 xy (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
x2 + y6
0 otherwise.

Solution:
First let us examine the continuity of the given function for all points
(x, y ) 6= (0, 0).
It is known that the multi-variable polynomials are continuous at
every point. Further, As x 2 + y 6 6= 0 for every (x, y ) 6= (0, 0), we
xy 3
have that 2 is continuous at all (x, y ) 6= (0, 0).
x + y6
Remark: Note that the existence of lim f (x, y ) implies that along
(x,y )→(a,b)
all possible paths approaching (a, b), the limit exists and its value is same
along all paths and equal to its functional value.

2 (a) Contd.
Now let us examine the continuity of the given function at

(x, y ) = (0, 0).
Consider approaching the point (0, 0) through the path x = my 3 .
Then
lim f (x, y ) = lim f (my 3 , y )

(x,y )→(0,0) y →0
my 6 m
= lim 2 6 6
= 2 .
y →0 m y + y m +1
For different values of m, we get different limits.

Therefore, limit of f at (0, 0) does not exist and hence f is not
continuous at (0, 0).

Question 2 (b). Examine the continuity of the following function
(
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 ≤ 1
0 otherwise.
Solution:
Note that for all the points (a, b) satisfying a2 + b 2 < 1 (i.e. inside
the unit disc), f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is a polynomial in two variables and
so is continuous.
Note that for all the points (a, b) satisfying a2 + b 2 > 1 (i.e. outside
the unit disc), f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is a constant function and hence
continuous.
Now let us examine the continuity of the function at the points (a, b)
with a2 + b 2 = 1.

2 (b) Contd.
There exists some φ ∈ [0, 2π) such that a = cos φ and b = sin φ.
Take the path x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, where θ ∈ [0, 2π) and
r < 1.
lim f (x, y ) = lim f (r cos θ, r sin θ)

(x,y )→(a,b) (r ,θ)→(1− ,φ)
= lim r 2 = 1.
r →1−
Now take the path x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, where θ ∈ [0, 2π) and
r > 1.
lim f (x, y ) = lim f (r cos θ, r sin θ) = 0.

(x,y )→(a,b) (r ,θ)→(1+ ,φ)
Therefore, the limit doesn’t exist. Hence f is not continuous at points

(a, b) when a2 + b 2 = 1.
Question 2 (c). Examine the continuity of the following function
 2
 sin (x − y ) (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
|x| + |y |
0 otherwise.

Solution:
Clearly, the function is continuous at all (x, y ) 6= (0, 0) ∈ R2 .
Now to check its continuity at (0, 0), fix any real number > 0. Then
sin2 (x − y )
|f (x, y ) − f (0, 0)| = −0
|x| + |y |
|x − y |2
≤ (∵ | sin z| ≤ |z|)
|x| + |y |
≤ |x| + |y | (∵ |x − y | ≤ |x| + |y |)
p
≤ 2 x 2 + y 2 < .

2 (c) Contd.
p
Hence |f (x, y ) − f (0, 0)| < whenever x 2 + y 2 < δ, where δ = .
2
So by the definition of limit,
lim f (x, y ) = f (0, 0).

(x,y )→(0,0)
Hence the function is continuous at every (x, y ) ∈ R2 .

Question 2 (d). Examine the continuity of the following function.
x 2y 2

 (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
x 2 y 2 + (x − y )2
0 otherwise.

Solution:
As multi-variable polynomial functions are continuous, f is clearly
continuous at every (x, y ) ∈ R2 except (0, 0).
Consider the limit approaching to (0, 0) along two different paths.
First along the straight line y = x,
x 2y 2 x4
lim = lim 4 = 1.
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 y 2 + (x − y ) 2 x→0 x

2 (d) Contd.
Now along the straight line y = 2x,
x 2y 2 4x 4
lim = lim = 0.
(x,y )→(0,0) x 2 y 2 + (x − y )2 x→0 4x 4 + x 2
Since we get different limits along different paths, the limit

lim f (x, y ) does not exist at (0, 0).
(x,y )→(0,0)
Hence the function is continuous at all (x, y ) ∈ R2 except (0, 0).

Question 3
Discuss the differentiability of the following functions at (0, 0).

x sin 1 + y sin 1 if xy 6= 0

(a) f (x, y ) = x y
0 if xy = 0.

 xy
p if x 2 + y 2 6= 0
(b) f (x, y ) = x + y2
2
0 if x = y = 0.

 6 4
 x − 2y if x 2 + y 2 6= 0
(c) f (x, y ) = x2 + y2
0 if x = y = 0.


Theorem
Let Ω be an open subset of R2 .
Let f (x, y ) : Ω → R be a function and (a, b) ∈ Ω.
The partial derivative of f with respect to x is defined as
f (a + h, b) − f (a, b)
fx (a, b) = lim .
h→0 h
The partial derivative of f with respect to y is defined as
f (a, b + k) − f (a, b)
fy (a, b) = lim .
k→0 k
Set ∆f = f (a + h, b + k) − f (a, b) and df = hfx (a, b) + kfy (a, b).
Then f is differentiable at (a, b) if and only if
∆f − df p
lim = 0, where ρ = h2 + k 2 .
ρ→0 ρ
Question 3 (a)
Discuss the differentiability of the following function at (0, 0):

x sin 1 + y sin 1

if xy 6= 0
f (x, y ) = x y
0 if xy = 0.

Solution:
The partial derivative of f with respect to x is
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
The partial derivative of f with respect to y is
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
k→0 k k→0 k
1 1
Note that ∆f = f (0 + h, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) = f (h, k) = h sin + k sin
h k
and df = hfx (0, 0) + kfy (0, 0) = 0.
3 (a) Contd..
Therefore,
∆f − df h sin h1 + k sin k1
lim = lim √ .
ρ→0 ρ (h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
1 √
Along the path k = h, the above limit reduces to lim 2 sin .
h→0 h
√ 1 ∆f − df
Since lim 2 sin does not exist (see Tutorial 3), lim does
h→0 h ρ→0 ρ
not exist.
Hence, f is not differentiable at (0, 0).

Question 3 (b)
Discuss the differentiability of the following functions at (0, 0):
 xy
p if x 2 + y 2 6= 0
f (x, y ) = x2 + y2
0 if x = y = 0.

Solution:
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
k→0 k k→0 k
hk hk
Here, ∆f = f (0 + h, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) = √ −0= √
2
h +k 2 h + k2
2
and df = hfx (0, 0) + kfy (0, 0) = 0.
3 (b) Contd..
Therefore,
∆f − df hk
lim = lim √ √ .
ρ→0 ρ (h,k)→(0,0) h + k 2 h2 + k 2
2
h2 1
Along the path k = h, the above limit reduces to lim = .
h→0 2h2 2
2h 2 2
Along the path k = 2h, the above limit reduces to lim 2 = .
h→0 5h 5
Thus,
∆f − df
lim does not exist.
ρ→0 ρ

Question 3 (c)
Discuss the differentiability of the following functions at (0, 0):
 6 4
 x − 2y if x 2 + y 2 6= 0
f (x, y ) = x2 + y2
0 if x = y = 0.

Solution:
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) h6
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim 3 = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) −2k 4
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
k→0 k k→0 k 3
h6 − 2k 4 h6 − 2k 4
Here, ∆f = f (0 + h, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) = − 0 = and
h2 + k 2 h2 + k 2
df = hfx (0, 0) + kfy (0, 0) = 0.
3 (c) Contd..
Therefore,
∆f − df h6 − 2k 4 h6 − 2k 4
= √ = 3 .
ρ (h2 + k 2 ) h2 + k 2 (h2 + k 2 ) 2
Put h = r cos θ, k = r sin θ such that cos θ 6= 0, sin θ 6= 0 we get
∆f − df r 6 cos6 θ − 2r 4 sin4 θ
lim = lim = 0.
ρ→0 ρ r →0 r3
Hence, f is differentiable at (0, 0).

Question 4
y p 2
Let f (x, y ) = x + y 2 , y 6= 0 and f (x, 0) = 0. Show that f has all
|y |
directional derivatives at (0,0) but it is not differentiable at (0,0).
Solution:
Let p̂ = (p1 , p2 ) be any unit vector.
Then, by the definition, the directional derivative in the direction p̂ at
(0, 0) is
f (0 + sp1 , 0 + sp2 ) − f (0, 0)

Dp̂ f (0, 0) = lim
s→0 s
f (sp1 , sp2 ) − f (0, 0)
= lim .
s→0 s
For p2 = 0, we have f (sp1 , sp2 ) = f (0, 0) = 0 and consequently
Dp̂ f (0, 0) = 0.

4 Contd..
Assume p2 6= 0.
Then we get
p
sp2 s 2 p1 2 + s 2 p2 2 − 0
Dp̂ f (0, 0) = lim
s→0 |sp2 |s
p
p2 p1 2 + p2 2
=
|p2 |
p2
= .
|p2 |
Therefore, f has all directional derivatives at (0,0).

4 Contd..
Note that,
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
and
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 1−0
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 1.
k→0 k k→0 k

4 Contd..
Now
k √ 2
h + k 2 − 0 − 0h − 1k
∆f − df |k|
lim = lim
ρ→0 ρ ρ→0 ρ
k √ 2
h + k2 − k
|k|
= lim √ .
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
√
( 2 − 1)k
Along h = k the above limit is lim , which does not exist.
k→0 |k|
Therefore, f is not differentiable at (0, 0).

Question 5
Let f (x, y ) = ||x| − |y || − |x| − |y |. Is f continuous at (0, 0)? Which
directional derivatives of f exist at (0, 0)? Is f differentiable at (0, 0)? Give
reasons.
We have
|f (x, y ) − 0| = |||x| − |y || − |x| − |y ||

≤ ||x| − |y || + |x| + |y |
≤ 2(|x| + |y |)
p
≤ 4 x 2 + y 2.

5 Contd..

Let > 0 and choose δ = . Then
4
p
x 2 + y 2 < δ =⇒ |f (x, y ) − 0| < .
Therefore,
lim f (x, y ) = f (0, 0) = 0.
(x,y )→(0,0)
Hence f is continuous at (0, 0).

5 Contd...
Let p̂ = (p1 , p2 ) be a unit vector.

We have
f (hp1 , hp2 ) − f (0, 0) ||hp1 | − |hp2 || − |hp1 | − |hp2 | − 0
=
h h
|h|
= (||p1 | − |p2 || − |p1 | − |p2 |).
h
Note that for any non-zero real number a,
a|h| a|h|
lim+ = a 6= −a = lim .
h→0 h h→0 − h

5 Contd...
Therefore,
f (hp1 , hp2 ) − f (0, 0)
lim exists
h→0 h
|h|
⇔ lim (||p1 | − |p2 || − |p1 | − |p2 |) exists
h→0 h
⇔ ||p1 | − |p2 || − |p1 | − |p2 | = 0
⇔ |p1 | + |p2 | = ||p1 | − |p2 ||
⇔ either |p1 | + |p2 | = |p1 | − |p2 | or |p1 | + |p2 | = −|p1 | + |p2 |
⇔ either |p2 | = 0 or |p1 | = 0.
So, the directional derivatives exist only in the direction of (1, 0),
(−1, 0), (0, 1) and (0, −1).

5 Contd..
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0−0

fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
k→0 k k→0 k
Here, ∆f = f (0 + h, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) = ||h| − |k|| − |h| − |k| and
df = hfx (0, 0) + kfy (0, 0) = 0.

5 Contd..
Therefore,
∆f − df ||h| − |k|| − |h| − |k|
= √ .
ρ h2 + k 2
∆f − df √
Along h = k, → − 2 as h → 0.
ρ

Question 6
1 y
Let f (x, y ) = ln(x 2 + y 2 ) + tan−1 , P = (1, 3). Find the direction in
2 x
which f (x, y ) is increasing the fastest at P. Find the derivative of f (x, y )
in this direction.
Solution:
x −y x +y
We have, fx (x, y ) = and fy (x, y ) = 2 .
x2 + y2 x +y
2
1 2
∇f (x, y ) (1,3) = (fx (1, 3), fy (1, 3)) = − , .
5 5
f (x, y ) is increasing the fastest at P = (1, 3) in the direction of the
∇f (1, 3) 1 2
gradient, = −√ , √ .
k∇f (1, 3)k 5 5
1 2
The derivative at P = (1, 3) in the direction − √ , √ is
5 5

∇f (1, 3) 1 2 1 2 1
· ∇f (x, y ) (1,3) = − √ , √ · − , =√ .
k∇f (1, 3)k 5 5 5 5 5
Question 7
A heat-seeking bug is a bug that always moves in the direction of the
greatest increase in heat. Discuss the behavior of a heat seeking bug
placed at a point (2, 1) on a metal plate heated so that the temperature at
1 2 2
(x, y ) is given by T (x, y ) = 50y 2 e − 5 (x +y ) .
Solution:
Since the direction of greatest increase of temperature is in the
direction of gradient. We first compute the gradient of temperature
function T .
We have

2
−(x 2 +y 2 ) −2x
Tx (x, y ) = 50y e 5
5
−(x 2 +y 2 )
=⇒ Tx (x, y ) = −20xy 2 e 5
40
=⇒ Tx (2, 1) = − .
e
7 Contd..
Now
2y 3 −(x 2 +y 2 )

−(x 2 +y 2 )
Ty (x, y ) = 50 2ye 5 − e 5
5
80
=⇒ Ty (2, 1) = .
e

40 80
∇T (x, y ) (2,1) = (Tx (2, 1), Ty (2, 1)) = − , .
e e
So the direction of the heat seeking bug is

∇T (2, 1) 1 2
= −√ , √ .
k∇T (2, 1)k 5 5

Question 8
Suppose the gradient vector of the linear function z = f (x, y ) is
∇z = (5, −12). If f (9, 15) = 17, what is the value of f (11, 11) ?
Solution:
Let the linear function be z = f (x, y ) = ax + by + c.

∂z ∂z
We are given that ∇z = , = (5, −12).
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
Hence, a = = 5 and b = = −12.
∂x ∂y
Since f (9, 15) = 17, we have that
17 = f (9, 15) = 5(9) − 12(15) + c
and so c = 152.
Thus f (11, 11) = 5 × 11 − 12 × 11 + 152 = 75.

Question 9
Suppose f (8, 3) = 24 and fx (8, 3) = −3.4, fy (8, 3) = 4.2. Estimate the
values f (9, 3), f (8, 5) and f (9, 5). Explain how you got your estimates.
Solution: To estimate f (x, y ), we use linear approximation. So let us first

recall:
Linear approximation
Let Ω be an open subset of R2 and (a, b) ∈ Ω. Let f : Ω → R be a
function which is differentiable at (a, b). Then the standard linear
approximation of f (x, y ) at (a, b) is the function
L(x, y ) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b).

9 Contd..
Here (a, b) = (8, 3). Therefore,
f (9, 3) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(9 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(3 − 3)

= 24 − 3.4 + 0
= 20.6
f (8, 5) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(8 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(5 − 3)

= 24 + 0 + 8.4
= 32.4
and
f (9, 5) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(9 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(5 − 3)

= 24 − 3.4 + 8.4
= 29.

Question 10
2 −2y 2
Find the quadratic Taylor’s polynomial approximation of e −x near
(0, 0).

Taylor’s polynomial approximation
Theorem
Let R be an open rectangular region centered at a point (a, b). Suppose
f (x, y ) and its partial derivatives upto order n + 1 are continuous
throughout R. Then, for all (c, d) ∈ R,
∂ 1

1 ∂
f (c, d) = f (a, b) + (c − a) + (d − b) f + ···
1! ∂x ∂y (a,b)
∂ n

1 ∂
+ (c − a) + (d − b) f +
n! ∂x ∂y (a,b)
∂ n+1

1 ∂
(c − a) + (d − b) f ,
(n + 1)! ∂x ∂y (u,v )
where (u, v ) is a point on the line segment joining (a, b) and (c, d).

10 Contd..
Solution:
The quadratic Taylor’s polynomial approximation of f near (0, 0) is
f (x, y ) = f (0, 0) + xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0)

x2 y2
+ fxx (0, 0) + xyfxy (0, 0) + fyy (0, 0).
2 2
2 2 2 2
Note that fx (x, y ) = e −x −2y (−2x), fy (x, y ) = e −x −2y (−4y ),
2 2 2 2
fxx (x, y ) = e −x −2y (−2 + 4x 2 ), fxy (x, y ) = e −x −2y (8xy ) and
2 2
fyy (x, y ) = e −x −2y (−4 + 16y 2 ).
Therefore, we have fx (0, 0) = 0, fy (0, 0) = 0, fxx (0, 0) = −2,
fxy (0, 0) = 0 and fyy (0, 0) = −4.
Hence, the quadratic Taylor’s polynomial approximation of f near
(0, 0) is
f (x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − 2y 2 .

Tutorial 4 Solution

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Tutorial 4 Solution

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MTL100 - Calculus

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Then along the curves y = mx; m 6= 1, compute

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Now, take another path y = x(x + 1) and compute

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Hence, the limit of given function at (0, 0) is 0.

Therefore, the limit along this path is

Note that the limit depends on the parameter m.

Examine the continuity of the following functions.

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Now let us examine the continuity of the given function at

lim f (x, y ) = lim f (my 3 , y )

For different values of m, we get different limits.

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lim f (x, y ) = lim f (r cos θ, r sin θ)

lim f (x, y ) = lim f (r cos θ, r sin θ) = 0.

Therefore, the limit doesn’t exist. Hence f is not continuous at points

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lim f (x, y ) = f (0, 0).

Hence the function is continuous at every (x, y ) ∈ R2 .

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Now along the straight line y = 2x,

Since we get different limits along different paths, the limit

Hence the function is continuous at all (x, y ) ∈ R2 except (0, 0).

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Discuss the differentiability of the following functions at (0, 0).

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Then f is differentiable at (a, b) if and only if

Discuss the differentiability of the following function at (0, 0):

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Hence, f is not differentiable at (0, 0).

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Put h = r cos θ, k = r sin θ such that cos θ 6= 0, sin θ 6= 0 we get

Hence, f is differentiable at (0, 0).

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f (0 + sp1 , 0 + sp2 ) − f (0, 0)

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Therefore, f has all directional derivatives at (0,0).

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|f (x, y ) − 0| = |||x| − |y || − |x| − |y ||

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Hence f is continuous at (0, 0).

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Let p̂ = (p1 , p2 ) be a unit vector.

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The partial derivative of f with respect to x is

f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0−0

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17 = f (9, 15) = 5(9) − 12(15) + c

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Solution: To estimate f (x, y ), we use linear approximation. So let us first

L(x, y ) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b).

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f (9, 3) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(9 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(3 − 3)

f (8, 5) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(8 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(5 − 3)

f (9, 5) ≈ f (8, 3) + fx (8, 3)(9 − 8) + fy (8, 3)(5 − 3)

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f (x, y ) = f (0, 0) + xfx (0, 0) + yfy (0, 0)

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