POINTS TO REMEMBER

number columns as
matrix. read
other matrix. say
isn, is
elements
lie,
elements
principal its
on
71
Matrices
In entries
and matrix. column columns, the
fixed
the and on
xn ie., i#j. not and of
of rows Algebra
i=j,diagonal for element
a
into
element m row called
i of of matrix
Algebra
of
Matrices arranged
an
by
given

as
number written called a is
column
number which
the
0
=
a, its
if 0. diagonal
functions called is for which ifmatrix A+
ifmatrix,
cwhere
the is the
is (dimension)column one matrix. xn matrix,
diagonal
a
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to (alnalong
matrixdefined columns only equal diagonal a
or of = scalarci,is
numbers a number but column is A line it
a of rows matrix the = ifscalar,
in is orderof order rows a a a,
Matrix:
entrymatrix No.
matrix. called
a and be (ii)
of of always of squarediagonal.
elementsto be
or its any matrix.
arrangement Eachof dimension x then number matrix. number said be
rows and row to
said is to
order is a xn
=A
]. columnsrowa row 1 of is
leading said
brackets| of always anymx column the [a:l [a;
or No. one a
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matrix
square
rectarngulardimension the iS having
order which elements matrix is
n.
or matrix
REMEMBER conversion n
and having
rows
is a order matrix
n is diagonal
square equal.
inside x d matrix of in the
1 c, matrix of The
l4x1 matrix square
columns.The orderb,
matrix matrix called square
tijand are
TO
POINTS
a
is
matrix
written
By
Matrix: m
have A of
a,
A
a
Matrix:
C
A
Elements: called A
principal
the
are Matrix: a diagonal
are
zero. diagonal
aWords,
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words, Matrix:
square words,
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of 0
rowsnatrixdor .,
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tubat m words, Column
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Scalar ()
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3
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4. 5.
a1
0.
 dlay
square matrix in which all non
Matrix: A matrix.
8. Identity to 1 is called identity
elements are equal
matrixif
I= [a,Jmm is an identity
i.e.,
=0 V i*jand a, = 1 Vi=j
a,
|1 0 0] matrix.
isan identity
For example, 0 1 0| calleda null
matrix or a zero mati
0 0 13x3 elements are zero is
A matrix whose all
Matrix:
9. Null or Zero if a, = 0, Vij.
null matrix = [a;] is called
ie., A = la,]my is
Matrices: A square matrix A
principaldiagonal are zero
Upper and Lower Triangular
= 0 i>j,i.e., all entries below principaldiagonal are zero.
10. triangular matrix, if a, above
() an upper a, = 0 Vi<j, i.e., all entries
triangular matrix, if
same order are equal, if
(ii) a lower and B = [b,Jm xy of the
A = la1. vn.
11. Two matrices mand j= 1, 2,
.., n. Bis
a, = b; i=1, 2, .,
order m x n, then their sum A +
sane
= [bm xn are two matrices of the
,and B
12. If A=[a.
such that 1,2, 3, .., n
m xn matrix 2, .., m and j=
(A+ B);a, + b, i= 1,
matrix addition:
Following are the properties of the same order, then
Commutativity:If Aand B are two matrices of
() A+ B= B +A
order, then
Associativity:IfA, Band Care three matrices of the samne
(ii)
(A+ B) +C=A+ (B +C)
i.e.,
the identity element for matrix addition
(ii) Existence of Identity : The nullmatrix is
A+0=A+0=A
exists a mnatrix A= -A;;lm xn Sud
(iv) Existence of Inverse : For every matrix A=a , there
that
A
+(-A) =0=(-A) + A
(o) Cancellation Laws : If A, Band C are three matrices of the same order, then
A+ B= A+C ’ B= Cand B+A=C+A ’ B = C
13. Let A=[a,] be an mx n matrix and kbe any number called a scalar. Then, the matrix obtained bj
multiplying every element of Aby kis called the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by k
Thus, kA =[kajm xn*

Following are the properties of scalar multiplication :

IfAand Bare two matrices of the same order and k, l are scalars, then
(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k+ l) A = kA + lA
(i0) (-k) A=- (kA)= k(- A) (iii) (kl) A= k(lA) = I(kA)
(v) 1A =A (vi) (-1) A=-A
Note that ascalar matrix can be obtained by
14. IfAand B are twomatrices of the
multiplying an identity matrix by a scalar.
same order, then A - B=A+(- B).
15. Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices A and Bare said to be defined for
number of columns of A(pre multiplier) is equal to the multiplication,
For example, if the order of A number of rows of B (post-multipier):is n x{
(pre-multiplier) is mxn and the order of B
then Aand Bis defined for
multiplication and order of product of A and B(post-multiplier)
denoted by AB is
i.e., Am xn X
ido Math
Bnxp=ABmxp
 where, Ck =ajbk t apbsk t.. +ai.=
Here, A
r=1
is pre-multiplier or pre-factor Bis
[1sism and 1skspl
Mho diagram given below may help post-multiplier
or post-factor.
the students to understand the
of two matrix: process of finding the product
=C13
a11 X b13 + a12 Xx b3 t a13 x
b33

=C12
a11 x b12 + a12 x b + a13 x b32

=C11
a11 x b11 + a12 Xb21 + a13 x b31

a12 a13
b11 bi2 b13 Ct1 C12 C13
b1 b2 bzs
a21 a23 C1 Czn C23x 3
2x3 b1 b32 b3 3x3

a21 Xb11 + a22 Xb21 + a23 x b31

=C21

=C2

a21 X b3 + a9 X b3 + ag3 x b33

=C23

Matrix multiplication has the following properties:

() Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Matrix multiplication is associative i.e., (AB) C = A (BC) wherever both sides of the equality
(1)
are defined.
multiplication is distributive over matrix addition i.e., A (B + C) = AB + AC and
(1) Matrix
the equality are defined.
(6+C) A = BA+ CAwherever both sides of
(0) IfA is an mxn matrix. then I., A=A=A I,
O is a null matrix, then Amxn Onxp=Om xp,and O, xmXAmxn=Opxn
) rA 1s an mxn matrix and
a null matrix is a null matrix.
, the product of a matrix with may be a 'zero-matrix´ i.e.,
non-zero matrices
product of two
tatrixmultiplication the the A or B should be zero.
one of
n5=0, does not imply that at least
16. If Ais a Square matrix,then we define A',A and A"* = A", A.
17. If Ais a Square matrix and a, a ay are
Constants, then
polynomial.
An-1 An-2 + 4, A+ a, is called a matrix
 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 1o.
matrix.
Every All A (AB)' B'A(i=Following an
All All "v) )transpose
square square A (A'=A '() t Iranspose
odd
positive main n
ue x
square m
itive diagonal matrix matriX
matrix matrix
Mij of
integral aj are A'=(a,l of
matrix =-a = A
a; and
theobtained
such
Matrix: a
egral A A
elements = i,j = properties is
powers can i,j [a;] called(a;]is denoted that
Le., Let
wers be ie., is by
uniquely of called A
of A'= -A of
interchanging A
a a = () (iü) by =
mmetric skew-symmetric
of transpose la.:l
a A" a
(ABC)' (A A'
skewsymmetric be
tric a expressed + or
B)' A'. an
symmetric = of m
matrix C'B'AT A'= a rows matrix.xn
matrix, matrix:
as
matrix
+
are the B" into
matrix,
tric.
atrixare
mmetric. sum if columns, of Then,the
are
of
zero. if
a
symmetric (kA)=(ikA"i)
a
transposeA,
of
given
and matrix A
a
kew-symmetric denoted by
i
1s
called

the