PRACTICAL FILE

OF
OPERATING SYSTEM LAB(212)
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COMPUTER AIDED MANAGEMENT

BBA (CAM)

(2021-2024)

SUBMITTED BY: ATISHAY JAIN

ROLL NO: 01113401921

Under the guidance of

Ms. Rakhi Gangal
(Sr. Assistant Professor)

Ideal Institute of Management & Technology

16-x Karkardooma Institutional Area, Delhi-92
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practical file of Operating system lab (212) is submitted by
HITESH MUNJAL student of BBA CAM Ideal Institute of Management and Technology
during the year 2022, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of
BBA CAM, under my guidance and direction. To the best of my knowledge and belief the
data and information presented by him in the practical file has not been submitted earlier.

Ms. Rakhi Gangal

(Sr. Assistant Professor)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind every task undertaken, there are several people whose gracious motivation leads to its
success. I take it as my privilege to express my gratitude and few words of thanks and thanks
to all those who directly or indirectly guided and inspired me in the task of learning.

I express my great sense of gratitude to my mentor Ms. Rakhi Gangal for her personal
involvement in every facet of this work and readiness to resolve any point of confusion by
mutual discussion and encouragement.

ATISHAY JAIN
01113401921
Q1. Explain the structure of Linux.
Linux kernel is the key component in the operating system, most of the components are open
source. Linux is one of the only open source operating systems, and the kernel is the hub of
the operation. The bootloader, graphical server, daemons, desktop environment, and
application software all play a part in the Linux operating system. Linux, unlike other
operating systems, is successful for its various advantages, including ease of use and
acquisition, higher security, more customization options, less maintenance, available on any
brand’ devices, and stable, to name a few.
ARCHITECTURE:
A computer’s operating system interface to the hardware is referred to as a software
application. A number of software applications are run on operating systems to manage
hardware resources on a computer.

The diagram illustrates the structure of the Linux system, according to the layers concept.

The Linux architecture is largely composed of elements such as the Kernel, System Library,
Hardware layer, System, and Shell functions.

Kernel: The kernel is one of the fundamental parts of an operating system. It is responsible
for each of the primary duties of the Linux OS. Each of the major procedures of Linux is
coordinated with hardware directly. The kernel is in charge of creating an appropriate
abstraction for concealing trivial hardware or application strategies. The following kernel
varieties are mentioned:
 1. Monolithic Kernel
2. Micro kernels
3. Exo kernels
4. Hybrid kernels

System Libraries: A set of library functions may be specified as these functions. These
functions are implemented by the operating system and do not require code access rights on
the kernel modules.

System Utility Programs: A system utility program performs specific and individual jobs.

Hardware layer: The hardware layer of Linux is made up of several peripheral devices such
as a CPU, HDD, and RAM.

Shell: Different operating systems are classified as graphical shells and command-line shells.
A graphical shell is an interface between the kernel and the user. It provides kernel services,
and it runs kernel operations. There are two types of graphical shells, which differ in
appearance. These operating systems are divided into two categories, which are the graphical
shells and command-line shells.

The graphical line shells allow for graphical user interfaces, while the command line shells
enable for command line interfaces. As a result, both of these shells operate. However,
graphical user interfaces performed using the graphical line shells are faster than those using
the command line shells.

Linux Operating System Features

A list of some of the significant attributes of Linux is provided.

1. Software that is portable operates the same on every type of hardware. Because of the
Linux kernel and application programs’ support, they may be installed on any kind of
hardware platform.
2. The Linux operating system is community-based, and code for improving its
capabilities is freely available. Linux is constantly evolving, so multiple teams work
in conjunction to make it better.
3. A multiuser system, like Linux, means that multiple users can access the same
resources, such as memory/ RAM/applications.
4. Multiple applications can run at the same time in Linux.
5. Linux operates according to a standard file format, in which system files are placed
first and user files last.
 6. Linux commands can be executed through the Linux interpreter program. It can be
used for a variety of purposes, as well as calling application programs.
7. Authentication features like password protection/controlled access to specific
files/encryption of data are employed by Linux to provide user security.

Advantages of Linux Architecture

 Linux is an open-source operating system that has several advantages over other
operating systems. Because the code is freely available and anyone may modify it and
distribute it, Linux is popular for contributions and modifications.

 As far as security is concerned, Linux is much more secure than any other operating
system. It does not mean that Linux is entirely secure, however. It is far less
vulnerable to infections than any other operating system. There is no need for anti-
virus software on Linux.

 The Linux software updates are straightforward and frequent.

 You can use a Linux distribution of your choice in accordance with your preferences
or your needs.

 Freely available Linux software is used on the Internet.

 Linux has plenty of community support.

 The CPU and memory of a computer generally stay stable and do not slow down or
freeze. A computer can be rebooted after a short time if it stops or freezes.

 The purpose of the application is to preserve the privacy of the user.

 Although other operating systems can deliver high performance, Linux excels because
it allows a large number of people to work at the same time, and because it manages
them efficiently.

 The popularity of Linux makes it network friendly.

 You do not need to purchase a Linux operating system suit to get the flexibility you
want; you may install only the components you need.

 Linux is capable of handling a wide range of file formats.

 The installation process is quick and easy to use. It also works on old computer
systems, making it easy to install.
  Even if the hard disk is full, the computer performs properly because it has enough
room.

Disadvantages of Linux Architecture

 Some hardware drivers are not available for Linux, which is one of the challenges
faced by Linux users. Windows or Mac drivers are preferred by hardware
manufacturers because they have more users as opposed to Linux.

 Beginners to windows are not difficult to start with, however, learning Linux is a bit
challenging. Command-lines and locating new software are also a bit challenging.
Linux is less expertised than windows and mac, which makes it more difficult to find
expertise for Linux.

 Photoshop, a widely used graphic-editing programme is available for Windows, but

not on Linux. Other photo-editing software are not as powerful, but Photoshop is. MS
Office is another option that is not available on Linux.

 Many games are produced for Windows but not Linux. Because Windows is widely
used, developers are willing to work on it.

.
Q2. Create a structure of streams and copy the data of one directory to another
Q3. Input output redirection
Q4. Basic commands in linux (man,cal,wc,ls,cat)

A) MAN

B)
B) cal
c) wc

d)ls
e) cat
Q5. Shell script

1.write a shell script to display hello world

2. display the name and class entered by user

3.accept 2 numbers from the user and display their sum

6. While loop
A) Display 10 natural no.

B) Display hello world message 10 times.

C ) Display sum of first 20 natural no.

D)To display the table of a number entered by the user

E) To generate Fibonacci series

F) Display factorial of any number accepted by user

G) Display sum of digits in a number accepted by user.

7. Chmod command
8. If and if else if command
A) Display whether a number accepted by user is even or odd.

B) Display greater number among two numbers accepted by user.

C) Display greatest number among three numbers accepted by user.

9. Grep command