Internet:

An interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world. It allows all
the computers connected to each other for exchange of information with each other. To make
communication possible, computers on the Internet use a common set of rules, called protocols.
The TCP/IP protocol suite is used by the internet to serve millions of users world wide.

World Wide Web:

Also termed as web, w3 and www. The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may
contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

History of Web:

1. WWW was started at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research Lab),
Switzerland, as Networked Information Project by Tim Berners Lee in 1980
2. In march 1989, he wrote is first proposal entitled “A large hypertext database with typed
links”.
3. First implementation on system NeXTcube which later become first web server.
4. In 1990 Lee developed HTTP, HTML the first web server, first web site
http://info.cern.ch and few web page were developed.
5. First web page address was: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
6. The first practical web browser was Mosaic in 1993 by Marc Andeerssen.
7. In Sept 1994, W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard was developed by Lee.
(W3C is the well known standard making body for s/w all over the world)

Writing Web Projects:

Requirement for writing good web project

a) Web Team
b) Planning and process development

a) Web Team:
A good web team should make following strategies
1. User research: indentify user need
2. Technology Strategy: Relevant technologies like- platform, web technologies
 3. Content Strategy: content according to user, appropriate to user, style to present (text,
image, audio or video).
4. Abstract strategy: interaction design/ UI design.
5. Technology Implementation: like knowledge of languages, protocols, coding debugging,
testing and maintenance
6. Project Management: Control and drive the web team.

b) Planning and process development:

(i). Information Gathering
-> Purpose
-> Target audiences
-> Content
(ii). Planning
develop a site map, ie. topics and subtopics
(iii). Design
look and feel.
(iv). Development
relevant technologies, prototypes
(v). Testing and Delivery
(vi). Maintenance

Web Architecture

1-Tier Architecture

Note: In N-Tier Architecture Business Logic is divided in different parts

2-Tier Architecture

3-Tier Architecture:

Web Tool:
Primary Concepts:
1) HTML
2) URL
3) HTTP
4) WEB SERVER
5) WEB BROWSERS

HTML

• HTML is the primary language used to encode document containing hyperlinks

• HTML is an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a standard
that specifies a formal meta-language for documents.
• HTML document consist of case-insensitive tags organized in hierarchical structure.
Each tag has its own functionality.
• HTML document are viewed by a s/w called browser.
URL

WWW is repository of information called resources.

URL,s are used to address resources.
The URL has following form:
Protocol://host:[port]/[path[?prams][#anchor]]
(i) Protocol: for http protocol we use http (eg. http://....). Other protocol can be telnet, ftp
etc.
(ii) Host: it can be one of two
a) FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name)
eg. google.co.in, yahoo.co.in
b) IP Address
eg. 64.233.169.147,
(iii). Port: The port number is a process number assign to the server process. Web server
typically run on port 80.
eg. http://127.0.0.1:8080/.....
(iv). Path: This is the location of a file or a program (eg. jsp) on a server relative to root
document specified by the web server. eg. in Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Server)
uses C:\Inetpub\www as the default document root.
eg. http://127.0.0.1:8080/MyWeb/test1.asp
(v). Params: Portion of URL contains the parameters to be passed to web applications. The
path and prams are separated by ? Character. Prams consist of pair of variable name and
value.
eg. http://127.0.0.1:8080/MyWeb/test1.asp?a=4&b=5
(vi). Anchor: This part indicate a specific location in the web page. To referred this location
# character use followed by the name of location.
eg. http://127.0.0.1:8080/MyWeb/test1.asp#loc1

HTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is an application layer Protocol. It is object oriented protocol.
HTTP is stateless as neither server nor client remembers information according to this protocol.
HTTP is a request-response protocol.

It is basically consist of the following steps:

1. HTTP client establishes a TCP connection to the HTTP server.
2. Client sends an HTTP request to the server specifying the resource it wants to access.
3. Server sends an HTTP response containing the desired information.
Web Server

• Web communication takes place between a client process and web server. The server
process creates a socket and the client process access the server through the socket
mechanism.

• The primary function of a web server is to deliver web pages to clients. The
communication between client and server takes place using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).

• Pages delivered are most frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style
sheets and scripts in addition to text content. Many generic web servers also support
server-side scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP, or other scripting languages.

• This means that the behavior of the web server can be scripted in separate files, while the
actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to create HTML
documents dynamically as opposed to returning static documents.

Web Browser

• A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing

information resources on the World Wide Web.
• An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and
may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content.
• Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related
resources.

Internet Services

• Information Retrieval Services

i. FTP
• Communication Services
ii. Email
iii. Telnet

File Transfer Protocol

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between
computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which transfers
displayable Web pages and related files,
 • FTP is an application layer protocol of TCP/IP
• As a user, you can use FTP with a simple command line interface (for example, from the
Windows MS-DOS Prompt window) or with a commercial program that offers a
graphical user interface.
• Using FTP, you can also update (delete, rename, move, and copy) files at a server.
• To establish an FTP session, clients initiate a connection to an FTP server that listens on
TCP port 21 by default.
• FTP servers do not, however, send files from port number 21. Instead, the FTP protocol
allows for a second connection to be established for data transfer after the control
connection is established. By default ftp uses port 20 for file transferring.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol:

• A protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send
mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another

• Also, SMTP is used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server.
• The SMTP server handles all outgoing e-mail messages. For receiving we use
IMAP/POP3 server due to limited functionality of managing queue at receiver end.

• SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25.

POP3 & IMAP:

• POP3 and IMAP are two different ways of checking mail. A mail client program
connects to the mail server using either POP3 or IMAP.

• POP3 downloads all mail from the server from the inbox and stores it on your computer.
The emails are removed from the server and only stored locally in your mail client
program. Emails are available when you're not connected to the internet.

• IMAP syncs your mail client program with the server. Emails stay on the server, and you
can make and view mail folders on the server in addition to the inbox. Most mail client
program have a feature to initially sync just the email headers, so you can quickly see
what emails you have, then download the message body when you want to read the
email.
Telnet:

• Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote
computers. Through Telnet, an administrator or another user can access someone else's
computer remotely.

• On the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from remote
computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer.

• With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have been
granted to the specific application and data on that computer.
• By default port number of telnet is 23.