Compilation Math8 Q4Module-1-5

8
Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1 to 5
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
8
Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Illustrates Theorems on Triangle
Inequalities
1
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Illustrates Theorems on Triangle Inequalities
First Edition, 2020
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2
What I Need to Know
This module will help you to demonstrate concepts of

Illustrating Theorems on Triangle Inequalities; it contains
discussions, exercises and activities towards understanding the Triangle
Inequalities.
In this module the learner should be able to:
❖ Illustrates theorems on triangle inequalities (Exterior Angle Inequality

Theorem, Triangle Inequality Theorem, Hinge Theorem). M8GEIVa-1
Have fun. Learn inside the comfort of your home and be safe.
Always do your best, never give up.
What I Know
Read each item carefully to answer the following questions. Choose the letter of the best
answer.
1. The Triangle Inequality Theorem states the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is ________________ the length of the third side.
a. greater than b. less than c. equal to
2. The Triangle Inequality Theorem deals with _______ of a triangle

a. angles b. sides c. sides and angles
3. Name the smallest angle in this triangle.

a. ∠A
b. ∠B
c. ∠C
4. Name the largest angle in this triangle.
a. ∠D
b. ∠E
c. ∠F
5. Which of the following does not represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle?
a. 2 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm b. 5 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm
c. 5 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm d. 3 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm
6.The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always ____________.

a. greater than its adjacent interior angle.
3
b. less than its adjacent interior angle.
c. greater than either remote interior angle.
d. less than either remote interior angle.
7. Which of the following angles is an exterior angle of

∆TYP?
A. 4 B. 5 U T
7 1
C. 6 D. 7 2 P
5
4 3
6
Y R
8.Which of the following statements is true?
a. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, then the
triangle with the smaller included angle between those sides will have the longer third
side.
b. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, then the
triangle with the larger included angle between those sides will have the longer third side.
c. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have no congruent sides, then the the
two triangles are congruent.
d. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, but the third
sides have different lengths, then the two triangles are congruent.
9. Which of the following is the converse of the hinge theorem?
a. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the triangle with the shorter third side
will have the larger angle opposite that third side.
b. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the two triangles must be congruent.
c. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the triangle with the longer third side
will have the larger angle opposite that third side.
d. If two triangles have no congruent sides, then they must have one set of congruent
angles.
10. ΔABC and ΔDEF are shown in the image. AB is congruent to DE and BC is congruent
to EF. ∠ABC has measure 54 degrees and ∠DEF has measure 78 degrees. Based on all of
this information, which of the following statements is true?
a. AC is longer than DF. C. DF is shorter than AC.

c. AB is longer than DE. D. DF is longer than AC.
4
Lesson Illustrates Theorems on
1 Triangle Inequalities
What’s In
Direction: Review the previous topic by answering the following activity.
Prove using two column proof.
Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑁 ; O is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐸
Prove: ∠ KOE ≅ ∠ ONP
E N
K P
Statement Reason
5
What’s New
Are triangles always congruent? Do designs in building or other infrastructure require

that triangles are always congruent? Buildings sometimes are made using different
shapes and sizes to make them more attractive. One side of the figure may be shorter
than the other or one angle is larger than the other. In this module, you will learn the
properties of inequalities of triangles.
What is It
Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of either
of the two remote interior angles.
Example:
Consider the figure below.
c
d
b
6
Fill in each space to complete true inequality statements.
a. If m∠𝑐 = 57 and m∠𝑑 = 29, then m∠𝑎 ____________
b. If m∠𝑐 = 38 and m∠𝑑 = 46, then m∠𝑎 ____________
c. If m∠𝑏 = 50 and m∠𝑑 = 45, then m∠𝑎 ____________
d. If m∠𝑏 = 43 and m∠𝑐 = 34, then m∠𝑎 ____________
Solution:
∠𝑎 is the exterior angle and ∠𝑐 and ∠𝑑 are its remote interior angle, and m∠𝑐 +
m∠𝑎 = m∠𝑎. Moreover, m∠𝑎 > m∠𝑐 or m∠𝑎 > m∠𝑑.
a. If m∠𝑐 = 57 and m∠𝑑 = 29, then m∠𝑎 > m∠𝑐.
b. If m∠𝑐 = 38 and m∠𝑑 = 46, then m∠𝑎 > m∠𝑑.
c. If m∠𝑏 = 50 and m∠𝑑 = 45, then m∠𝑎 > 85.
d. If m∠𝑏 = 43 and m∠𝑐 = 34, then m∠𝑎 > 103.
Triangle Inequality Theorem

In any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides, is greater than the
length of its third side.
In the figure, the following inequalities hold.
a+b>c
a+c>b
b+c>a
• Always check using two smallest sides, they must be larger than the third. If
this is true, the numbers will represent a triangle.
Example:
Determine which segments of the given lengths can or cannot be the sides of a
triangle.
a. 10 cm, 9 cm, 5 cm b. 9 cm, 6 cm, 2 cm
Solution:
a. 10 + 9 = 19 > 5
10 + 5 = 15 > 9
9 + 5 = 14 > 10
Hence, 10 cm, 9 cm, and 5 cm can be the length of the sides of a triangle.
7
b. 9 + 6 = 15 > 2
9 + 2 = 11 > 6
6+2=8<9
Hence, 9 cm, 6 cm, and 2 cm cannot be the length of the sides of a triangle.
Inequalities in a Single Triangle

a. Side Angle Inequality Theorem
If one side of a triangle is longer than the second side, then the measure of
the angle opposite the longer side is greater than the measure of the angle
opposite the shorter side.
Example:
Name the smallest and the largest angle.
B ∠C is the smallest angle since it is

8cm opposite the shortest side.
5cm C ∠B is the largest angle since it is
Opposite the longest side.
A 10cm
b. Angle Side Inequality Theorem

If one angle is larger than the other angle, then the side opposite the larger
angle is longer the side opposite the smaller angle.
A ̅̅̅̅ is the shortest side since it is

𝐴𝐶
80° opposite the smallest angle.
̅̅̅̅ is the longest side since it is
𝐵𝐶
B 30° 70° C opposite the largest angle.
Finding Range of the Third Side

If you are given two sides of a triangle you can determine the range that the third
side must fall in.
• To find the smallest possible side length you subtract the larger side from the
smaller side. The value you get cannot be a side, however everything larger
will work.
• To find the largest your third side could be you add your two given sides,
although this value will not work everything less than it will.
Examples:
• If you have two sides of a triangle 4 in and 7 in, what is the range for the
possible third side, n?
3in < n < 11in

7–4 7+
8
• If you have two sides of a triangle 8 in and 12 in, what is the range for the
4in < n < 20in
12 – 8 12 + 8
Inequalities in Two Triangles
a. The Hinge Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle, and
the included angle of the first triangle has a greater measure than the included
angle of the second triangle, then, the third side of the first triangle is longer
than the third side of the second triangle.
A
B 80° C
D If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 , ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ , ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹 , and
m∠B > m∠E, then AC > DF.
E 30° F
b. Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle and
the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second
triangle, then, the included angle of the first triangle has a greater measure
than the included angle of the second triangle.
C
8
A B ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐷𝐹
If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 with 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ,
F ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐷𝐸
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ , and BC > EF, then
5 m∠A > m∠D.

D E
9
What’s More
Activity 1. Determine if each set of segments having these lengths can form a
triangle. Write YES or NO.
1. 7 cm, 5 cm, 4 cm
2. 3 in, 6 in, 2 in
3. 5 dm, 2 dm, 4 dm
4. 8 mm, 2 mm, 8 mm
5. 9 ft, 6 ft, 5 ft
Activity 2: Find the range of the third side.
1. If you have two sides of a triangle 12 in and 16 in, what is the range for the
2. If you have two sides of a triangle 3 m and 11 m, what is the range for the
3. If you have two sides of a triangle 6 cm and 20 cm, what is the range for the
Activity 3
A. Name the angles in each triangle in ascending order of sizes.
1. A 2. D 7 E
3 5 5 6
B 4 C F
B. Name the sides in each triangle in ascending order of sizes.
3. G 4. A
63°
I 75° 43° H J L
What I Have Learned
Apply the concepts of theorems on triangle inequalities by identifying the theorem

stated below. Choose your answer from the words inside the box.
Converse of the Hinge Theorem
Triangle Inequality Theorem
Hinge theorem
Angle Side Inequality Theorem
10
1. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of
either of the two remote interior angles.
2. If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle and
the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second
triangle, then, the included angle of the first triangle has a greater measure
than the included angle of the second triangle.
3. In any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides, is greater than
the length of its third side.
4. If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle, and
the included angle of the first triangle has a greater measure than the included
angle of the second triangle, then, the third side of the first triangle is longer
than the third side of the second triangle.
5. If one angle is larger than the other angle, then the side opposite the larger
angle is longer the side opposite the smaller angle.
What I Can Do
Solve the given problems below.
1. Sam and Alex play in the same soccer team. Last Saturday Alex scored 3 more
goals than Sam, but together they scored less than 9 goals.
What are the possible number of goals Alex scored?
2. Of 8 pups, there are more girls than boys. How many girl pups could there be?
Assessment
Read each item carefully to answer the following questions. Choose

the letter of the best answer.
1. The Triangle Inequality Theorem states the sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is ________________ the length of the third side.
a. greater than b. less than c. equal to
2. The Triangle Inequality Theorem deals with _______ of a triangle

a. angles b. sides c. sides and angles
3. Name the smallest angle in this triangle.

a. ∠A
b. ∠B
c. ∠C
11
4. Name the largest angle in this triangle.
a. ∠D
b. ∠E
c. ∠F
5. Which of the following does not represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle?
a. 2 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm b. 5 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm
c. 5 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm d. 3 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm
6.The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always ____________.

a. greater than its adjacent interior angle.
b. less than its adjacent interior angle.
c. greater than either remote interior angle.
d. less than either remote interior angle.
7. Which of the following angles is an exterior angle of

∆TYP?
A. 4 B. 5 U T
C. 6 D. 7 7 1
2 P
5
4 3
6
Y R
8.Which of the following statements is true?
a. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, then
the triangle with the smaller included angle between those sides will have the
longer third side.
b. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, then
the triangle with the larger included angle between those sides will have the longer
third side.
c. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have no congruent sides, then
the the two triangles are congruent.
d. The hinge theorem states that if two triangles have two congruent sides, but
the third sides have different lengths, then the two triangles are congruent.
9. Which of the following is the converse of the hinge theorem?
a. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the triangle with the shorter
third side will have the larger angle opposite that third side.
b. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the two triangles must be
congruent.
c. If two triangles have two congruent sides, then the triangle with the longer third
side will have the larger angle opposite that third side.
d. If two triangles have no congruent sides, then they must have one set of
congruent angles.
12
10. ΔABC and ΔDEF are shown in the image. AB is congruent to DE and BC is
congruent to EF. ∠ABC has measure 54 degrees and ∠DEF has measure 78 degrees.
Based on all of this information, which of the following statements is true?
a. AC is longer than DF. c. DF is shorter than AC.

b. AB is longer than DE. d. DF is longer than AC.
Additional Activities
Compare the measures of the indicated sides. Refer to the figure below.
1. m ∠a ______ m ∠b
b y 2. m ∠a ______ m ∠x
3 5 7 5 3. m ∠b ______ m ∠y
4. m ∠y ______ m ∠z
5. m ∠c ______ m ∠y
c a x z
4 4
13
14
Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2018)
Oronce, Orlando A. and Mendoza, Marilyn O., e – Math 8, (Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, INC., 2013)
Orines, Fernando B. et. al. (2008), Next Century Mathematics 8, (Quezon City,
References
Assessment
1. a 6. a
Additional Activities What’ More 2. c 7. a
1. < Activity 1 3. c 8. b
2. < 1. YES 4. b 9. c
3. = 2. NO 5. d 10. d
4. < 3. YES
5. > 4. YES What I Know
5. YES 1. a
What I Can Do 2. c
Activity 2 3. c
1. Alex could have scored 3, 4, or 5
1. 4in < n < 28in 4. b
goals.
2. 8m < n < 14m 5. d
2. There could be 5,6,7 or 8 pups. 3. 14cm < n < 26cm 6. a
7. a
Activity 3 8. b
What I Have Learned A. 9. c
1. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem 1. ∠C, ∠A, ∠B 10. d
2. Converse of the Hinge Theorem 2. ∠E, ∠D, ∠F 11. <
3. Triangle Inequality Theorem 12. =
4. Hinge theorem B. 13. =
5. Angle Side Inequality Theorem ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ 𝐺𝐻
1. 𝐼𝐻 , 𝐺𝐼 , ̅̅̅̅ 14. <
2. 𝐴𝐽
̅̅̅, 𝐽𝐿 ̅̅̅̅
ഥ , 𝐴𝐿 15. <
8
Mathematics 8
Applies Theorems on Triangle
Inequality
15
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Applies Theorems on Triangle Inequalities
First Edition, 2020
over them.
Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Author : Louela A. Alquiza

Co-Author - Content Editor : Wilchester C. Perez
Co-Author - Language Reviewer : Louela A. Alquiza
Co-Author – Illustrator : Louela A. Alquiza
Co-Author - Layout Artist : Rogelio B. Tarroza


Telefax: (047) 237-2102
16
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
apply the Theorems on Triangle Inequality. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Apply theorems on triangle inequalities to:
a. determine possible measures for the angles and sides of triangles.
b. justify claims about the unequal relationships between sides and angle
measures.
17
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The Each of Xylie, Marie, Angel and Chloe was given an 18-inch piece of
stick. They were instructed to create a triangle. Each cut the stick in their
own chosen lengths as follows: Xylie - 6 in, 6 in, 6 in; Marie - 4 in, 5 in, 9 in;
Angel - 7 in, 5 in, 6 in; and Chloe - 3 in, 7 in, 5 in. Who among them was not
able to make a triangle?
a. Xylie
b. Marie
c. Angel
d. Chloe
2. What are the possible values for x in the figure?

a. 𝑥 < 11.25
b. 𝑥 > 11.25
c. 𝑥 ≤ 11.25
d. 𝑥 ≥ 11.25
3. Hikers Rogelio and Wilchester who have uniform hiking speed walk in opposite
directions, Rogelio, eastward whereas Wilchester, westward. After walking
three kilometers each, both take left turns at different angles, Rogelio at an
angle of 30° and Wilchester at 40°. Both continue hiking and cover another
four kilometers each before taking a rest. Which of the hikers is farther from
their point of origin?
a. Wilchester
b. Rogelio
c. It cannot be determined
d. Wilchester is as far as Rogelio from the point of origin.
4. The chairs of a swing ride are farthest from the base of the swing tower when
the swing ride is at full speed. What conclusion can you make about the angles
of the swings at different speeds?
a. The angles of the swings remain constant whether the speed is low or
full.
b. The angles of the swings are smaller at full speed than at low speed.
c. The angles of the swings are larger at full speed than at low speed.
d. The angles of the swings are larger at low speed than at full speed.
18
5. Which side of ∆𝐺𝑂𝐷 is the shortest?
a. ̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝑂 c. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐺
b. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝑂 ̅̅̅̅
d. 𝐺𝐷
6. In ∆𝑇𝑅𝑈, TR = 8 cm, RU = 9 cm, and TU = 10 cm. List the angles in order

from least to greatest measure.
a. 𝑚∠𝑇, 𝑚∠𝑅, 𝑚∠𝑈
b. 𝑚∠𝑈, 𝑚∠𝑇, 𝑚∠𝑅
c. 𝑚∠𝑅, 𝑚∠𝑇, 𝑚∠𝑈
d. 𝑚∠𝑈, 𝑚∠𝑅, 𝑚∠𝑇
7. A balikbayan chose you to be one of the contractors to design an A-frame

house maximizing the size of two square lots with dimensions 18 ft and 24 ft
on each side. Which of the following is affected by the dimensions of the lot if
the owner would like to spend the same amount of money on the roofs?
I. The width of the base of the house frames
II. Design of the windows
III. The height of the houses
IV. The roof angles
a. 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑉 c. 𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑉
b. 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑉 d. 𝐼, 𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑉
8. Which of the following theorems justifies your response in no. 7?

a. Hinge Theorem
b. Converse of Hinge Theorem
c. Triangle Inequality Theorem 1
d. Triangle Inequality Theorem 2
9. If the owner would like the same height for both houses, which of the following
is true?
I. Roof costs for the larger lot is higher than that of the smaller lot.
II. The roof of the smaller house is steeper than the larger house.
a. 𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 c. 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐼 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐼

b. 𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 d. 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐼
10. List the sides of ∆LYK in order from least to greatest measure.
a. ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑌 , ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝐾, ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝐾
b. ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝐾, 𝑌𝐿 ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝐾
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
c. 𝐿𝑌 𝐿𝐾, ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐿
d. 𝑌𝐾, 𝐿𝐾, ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝐿𝑌
19
Lesson
Application: Theorems on
1 Triangle Inequalities
In your previous module, you had been introduced with the different Triangle
Inequality Theorems.
What’s In
Let us recall the different Theorems on Triangle Inequality below.
Triangle Inequality Theorem 1

- if one side of a triangle is longer than a second side, then the angle
Inequalities in One Triangle
opposite the first side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.
- if one angle of a triangle is larger than a second angle, then the side
opposite the first angle is longer than the side opposite the second angle.
- the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.
- the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the
measure of either remote interior angle.
Hinge Theorem or SAS Inequality Theorem
- if two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle,
Inequalities in Two
but the included angle of the first triangle is greater than the included
angle of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than
Triangles
the third side of the second.

Converse of Hinge Theorem or SSS Inequality Theorem
- if two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle,
but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the
second, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the
included angle of the second.
20
What’s New
From our previous lessons, we were introduced about the different Theorems
that verify the Inequality of given triangles. In this module, we will apply this
knowledge to solve for the missing parts of triangles.
Exploration:
You will use straws, scissors, and ruler.
1. Cut the straws into the following lengths: 1 in., 2 in., 2 in., 3 in., 3 in.,4 in.,
5 in., and 6 in.,
2. For each activity below, Choose the three straws indicated in the table. With
the straws touching at the ends, try to make a triangle.
c b
a a
b c
This is a triangle This is not a triangle

3. Record the results in the second column.
(Note: straws must touch only at the ends to make a triangle.)
Length of straws Triangle? Compare. Use <, >, 𝒐𝒓 =.

a b c Yes or No a+b__c b+c__a a+c__b
1 in. 2 in. 3 in.
1 in. 2 in. 2 in.
3 in. 6 in. 1 in.
2 in. 3 in. 4 in.
2 in. 2 in. 3 in.
5 in. 2 in. 3 in.
3 in. 4 in. 5 in.
2 in. 4 in. 5 in.
4. After completing the table, notice that in cases where the sum of the lengths
of any two sides is greater than the length of the third side, a triangle can be
constructed from the segments.
This conclusion can further be observed in the following application.
21
What is It
Each Triangle Inequality Theorem can be applied to determine possible

measures for the angles and sides of triangles. Also, to justify claims about the
unequal relationships between sides and angle measures.
Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is greater than the length of the
third side.
Example 1:
Can a triangle be constructed with sides of lengths?
a. 3 cm, 7 cm, and 8 cm?

b. 6 cm, 7 cm, and 14 cm?
Solution:
a. is 3 + 7 > 8?
is 7 + 8 > 3?
is 3 + 8 > 7?
The sum of any two lengths is greater than the third length. Therefore, a
triangle can be constructed.
b. 6 + 7 > 14
6 + 14 > 7
7 + 14 > 8
The sum of 6 and 7 is not greater than 14, contradicting the Triangle
Inequality Theorem. Therefore, a triangle cannot be constructed.
Example 2:
In ∆𝐵𝑂𝑆, 𝐵𝑂=8, 𝑂𝑆=10 and 𝐵𝑆=𝑥. What is the range of possible values for
𝐵𝑆?
Solution:
Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem 3 to write three inequalities that express
the relationship among the sides in terms of 𝑥.
8 + 10 > 𝑥 𝑥 + 8 > 10 𝑥 + 10 > 8

𝑥 < 18 𝑥>2 𝑥 > −2
Taking the intersection of these three inequalities, 𝑥 must be greater than 2
and less than 18 or 2 < 𝑥 < 18. Since 𝐵𝑆=𝑥, 2 < 𝐵𝑆 < 18.
22
Triangle Inequality Theorem 1 If one side of a triangle is longer than a second
side, then the angle opposite the first side is
also called
larger than the angle opposite the second side.
Unequal Sides Theorem
Example 1:
Arrange the angles in descending order (or decreasing size).
Solution:
a. By the Triangle Inequality Theorem 1, since ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝑃 is the longest side, ∠𝐿, the
̅̅̅̅ is the shortest side, ∠𝑃,
opposite angle is the largest angle. Also, since 𝐴𝐿
the opposite angle is the smallest angle. Hence,
∠𝐿 > ∠𝐴 > ∠𝑃 .
b. By the Unequal sides Theorem, since ̅̅̅̅

𝐵𝑈 is the longest side, ∠𝑆, the opposite
angle is the largest angle. Also, since ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑆 is the shortest side, ∠𝑈, the
opposite angle is the smallest angle. Hence,
∠𝑆 > ∠𝐵 > ∠𝑈 .
c. Again, using Unequal Sides Theorem, ∠𝑀 > ∠𝐴 > ∠𝐷 .

If one angle of a triangle is larger than a second
also called angle, then the side opposite the first angle is
longer than the side opposite the second angle.
Unequal Angles Theorem
Example 1:
Given: ∠4 is an exterior angle of

Arrange the sides in descending order (or decreasing length).
a. b. ∆𝑆𝐵𝐶: 𝑚∠𝑆 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚∠𝐶 = 30
23
Solution:
a. The measure of ∠𝑆 =180-155 or 25. By the unequal Angles Theorem, since

̅̅̅̅ , the opposite side is the shortest side. Also, since
∠𝐿 is the smallest angle, 𝐵𝐺
∠𝐺 is the largest angle, ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐿, the opposite side is the longest side. Hence, ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐿 >
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝐿 > 𝐵𝐺 .
b. 𝑚∠𝐵 =180−(100+30)=50. Because 𝑚∠𝑆 > 𝑚∠𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐶, by the Unequal Angles
Theorem, 𝐵𝐶 > 𝑆𝐶 > 𝑆𝐵. Thus, the sides from the longest to shortest are,
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , ̅̅
𝑆𝐶̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝐵.
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is

Exterior Angle Inequality
greater than the measure of either remote interior
Theorem
angle.
Example 1:
Given: ∠4 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐶𝑇𝑉. C

4
Prove: m∠4 > m∠2 1
m∠4 > m∠3
2 3
Proof: T V
Recall that the measure of an exterior angle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two remote interior angles.
Thus, we have m∠4 = m∠2 + m∠3 by the definition of inequality, we obtain

m∠4 > m∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 m∠4 > m∠3.
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides

Hinge Theorem or of another triangle, but the included angle of the first
triangle is greater than the included angle of the
SAS Inequality Theorem second, then the third side of the first triangle is
longer than the third side of the second.
̅̅̅̅ or 𝑀𝑇
Example 1: Which side is longer? 𝐵𝑃 ̅̅̅̅̅?
Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐾 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝑀,
̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑃 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝑇 and m∠𝐾 > m∠𝐷
B
M
K P D T
24
Solution:
By Hinge Theorem, two sides of both triangles are congruent but the included
angle in ∆𝐾𝐵𝑃 is larger than the included angle in ∆𝐷𝑀𝑇, therefore
̅̅̅̅ > 𝑀𝑇
𝐵𝑃 ̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ or 𝐺𝑁
Example 2: From the given figure below, which side is longer? 𝐾𝐺 ̅̅̅̅?
I
27°
K G N
Solution:
Again, two sides of two triangle are congruent. Since, m∠𝐾𝐼𝐺 > m∠𝑁𝐼𝐺
We can conclude that ̅̅̅̅

𝐾𝐺 is longer than ̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝑁 by Hinge Theorem.
- If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides

Converse of Hinge of another triangle, but the third side of the first
Theorem or triangle is longer than the third side of the second,
then the included angle of the first triangle is larger
SSS Inequality Theorem
than the included angle of the second.
Example 1: X
Given: ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝐵
𝑋𝑌 ̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑊 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑆 S
B
𝑋𝑊 > 𝐴𝑆
Prove: m∠𝑌 > 𝑚∠𝐵
Y W
Proof:
Assume that the conclusion is false. That is, m∠𝑌 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐵. Then by the Trichotomy
property of inequality, either m∠𝑌 = 𝑚∠𝐵 or m∠𝑌 < 𝑚∠𝐵.
If m∠𝑌 = 𝑚∠𝐵, then ∆𝑋𝑌𝑊 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐵𝑆 by SAS congruence Postulate. By CPCTC,
𝑋𝑊 = 𝐴𝑆. This contradicts the given that 𝑋𝑊 > 𝐴𝑆.
If m∠𝑌 < 𝑚∠𝐵, then 𝑋𝑊 < 𝐴𝑆 by Hinge3 Theorem. This also contradicts the given.
Therefore, the assumption that m∠𝑌 ≯ 𝑚∠𝐵 is false and hence, m∠𝑌 > 𝑚∠𝐵.
25
What’s More
Directions: Copy all activities on a separate sheet of paper then answer.
A. Using the given information, name the angles of the triangle in increasing
measures.
1. In ∆𝑀𝐸𝑁, 𝑀𝑁 = 15, 𝑁𝐸 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝐸 = 10.

2. In ∆𝑀𝑅𝑆, 𝑀𝑅 = 55, 𝑀𝑆 = 35 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑆 = 40.
3. In ∆𝐿𝑅𝑇, 𝐿𝑅 = 18, 𝑇𝑅 = 24 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑇 = 20.
B. Using the given information, name the sides of the triangle in increasing
lengths.
1. ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, ∠𝑃 = 55°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑄 = 45°.

2. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐴 = 70°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 = 72°.
3. ∆𝑆𝑇𝑃, ∠𝑇 = 123°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑆 = 30°.
C. Determine whether it is possible to draw a triangle with the given side lengths.
Write YES if it is possible and NO if not possible to draw a triangle.
1. 13, 10, 11 3. 20, 20, 41

2. 21, 9, 38 4. 56, 44, 90
D. Name the longest and shortest side of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.

P
50°
Q 72° R
E. The measures of two sides of triangle are 11 and 18. Find all the possible
measures of the third side.
26
What I Have Learned

A. In the adjacent figure below, name the theorem that tells you that two
triangles are congruent.
13
1. ______________________
4 8
2. ______________________
8
13
B. Refer to the figure below. Fill in the blanks with the symbol <, > 𝑜𝑟 =. Name
the Theorem that supports your answer.
7
2 5
1 4
3
6
C 1 8
< , > 𝑜𝑟 = Triangle inequality theorem
1. E _____ m∠8 ;
m∠5 ___________________________________
R
2. m∠7 _____ m∠5 ; ___________________________________
3. m∠2 _____ m∠6 ; ___________________________________
4. m∠7 + m∠8 _____ m∠4 ; ___________________________________
5. m∠1 + m∠2 _____ m∠3 ; ___________________________________
6. m∠3 _____ m∠4 ; ___________________________________
27
What I Can Do
Read the problems below and answer the questions that follow.
1. A painter has a ladder of 7.2m long. How high up on the wall with the
ladder reach if he places the bottom of the ladder at 2.4m from the base of
the wall? 1
C
̅̅̅̅ is an altitude, m∠𝐴 = 5𝑥 + 20, and
2. In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸, 𝐶𝑅
m∠𝐴𝐶𝑅 = 7𝑥 − 26.
a. Find the value of x.
b. What is the shortest side of ∆𝐶𝐴𝑅?
Justify your answer.
A E
R
Assessment

A. Tell whether a triangle can be constructed with segments having these
lengths. Write YES or NO.
1. 6, 8, 10 3. 4, 5, 6
2. 4, 11, 10 4. 4, 4, 7
B. The measure of two sides of a triangle are given. Between what two integers
must the length of the third side fall?
1. 8 and 11
a. -2 and 18 b. 2 and 18 c. 4 and 19
2. 20 and 30
a. 10 and 50 b. 10 and 50 c. 4 and 19
3. 4 and 70
b. 60 and 70 b. 66 and 74 c. 64 and 76
C. Given the lengths of sides, identify the largest angle in each triangle.
1. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶: AB=15, BC=8 and AC=12
a. ∠𝐴 b. ∠𝐵 c. ∠𝐶
2. ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹: DE=5, EF=8 and DF=12

a. ∠𝐷 b. ∠𝐸 c. ∠𝐹
D. Given the measures of two angles, identify the longest side in each triangle.
1. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶: m∠𝐴 = 20° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 m∠𝐵 = 103°.
̅̅̅̅
𝑎. 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
b. 𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
c. 𝐴𝐶
28
2. ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹: m∠𝐷 = 17° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 m∠𝐹 = 53°.
𝑎. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 b. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹 c. ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐹
3. ∆𝐺𝐻𝐼: m∠𝐻 = 30° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 m∠𝐼 = 100°.

̅̅̅̅
𝑎. 𝐺𝐻 ̅̅̅̅
b. 𝐻𝐼 ̅̅̅
c. 𝐺𝐼
4. ∆𝐽𝐾𝐿: m∠𝐽 = 30° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 m∠𝐾 = 95°.

𝑎. ̅̅̅
𝐽𝐾 b. ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐿 ̅
c. 𝐽𝐿
E. Complete the statement by writing < , > 𝑜𝑟 = in each blank.

Refer to the figure below.
1. m∠1_____m∠4 2. AL_____CM
C 15 A
1 4 11 30°
11
11 M
50°
2 3 9.2 M L
9.2 15
Connect with Counting!

There are five sticks of lengths 3cm, 4cm, 5cm, 7cm and 11 cm.
1. List all possible combinations of 3 sticks.

(HINT: There are 10 possible combinations.)
2. Use the triangle Inequality Theorem to
determine which of the combinations of side
lengths will form a triangle.
29
30
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. B A. A D.
2. A 1. ∠𝑁, ∠𝑀, ∠𝐸
3. B 1. Yes 1. C
2. ∠𝑅, ∠𝑀, ∠𝑆
4. C 2. Yes 2. C
3. ∠𝑇, ∠𝑅, ∠𝐿
5. A B. 3. Yes 3. A
6. B ̅̅̅̅ 4. Yes 4. C
𝑃𝑄 , 𝑄𝑅
1. ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑃𝑅
,
7. B B. E.
̅̅̅̅ , 𝐵𝐶
2. 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ , 𝐴𝐵
8. B 1. B 1. =
̅̅̅̅, 𝑃𝑇
3. 𝑆𝑇 ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑃
9. D 2. B 2. <
C. 3. B
10.D
1. Yes 3. No C.
2. No 4. Yes 1.C
D. ̅̅̅̅
longest: 𝑃𝑅 2. B
𝑃𝑄
shortest: ̅̅̅̅
E. 7< 𝑥 < 29
Answer Key
References:
Books
Crisostomo, R., de Sagun, P., & Padua, A. Our World of Math.1253 G. Araneta.,
Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, 2013.
Oronce, O., Mendoza, M. Worktext in Mathematics e-Math8(Kto12). 1977 C.M.

Recto Avenue: Rex Printing Company Inc., 2013.
Glorial, J., Guadayo, J., Lelina, R., Degolacion, R., Chua, S. 21st Century
Mathematics 8. 927 Quezon Avenue Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc,
2013.
Websites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdixFb5r4GI
31
8
Mathematics
Proving Inequalities
in a Triangle
32
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Proving Inequalities in a Triangle
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Author : Sharon Joy M. Ramos

Co-Author - Content Editor : Cornelio S. Gloria
Co-Author - Language Reviewer : Dina T. Santos
Co-Author - Illustrator : Nathanael B. Pedron
Co-Author - Layout Artist : Nathanael B. Pedron


Telefax: (047) 237-2102
33
What I Need to Know
This module is designed and written to help you understand the following:
1. proves inequalities in a triangle (M8GE-IVc-1).
What I Know
Read the questions carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer.
1. Consider the triangles ABC and DEF, where 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐷𝐸 and 𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐸𝐹. If
𝐴𝐶 > 𝐸𝐹 then ∠𝐵 > ∠𝐸 using ______________________.
a. Hinge Theorem
c. Side-Angle Inequality Theorem
d. Angle-Side Inequality Theorem B
For numbers 2-3
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 43 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 47
Prove: 𝐴𝐷 < 𝐷𝐶
A D C
Statements Reasons
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐵𝐶
Given
𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 43 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 47
𝐵𝐷 ≅ 𝐵𝐷 2.
𝐴𝐷 < 𝐷𝐶 3.
2. What is the correct reason for item number 2?

a. Reflexive Property
b. Symmetric Property
c. Transitive Property
d. Distributive Property
34
3. What is the correct reason for item number 3?
a. Hinge Theorem
c. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
d. Side-Angle Inequality Theorem
4. Given the diagram at the right, what can be concluded regarding sides AB and
AC?
a. 𝐴𝐵 > 𝐴𝐶
b. 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝐶
c. 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶
d. No conclusion can be made.
5. Given the triangle at the right, what can be concluded regarding 𝑚∠𝑈 and
𝑚∠𝐸?
a. 𝑚∠𝑈 > 𝑚∠𝐸
b. 𝑚∠𝑈 < 𝑚∠𝐸
c. 𝑚∠𝑈 = 𝑚∠𝐸
d. No conclusion can be made
6. Given: 𝐴𝐺 ≅ 𝐷𝐺; 𝐴𝐵 = 3 𝐷𝐶 = 3.5; ∠GBC ≅ ∠GCB

What can you conclude about 𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐺𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝐶
a. 𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐺𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝐶
b. 𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐺𝐵 < 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝐶
c. 𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐺𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐺𝐶
d. No conclusion can be made
For numbers 7-10

Use the figure below to determine the reason for the given statements.
M N
L O
7. If 𝐿𝑃 ≅ 𝑁𝑃 and 𝑀𝑃 ≅ 𝑁𝑃 then 𝐿𝑃 ≅ 𝑀𝑃.

a. Reflexive Property
c. Transitive Property
d. Distributive Property
35
8. If 𝐿𝑃 ≅ 𝑂𝑃 then 𝑚∠𝑃𝐿𝑂 ≅ 𝑚 ∠𝑃𝑂𝐿
a. ASA Congruence Postulate
b. SAS Congruence Postulate
c. SSS Congruence Postulate
d. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
9. If 𝑀𝐿 ≅ 𝑂𝑁 and 𝑀𝑃 ≅ 𝑂𝑃 and ∠𝑃𝑀𝐿 > ∠𝑃𝑂𝑁 then, 𝑃𝐿 > 𝑃𝑁

a. Hinge Theorem
10. 𝑚 ∠𝐿𝑀𝑃 + 𝑚 ∠𝑀𝑃𝐿 = 𝑚 ∠𝑀𝑃𝑁

a. Hinge Theorem
For numbers 11-15

Use the figure below.
C
A E
11. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐷
a. Angle Bisector Theorem
b. Triangle Inequality Theorem
c. Whole is greater than its part.
d. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem
12. If 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐶𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶.

a. Transitive Property
c. Reflexive Property
d. None of the above
13. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐸

a. Hinge Theorem
c. Triangle Inequality Theorem
36
14. If 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐶 and ∠𝐷𝐶𝐵 > ∠𝐷𝐶𝐴, then 𝐵𝐶 > 𝐴𝐷.
a. Hinge Theorem
c. Triangle Inequality Theorem
15. If 𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐶, then 𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐴𝐶.

a. Transitive Property
c. Reflexive Property
d. Substitution
Lesson
Proving Inequalities
1 in a Triangle
This module will provide you the knowledge about proving inequalities in a
triangle.
Writing proofs is an important skill that you will learn in geometry. It will
develop your observation skills, deductive thinking, logical reasoning, and
mathematical communication.
What’s In
Let us start this module by reviewing your previous lesson about applying
theorems on triangle inequalities.
Use the symbol <, >, 𝑜𝑟 = to complete the statements about the figures shown.
A. Applying the Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem:
1. 𝑚∠3 ___𝑚 ∠2
2. 𝑚∠5 ___𝑚 ∠1
3. 𝑚∠4 ___𝑚 ∠6 J
1
4. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠5 ___𝑚 ∠3 2
3 4 5 6
O Y
37
B. Applying the Triangle Inequality Theorem S1+ S2 > S3
5. JO + OY ____ JY
6. JY + JO ____ OY
7. JO _____ JY + OY
E
C. Applying the Hinge Theorem R
8. GE _____ TY
9. GO _____ RY T
10. EO _____TR
370 420
G O
Y
Awesome! You did a great job!

Now, let us start learning more about proving inequalities in a triangle.
Are you ready? Let us begin.
What’s New
DOOR TRAP
Nicole and Yhel are close friends, they decided to go to
a haunted house at an amusement park. They came across
a trap door on the ground that they must go through. Nicole
goes first by opening the door so that the length of the
opening is large enough for her to fit through it. Yhel goes
second and must open the door a bit wider to make the length
of the opening large enough for her to fit through.
Guide Questions:
1. Have you noticed that when opening the length is shorter, the angle at the hinge
is smaller than the opening length is larger?
2. Have you noticed that the door length and the floor length of the door remain the
same in both cases, and its opening length and the hinge angle that change?
3. What triangle inequality theorem can be used to explain this circumstance?

Why?
38
What is It
In the previous modules, you had illustrated and applied different theorems
on triangle inequalities, which is very important in our next lesson, for us to be able
to prove inequalities in a triangle.
For better understanding of our topic, read the following
discussions/examples.
Proof is a ladder. Like a true statement, proof will lead you to find a conclusion
from the given hypothesis. Geometric proofs can be written in two different ways: (a)
the paragraph proof and (b) the two-column proof.
A paragraph proof is a two-column proof written in sentence. Since some
steps can be left out when writing a paragraph proof, we will focus on making a two-
column proof.
A two-column proof consists of a list of statements written on the left column
and a list of reasons written on the right column.
Steps in Writing a Two-Column Proofs
1. Draw the figure that illustrates what is to be proven. The figure may already be
drawn for you, or you may have to draw it yourself.
2. Mark the figure/s according to what you can deduce about it from the given
information. Take note of the following procedures:
• Marking congruent or unequal sides/ angles.
• Marking perpendicular, parallel, or intersecting lines.
• Indicating measures of angles and/or sides.
Important Reminder:
If the given is in a complete statement form e.g. In ∆ABD where BC bisects ∠𝐵
prove that ∠𝐴 > ∠𝐷 , illustration is not provided. Thus, you only must use your
imagination.
In writing reasons, you may use the given by construction, properties of
equality or inequality, definitions, postulates, or theorems that are previously proven.
A B
Examples:
A. Given:
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐷
Prove:
𝐸𝐵 > 𝐸𝐷 E D
39
Statements Reasons
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐷 Given
𝐴𝐸 ≅ 𝐴𝐸 Reflexive Property
𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝐷 + 𝑚 ∠𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝐵 Angle Addition Postulate
𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐸𝐴𝐷 The whole is greater than its parts.
𝐸𝐵 > 𝐸𝐷 Hinge Theorem
B. Given: D
∠𝐷𝐼𝑂 ≅ ∠𝐷𝑂𝐼
𝐼𝐿 > 𝑂𝐿
Prove:
𝑚 ∠𝐷𝑂𝐿 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐼𝐿
L I
O
Statements Reasons
∠𝐷𝐼𝑂 ≅ ∠𝐷𝑂𝐼 Given
∆𝐷𝐼𝑂 is an isosceles triangle Base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
𝐷𝐼 ≅ 𝐷𝑂 Legs of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
𝐷𝐿 ≅ 𝐷𝐿 Reflexive Property
𝐼𝐿 > 𝑂𝐿 Given
𝑚 ∠𝐷𝑂𝐿 > 𝑚∠𝐷𝐼𝐿 Converse of Hinge Theorem
What’s More
Have you learned something today? Great! Let us now see if you really
understood your lesson today. Are you ready for the next activity? Let us start the
ball rolling!
By using the triangle inequality theorem, you should have no trouble proving
inequalities in a triangle.
Complete the two-column proof by writing the correct reason for each
statement. Choose your reason on the box.
40
-Vertical angles are congruent -ASA Congruence Postulate
-Given -Triangle Inequality Theorem
-Definition of midpoint -Substitution
-Alternate interior angles are congruent
-Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent (CPCTC)
Given: A B
𝐴𝐷 ∥ BE
C is the midpoint of AE C
Prove:
𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵 > 𝐴𝐷
D E
Statements Reasons
𝐴𝐷 ∥ BE
1.
C is the midpoint of AE
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐸 2.
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐶𝐸 3.
∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐸𝐶𝐵 4.
∆𝐴𝐶𝐷 ≅ ∆ 𝐸𝐶𝐵 5.
𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 > 𝐴𝐷 6.
𝐶𝐷 ≅ 𝐶𝐵 7.
𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵 > 𝐴𝐷 8.
41
What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks.

Writing proofs is an important skill that you will learn in (1) _____________. It
will develop your (2) _________________, (3) _________________, (4) ___________________
and (5) _________________________.
Geometric proofs can be written in two different ways: the (6) ________________
and the (7) ________________. A paragraph proof is only a two-column proof written
in a (8) ______________. Since some steps can be left out when writing a paragraph
proof, we will focus and learn in making the two-column proof.
A two-column proof consists of a list of (9) _________________written on the left
column and list of (10) ________________ written on the right column.
What I Can Do
T
5
Complete the two-column proof below.
V 4
2 6
A. Given: ∆ SET, VE bisects ∠SET E
3
Prove: ET > TV
1
S
Statements Reasons
1. VE bisects ∠SET 1.
2. 2. Definition of angle bisector
3. 𝑚 ∠1 + 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠4 3.
4. 4. The whole is greater than its parts.
5. 𝑚 ∠4 > 𝑚∠3 5.
6. ET > TV 6.
42
Q
B. Given: ∆ PQR 2
3
𝑃𝑄 <𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑁 ≅ 𝑃𝑄
1
Prove: 𝑚∠𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅
P N R
Statements Reasons
1. ∆ PQR 𝑃𝑄 < 𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑁 ≅ 𝑃𝑄 1.
2. 2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
3. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠2 3.
4. 𝑚∠𝑅 = 𝑚∠1 4.
5. 5. Angle Addition Postulate
6. 𝑚∠2 < 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 6.
7 7. Substitution Property of Equality
8. 𝑚∠𝑅 < 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 8.
Assessment
A. Provide statements supported by the reasons on the right side of the two-
column proof.
O V
Given: 𝐿𝑂 ≅ 𝐸𝑉 , 𝑚 ∠𝐿𝑂𝐸 ≅ 𝑚∠𝑉𝐸𝑂
Prove: 𝐿𝐸 > 𝑉𝑂
L E
Statements Reasons
1. Given
2. Reflexive Property of Equality
3. Hinge Theorem
43
B. Draw necessary markings to the congruent parts as you analyze the given and
the meanings behind them. Provide reasons for the written statements in the
two-column proof.
R U
1 2
Given: H is the midpoint of CS,
∠1 ≅ ∠2, ∠3 ≅ ∠4
Prove: 𝑈𝑆 > 𝑅𝐶
4 3
C S
H
Statements Reasons
∠1 ≅ ∠2 1.
∆𝑅𝐻𝑈 is an isosceles triangle 2.
𝑅𝐻 ≅ 𝑈𝐻 3.
H is the midpoint of CS 4.
𝐶𝐻 ≅ 𝑆𝐻 5.
𝑚 ∠3 > ∠4 6.
𝑈𝑆 > 𝑅𝐶 7.
Write a two-column proof.

M
A. Given: T is the midpoint of AH

𝑀𝐴 > 𝑀𝐻
Prove: 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐻
A H
T
Statements Reasons
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
44
L M
B. Given: 𝐾𝐿 ≅ 𝑁𝐿
Prove: 𝐾𝑀 > 𝑁𝑀
Statements Reasons
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
45
46
Statements Reasons Statements Reasons
1. 𝐾𝐿 ≅ 𝑁𝐿 1. Given 1. T is the midpoint of AH 1. Given
𝑀𝐴 > 𝑀𝐻
2. 𝐿𝑀 ≅ 𝐿𝑀 2. Reflexive Property
2. 𝑇𝐴 ≅ 𝑇𝐻 2. Definition of midpoint
3. 𝑚 ∠𝐾𝐿𝑀 = 3. Angle Addition
𝑚∠𝑁𝐿𝑀 + 𝑚∠𝐾𝐿𝑁 Postulate 3. MT ≅ 𝑀𝑇 3. Reflexive Property
4. 𝑚 ∠𝐾𝐿𝑀 > 4. Triangle Inequality
𝑚∠𝑁𝐿𝑀 Theorem 4. 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐴 > 𝑚∠𝑀𝑇𝐻 4. Converse of Hinge
5. 𝐾𝑀 > 𝑁𝑀 5. Hinge Theorem Theorem
Assessment
1. 𝐿𝑂 ≅ 𝐸𝑉 , 𝑚 ∠𝐿𝑂𝐸 ≅ 𝑚∠𝑉𝐸𝑂 are congruent 6. Legs of an isosceles triangles
2. 𝑂𝐸 ≅ 𝑂𝐸 7. Given
3. 𝐿𝐸 > 𝑉𝑂 8. Definition of midpoint
4. Given 9. Given
5. Base angles of an isosceles triangles are congruent 10. Hinge Theorem
B. What I Can Do What’s More
1. Given A. 1. Given
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given 2. Alternate interior angles are
3. Definition of congruent 2. 𝑚∠𝑇𝐸𝑉 ≅ 𝑚∠𝑆𝐸𝑉 congruent
angles 3. Exterior Angle 3. Definition of midpoint
4. Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem 4. Vertical angles are congruent
Theorem 4. 𝑚 ∠4 > 𝑚∠3 5. ASA Congruence Postulate
5. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚 ∠3 = 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 5. Transitive Property 6. Triangle Inequality Theorem
6. Triangle Inequality 6. The longest side of a 7. Corresponding Parts of
Theorem triangle is opposite the Congruent Triangles are Congruent
7. 𝑚∠1 < 𝑚∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 largest angle (CPCTC)
8. Transitive Property 8. Substitution
What’s New What I Have Learned What I Know What’s In
1. Yes 10. c
1. Geometry 1. b 1. >
2. Yes 9. a
2. observation skills 2. a 2. <
3. Hinge Theorem, because 8. d
3. deductive thinking 3. a 3. <
hinge theorem states that if two 7. c
4. logical reasoning 4. a 4. =
triangles have two congruent 6. b
5. mathematical 5. a 5. >
sides, then the triangle with 5. a
communication 6. b 6. >
larger angles between those sides 4. a
6. two-column proof 7. c 7. <
will have a longer third side. The 3. a
7. paragraph form 8. d 8. =
wider you open the door, the 2. a
8. sentences 9. a 9. =
greater the hinge angle and the 1. b
9. statements 10. c 10. <
greater the opening length.
10. reasons 11. c What I Know
12. a
13. d
14. a
15. b
Answer Key
References
Books
Abuzo, Emmanuel P. et. al. (2013). Mathematics-Grade 8 Leaner’s Module,
Department of Education (1st Edition)
Crisostomo, Ricardo M., Our World of Math , Vibal Publishing House Inc.
Websites
www.mathbits.com
www.whiteplainspublicschools.org
mathwiththemath.weebly.com
www.dummies.com
www.byjus.com
www.onlinemath4all.com
www.geometryonline.com
47
8
Mathematics
Prove Properties of Parallel Lines
Cut By a Transversal
49
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Prove Properties of Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Author : Arnold M. Dollente

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Telefax: (047) 237-2102
48
What I Need to Know
This module was created with learners in mind in order to help them fully grasp the
idea of properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal line. Learners, through this
module, will also prove properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal line.
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
1. prove properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal line (M8GE-IVd-1)
What I Know
Let us find out first what you already know about the module’s content. Try
answering all items. Take note of the numbers that you answered incorrectly and
return to them as you go through this module for self-correction
A. Study the figure below and answer the following questions as accurately
as you can. The figure below shows a ∥ b with t as transversal.
1. Name 2 pairs of corresponding angles

2. Name 2 pairs of alternate interior angles
3. Name 2 pairs of alternate exterior angles
4. Name 2 pairs of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal
5. Name 2 pairs of exterior angles on the same
side of the transversal
B. Describe the measures of the following angles formed by parallel lines cut
by a transversal?
1. Corresponding angles
2. Alternate interior angles
3. Alternate exterior angles
4. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal
5. Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal
50
Lesson Prove Properties of Parallel
1 Lines Cut By a Transversal
Line
Recall that parallel lines are

coplanar lines that never intersect. How
can you be sure that the lines you see
are really parallel? In this module, we’re
going to discuss postulates and
theorems that engineers, architects
and even carpenter use to ensure that
the lines are indeed parallel in the
structure that they are working on.
What’s In
Identify which among the pair of lines are parallel. Explain your answer.
a. b.
c. d.
51
What’s New
Draw two parallel lines and a

transversal through the two lines using a
ruler. Then, measure the various angles
with a protractor. List the angles that are
congruent. List the angles that are
supplementary. Lastly, make a proposition
or conclusion based on the activity.
What is it
Corresponding Angles Postulate ( CAP )
If two lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding

angles are congruent.
The corresponding angle postulate

states that ∠1 and ∠2 in this drawing are
congruent.
This postulate will be used to prove

other theorem.
52
Example:
Find the value of x and y.
Given: AE ∥ CB
Solutions:
a. To solve for m∠x:
m∠ADE + m∠CAB + m∠AEB = 1800 The three angles formed a

straight line
650 + 510 + m∠x = 1800 Substitute the known values
1160 + m∠x = 1800 Add 650 and 510
1160 - 1160 + m∠x = 1800 - 1160 By Addition Property of

Equality add – 116 on both
sides of the equation so that
m∠x will remain on the left side
of the equation
m∠x = 640 Simplify, subtract 1800 - 1160
b. Find the m∠y:
m∠y = m∠DAE Corresponding angles are

congruent
m∠y = 650 Substitute the value of m∠DAE
Alternate Interior Angle
Alternate Interior Angle Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate
interior angles are congruent.
Proof of the Theorem:
Given: x ∥ y, transversal t
cuts line x and y
Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠6
Proof:
53
Statements Reasons
1. x ∥ y Given
2. ∠2 ≅ ∠6 Corresponding Angles Postulate
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 Vertical Angles are Congruent
From statement 2 and 3,

4. ∠3 ≅ ∠6
transitive property
Example:
Find the value of x that will

make the alternate interior angles
congruent. What is the value of each
angle?
Solutions:
a. Solve for x:
4x -19 = 3x + 16 Alternate Interior Angles

Theorem
4x – 3x – 19 = 3x – 3x + 16 By Addition Property of
Equality, add -3x on both sides
of the equation to eliminate 3x
from the right side of the
equation
x -19 = 16 Add 4x and -3x and 3x and -3x
x -19 + 19 = 16 + 19 By Addition Property of

Equality, add 19 on both sides
of the equation to eliminate 19
from the left side of the equation
x = 35 Simplify, add -19 and 19 and

16 and 19
54
b. Solve for the angle.
( 4x – 19 )0 Given
[ 4 (35) – 19 )0 Substitute the value of x
( 140 – 19 )0 Multiply 4 and 35
1210 Simplify, subtract 140 and 19
Since they are alternating interior angles, the measure of the

other angle is also 1210.
Alternate Exterior Angle
Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate
exterior angles are congruent.
cuts line x and y
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠7
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. x ∥ y Given
2. ∠2 ≅ ∠6 Corresponding Angles Postulate
3. ∠6 ≅ ∠7 Vertical Angles are Congruent

4. ∠2 ≅ ∠7
Transitive Property of Equality
55
Example:
Find the value of y to

make the alternate exterior angles
congruent. What is the value of each
angle?
Solutions:
a. Solve for y:
3y + 53 = 7y - 55 Alternate Exterior Angles

Theorem
3y – 7y + 53 = 7y – 7y - 55 By Addition Property of
Equality, add -7y on both sides
of the equation to eliminate 7y
from the right side of the
equation
-4y + 53 = - 55 Add 3y and -7y and 7y and -7y
-4y + 53 - 53 = - 55 -53 By Addition Property of

Equality, add -53 on both sides
of the equation to eliminate -53
from the left side of the equation
-4y = - 108 Add 53 and -53 and -55 and -53
1 1
− ( -4y = - 108 ) − By Multiplication Property of
4 4
Equality, multiply both sides
1
by − so that y will remain on
4
the left side of the equation
y = 27 Simplify
b. Solve for the angle:
( 7y – 55 )0 Given
[ 7 (27) – 55 )0 Substitute the value of y
( 189 – 55 )0 Multiply 7 and 27
1340 Simplify, subtract 189 and 55
56
Since they are alternating interior angles, the measure of the
other angle is also 1340.
Same – Side Interior Angle Theorem
Same – Side Interior Angle Theorem
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the

same – side interior angles of the transversal are supplementary.
cuts line x and y
Prove: ∠4 and ∠6 are

supplementary
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. x ∥ y Given
2. ∠2 and ∠4 are linear pair Definition of Linear Pair

3. ∠2 and ∠4 are
Linear Pair Postulate
supplementary
4. m∠2 + m∠4 = 1800 Definition of Supplementary Angles
5. ∠2 ≅ ∠6 Corresponding Angles Postulates
6. m ∠2 ≅ m ∠6 Definition of Congruent Angles

7. m∠6 + m∠4 = 1800
Substitution Property of Equality
8. ∠4 and ∠6 are
Definition of Supplementary Angles
supplementary
Example:
Find the m∠RST. Given that

QT ∥ RS.
Solutions:
57
a. Solve for x:
m∠QTS + m∠RST = 1800 Same – side Interior Angles

Theorem
( 4x -2 )0 + ( 2x + 2 )0 = 1800 Substitute the known values
4x + 2x – 2 + 2 = 1800 Combine similar terms 4x and

2x and the constant, -2 and 2
6x = 1800 Add 4x and 2x and -2 and 2

1 1
( 6x = 1800 ) By Multiplication Property of
6 6
Equality, multiply both sides
1
by so that x will remain on
6
the left side of the equation
x = 300 Simplify
b. Solve for m∠RST :
m∠RST = ( 2x + 2 )0 Given
m∠RST = [ 2 (30) + 2 ]0 Substitute the value of x
m∠RST = ( 60 + 2 )0 Multiply 2 and 30
m∠RST = 620 Simplify, add 60 and 2
Same – Side Exterior Angle Theorem
Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the
same – side exterior angles of the transversal are supplementary.
cuts line x and y
58
Prove: ∠2 and ∠8 are
supplementary
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. x ∥ y Given
2. ∠2 ≅ ∠6 are linear pair Corresponding Angles Postulate
3. m ∠6 + m ∠8 = 1800 Linear Pair Postulate
From statements 2 and 3, By

4. m∠2 + m∠8 = 1800
Substitution
5. ∠2 + ∠8 are Definition of Supplementary

supplementary Angles
Example:
Given that x ∥ y cut by transversal t.

Find the value of x. What is the m ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶?
Solution:
a. Solve for x:
3 ( x – 15 )0 + ( x – 27 )0 = 1800 Same – Side Exterior Angles

Theorem
3x – 450 + x - 270 = 1800 Multiply 3 by number inside

the parenthesis
3x + x – 450 - 270 = 1800 Combine similar terms 3x

and x and the constant -45
and -27
4x – 720 = 1800 Add 3x and x and -45 and -27
4x – 720 + 720 = 1800 + 720 By Addition Property of

Equality, add 72 on both
sides of the equation so that
4x will remain on the left
side of the equation
4x = 2520 Add -72 and 72 and 180

and 72
59
1 1
( 4x = 2520 ) By Multiplication Property of
4 4
Equality, multiply both
1
sides by so that x will
4
remain on the left side of the
equation
x = 630 Simplify
b. Solve for 𝒎 ∠𝑨𝑩𝑪:
𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 3 ( x -15 )0 Given
𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 3 ( 630 -15 )0 Substitute the value of x
𝑚 ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 3 ( 48 )0 Subtract 63 and 15
𝒎 ∠𝑨𝑩𝑪 = 1440 Simplify, multiply 3 and 48
What’s More
A. Complete the proof by supplying the accurate data.
1. Given: l ∥ m cut by transversal t

Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠4
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. l ∥ m Given
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 2
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 3
60
Statements 2 and 3, and
Transitive Property of Angle
4.
Congruent
5. Vertical Angles are Congruent

6. Transitive Property of Angle
Congruent
B. Find the value of x and the measure of each angle given that
l1 ∥ l2.
1. m ∠1 = (2x + 25)0 and m ∠8 = (x + 75)0
2. m ∠2 = (3x -10)0 and m ∠7 = (2x + 45)0
3. m ∠3 = (4x -31)0 and m ∠8 = (2x + 7)0
What I Have Learned
A. Write true if the statement is always true; sometimes if the statement

is sometimes true; or false if the statement is never true.
If two lines are cut by a transversal,
1. Alternate interior angles are congruent.

2. Corresponding angles are congruent.
3. Vertical angles are supplementary.
4. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are congruent.
5. Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal form a linear
pair.
61
What I Can Do
Study the problem situation below and answer the succeeding questions.
A zip line is a rope or a cable that you can ride down on a pulley. The
pair of zip lines below goes from a 20-foot-tall tower to a 15-foot-talltower that
is 150 meters away in a slightly inclined ground as shown in the sketch.
(Note: Tension of the rope is excluded.)
1. What kind of angle pairs are ∠M and ∠A? ∠MHT and ∠ATH ?
2. In the figure above, what are the measures of the four angles?
3. Are the two towers parallel? Why do you say so?
4. Is the zip line parallel to the ground? Why do you say so?
62
Assessment
A. Complete the proof by supplying the accurate data.
1. Given: p ∥ q cut by transversal t

Prove: ∠3 and ∠5 are supplementary
Proof:
Statement Reason
1. Given
2. ∠1 and ∠3 form a linear
2
pair
3. Linear Pair Postulate
Definition of Supplementary
4.
Angles
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠5 5
6. Definition of Congruent Angles

7. Substitution Property of
Equality
8. ∠3 and ∠5 are
6
supplementary
63
B. What value of x to make each pair of lines parallel? Find the measure
of each angle.
1. 2.
A. Prove using two-column proof.
1. Given: a ∥ b cut by transversal c

Prove: ∠4 ≅ ∠6
∠3 ≅ ∠5
Proof:
Statement Reason
1.
2.
3.
4.
64
2. Given: r ∥ s cut by transversal t
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠7 are supplementary
∠2 ≅ ∠8 are supplementary
Proof:
Statement Reason
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Find the measure of the following angles given that each pair of
lines is parallel.
1. 2.
65
66
What I Have Learned:
1. True 4. False
2. True 5. True
3. Sometimes
What I Can Do:
1. They are interior angle on the same side of the transversal MA and HT
2. Equate each pair of angles to 1800. This will result to z = 330 and y = 820.
m∠M = 810 m∠MHT = 980.
m∠A = 990 m∠ATH = 820
3. Yes, because each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
4. No, because pairs of interior angles on the same side of each transversal are not supplementary.
Assessment: Additional Activities:
A.
A.
1.
Statement Reason
Statement Reason
1. p ∥ q Given
1. l ∥ m Given
2. ∠1 and ∠3 form a Definition of Linear
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠5 Corresponding Angles
linear pair Pair
∠2 ≅ ∠6 Postulate
3. ∠1 and ∠3 are Linear Pair Postulate 3. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 Vertical Angle are
supplementary
∠2 ≅ ∠4 Congruent
Definition of
4. m ∠1 + m ∠3 = 1800 4. ∠3 ≅ ∠5 From statement 2 and
Supplementary Angles
∠4 ≅ ∠6 3, transitive property
Corresponding Angles
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠5
Postulates
Definition of
6. m ∠1 ≅ m ∠5 2.
Congruent Angles
From statement 4 and
7. m ∠5 + m ∠3 = 1800 6, Substitution Statement Reason
Property of Equality 1. r∥s Given
8. ∠3 and ∠5 are Definition of 2. ∠1 ≅ ∠5 are linear Corresponding Angles
supplementary Supplementary Angles pair Postulate
3. m ∠5 + m ∠7 = 1800 Linear Pair Postulate
B. From statements 2
4. m∠1 + m∠7 = 1800
1. x = 13 and 3, By Substitution
m ∠3x + 26 = 650 5. ∠1 + ∠7 are Definition of
m ∠5x = 650
supplementary Supplementary Angles
2. x = 15
m ∠8x + 13 = 1230
m ∠3x + 12 = 570 B.
1. Each angle measures 1270
2. Each angle measures 430.
Answer Key
67
What I Know: What’s More:
A. A.
1. ∠1 and ∠5 and ∠2 and ∠6
2. ∠3 and ∠6 and ∠4 and ∠5 Statement Reason
1. l ∥m Given
3. ∠2 and ∠7 and ∠1 and ∠8
Vertical Angles are
4. ∠3 and ∠5 and ∠4 and ∠6 2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2
Congruent
5. ∠1 and ∠7 and ∠2 and ∠8 Alternate Interior Angle
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3
Theorem
B. 4. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 Transitive Property of Angle
1. Congruent Congruent
2. Congruent Vertical Angles are
5. ∠2 ≅ ∠3
Congruent
3. Supplementary
4. Suppementary 6. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 Transitive Property of Angle
Congruent
What’s In:
B.
1. Parallel , Alternate Interior Theorem
1. x = 50
2. Parallel , Corresponding Angle Postulate m ∠1 = 1250
3. Not Parallel , the sum of the angle is not 1800 m ∠8 = 1250
4. Not Parallel , the sum of the angle is not 1800 2. x = 55
m ∠2 = 1550
m ∠7 = 1550
What’s New: 3. x = 34
m ∠3= 1050
( Students’ answers may vary ) m ∠8 = 750
References
Advincula, Roy Carlo L., et al., Global Mathematics 8. The Library Publishing House,
Inc.:Quezon City, 2013
Deped (2017). Mathematics Grade 8. Learner’s Material. Reprint. First Edition. 2014
Deped (2017). Mathematics Grade 8. Teacher’s Guide. Reprint. First Edition. 2014
Nivera, Gladys C. , Grade 8 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities. Salesiania

Books by Don Bosco Press:Makati City, 2013
Villareal, Abelardo A., Unfurling Mathematics: A Worktext in High School Math.

Future Builder Publications Inc.: Sta. Ana Manila, 2014
68
8
Mathematics
Conditions Under Which Lines
and Segments are Parallel or
Perpendicular
69
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Conditions Under Which Lines and Segments are
Parallel or Perpendicular.
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
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impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Author : Florence S. Tagulao

Co-Author - Content Editor : Josephine C. Pizarro
Co-Author - Language Reviewer : Elenita R. Sampang
Co-Author - Illustrator : Florence S. Tagulao
Co-Author - Layout Artist : Florence S. Tagulao
Co-Author - Team Leader : Josephine C. Pizarro

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
70
What I Need to Know
This module is made for the learners to be able to demonstrate understanding of key
concepts of parallelism and perpendicularity.
At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:
1. Determine the conditions under which lines and segments are parallel or
perpendicular (M8GE-IVe-1).
What I Know
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write only the letter that corresponds to
your answer.
1. A line that intersects two or more lines is called _______.

a. Perpendicular
b. Transversal
c. Segment
d. Parallel
2. Lines that are coplanar and do not intersect is ______.
a. Perpendicular
b. Transversal
c. Segment
d. Parallel
3. Two lines that intersect to form right angles are said to be _______.
a. Perpendicular
b. Transversal
c. Segment
d. Parallel
4. A line or a ray or another line segment that is perpendicular to the line
segment and intersects it at its midpoint is called ________.
a. Angle bisector
b. Perpendicular bisector
c. Perpendicular distance
d. Transversal
71
5. The angles formed by the transversal with the two other lines are called:
a. Exterior angles and interior angles
b. Corresponding angles and alternate interior angles
c. Alternate interior angles and exterior angles
d. Corresponding angles and alternate exterior angles
6. When two lines are crossed by another line (which is called the
Transversal), the angles in matching corners are called _______.
a. Corresponding angles
b. Alternate interior angles
c. Alternate exterior angles
d. Vertical Angles
7. The angles opposite each other when two lines cross.
d. Vertical Angles
8. Which is not perpendicular?
a. b.
c. d.
For nos. 9-15, use the given figure below.
1
3 2
4
9
11 10
5
6 12
7
8 13
15 14
16
9. ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 are called _________.

d. Vertical Angles
72
10. ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 are called _________.
a. Corresponding angles c. Alternate exterior angles
b. Alternate interior angles d. Vertical Angles
11. ∠ 13 and ∠ 16 are called _________.
12. ∠ 2 and ∠ 7 are called _________.
13. The following are corresponding angles EXCEPT

a. ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 c. ∠ 8 and ∠ 4
b. ∠ 2 and ∠ 6 d. ∠ 3 and ∠ 7
14. Which is NOT alternate interior angles?
a. ∠ 2 and ∠ 5 c. ∠ 13 and ∠ 12
b. ∠ 5 and ∠ 4 d. ∠ 11 and ∠ 14
15. Which of following are vertical angles?
a. ∠ 2 and ∠ 4 c. ∠ 3 and ∠ 4
b. ∠ 3 and ∠ 2 d. ∠ 1 and ∠ 3
Lesson
Conditions Under Which
Lines and Segments are
1 Parallel or Perpendicular
Parallel lines when cut by a transversal will form angles. The measure of angles will
help us to determine which lines and segments are parallel and perpendicular.
This module will provide you the knowledge about the conditions under which lines
and segments are parallel or perpendicular.
73
What’s In
A. Directions: Put a check ( ) in the column where the answer corresponds to the
given types of angles. Number one (1) is done for you.
Alternate Alternate
Corresponding Vertical
Given Interior Exterior
angles Angles
angles angles
1. ∠ 1 and ∠ 4
2. ∠ 11 and ∠ 10
3. ∠ 13 and ∠ 12
4. ∠ 9 and ∠ 13
5. ∠ 16 and ∠ 12
6. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8
1
3 2
4
9
11 10
5
6 12
7
8 13
15 14
16
The previous activity gave you the idea about the condition of parallel lines and
intersecting lines. Understanding the above activity prepare you to the next topic of
this module.
74
What’s New
FILL-ME-IN
Analyze carefully the first two examples below, then fill in the rest of the exercises
with the correct answer.
1 3 9 10
d
2 4 11 12
5 6 13 15
c
7 8 14 16
a b
Given:
∠2 is equal to 85°
∠5 is equal to 95°
they are
corresponding
If ∠ 2 = 85° then ∠7 = 85° therefore angles
If ∠ 5 = 95° then ∠ 8 = 95° therefore they are vertical

angles
If ∠ 5 = 95° then therefore

∠1=?
If ∠ 11 = 90° then ∠ 10 = ? therefore
75
If ∠ 16 = 90° then ∠ 12 = ? therefore
Questions:
1. Based on your observations on the measure of angles formed by parallel lines
cut by a transversal, what can you say about the measures of angles?
2. How can you determine whether lines are parallel or not?
3. How can you determine whether lines are perpendicular or not?
What is It
Two lines in a plane are said to be parallel if they do not intersect, when extended
infinitely in both the direction.
Also, the distance between the two lines is the same throughout.
Line a and b are parallel because they do not intersect with each other and it has the
same distance all throughout.
The symbol for denoting parallel lines is ∥.
We can say that a∥b.
Conditions of Parallelism:
If two straight lines are cut by a transversal, and if:
• the pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two straight lines are
parallel to each other.
76
o 1
If m∠1 = m∠2
p 2 then o ∥ p.
• the pair of alternate angles is equal, then the two straight lines are parallel to
each other.
If m∠3 = m∠4
o
3 then o ∥ p.
p 4
• the pair of interior angles on the same side of transversal is supplementary,

then the two straight lines are parallel.
If the sum of ∠3 and

o ∠2 is equal to 180,
3 then o ∥ p.
p 2
Therefore, to prove that the given lines are parallel; show either alternate
angles are equal or, corresponding angles are equal or, the co-interior angles
are supplementary.
Two lines that intersect to form right angles are said to be perpendicular. Line
segments and rays can also be perpendicular.
d
77
The small rectangle drawn on intersecting lines indicates a “right angle.” The symbol
indicates perpendicularity of lines.
┴
We can say that c⊥d.
Two lines are perpendicular if:
• They form four right angles.

d
If c⊥d, then ∠1, ∠2,
1 2 ∠3 and ∠4 are right
c
3 angles.
4
• The angles in a linear pair are congruent, then the lines containing their
sides are perpendicular.
f
If ∠1 and ∠2 form a
1 2 linear pair and ∠1 ≅ ∠2
e
3 are right angles.
4
• Two angles are adjacent and complementary, the non-common sides

are perpendicular.
F G
If ∠FIH and ∠HIG are

complementary and
adjacent, then IF⊥IH
H
I
78
Practice 1
Classify whether pairs of lines are parallel, perpendicular, or intersecting.
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Practice 2
Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
v s
1 3 13 14
e
2 4 15 16
5 6 9 12
k
7 8 10 11
Column A Column B
1. Lines e and k a. Corresponding angles
2. ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 b. parallel
3. Lines e and s c. 90°
4. Lines k and v d. perpendicular
5. ∠2 and ∠ 6 e. Alternate interior angles
6. m∠9 f. intersecting
7. m∠15 + m∠9 g. right angles
8. ∠9, ∠10, ∠11, ∠12 h. 180°
79
9. Intersecting i. Lines e and v
10. Perpendicular j. Lines k and s
What’s More
Fill in the blanks. Use the given figure below to find the measure of the following
angles.
o w
1 3 13 14
l
2 4 15 16
5 6 9 12
f
7 8 10 11
Given:
∠1= 112°
∠13 is a right angle
1. ∠2= _______ 2. ∠5= ______ 3. ∠9= ______ 4.∠3= ______ 5. ∠6= ______
What I Have Learned
Let us summarize your learning by answering the following activity!
Choose the word that will complete the condition on which lines and segments are
parallel or perpendicular. Choices are written in the box below.
1. If the angles in a linear pair are congruent, then the lines containing
their sides are _____________.
80
2. The pair of alternate angles is equal, then the two straight lines are
______________ to each other.
perpendicular parallel
What I Can Do
We see parallel lines and perpendicular lines everywhere. Look around your house
find and list all the things that formed parallel or perpendicular.
Example:
• Ceilings are parallel to the floors.

• Ceilings are perpendicular to the walls.
Assessment
A. Label each pair of lines as Parallel, Perpendicular, or Intersecting.
1. 4.
2.
5.
3.
81
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct then False if the
statement is incorrect.
6.Two lines are parallel if and only if they are coplanar and they do not
intersect.
7.Corresponding angles are congruent.
8.The sum of two adjacent angles is always equal to 90°.
9.Perpendicular lines formed right angles.
10.If two angles are adjacent and complementary, the non-common
sides are perpendicular.
11.The symbol for denoting perpendicular lines is ∥.
12.The small rectangle drawn on intersecting lines indicates a “right
angle.”
13.Alternate interior/exterior angles are equal.
14.A line that intersects two lines is called transversal.
15.The angles in a linear pair are congruent, then the lines containing
their sides are perpendicular.
Use the figure below to answer the following questions as accurately as you can. The
figure below shows j is parallel to k with e as transversal.
e
1 3
2 5 7
4
6
j k 8
Name:
1. 2 pairs of corresponding angles _________ __________

2. 2 pairs of alternate interior angles ________ _________
3. 2 pairs of alternate exterior angles ________ _________
4. 2 pairs of interior angles on the _________ __________
same side of the transversal
5. 2 pairs of exterior angles _________ __________
on the same side of transversal
82
83
What is It What’s New
Practice 1Practice 1 FILL-ME-IN
1. Parallel
2. Perpendicular
3. Intersecting
4. Intersecting
5. Parallel
Practice 2
1. b 6. c
2. a 7. h
3. d 8. g
4. f 9. i
5. e 10. j
6. Questions:
Student’s answer vary.
What’s In
What I Know
Alternate Alternate
Given Corresponding Vertical
Interior Exterior 1. b
angles Angles
angles angles
2. d
1. ∠ 1 and ∠ 4 / 3. a
4. b
2. ∠ 11 and ∠ 10 / 5. a
6. a
3. ∠ 13 and ∠ 12 / 7. d
8. b
9. a
4. ∠ 9 and ∠ 13
/ 10. b
/ 11. d
5. ∠ 16 and ∠ 12
12. c
13. a
6. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8 /
14. a
15. b
Answer Key
84
Additional Activities:
1. ∠2 & ∠6, ∠4&∠8, ∠1&∠5, ∠3&∠7
2. ∠4&∠5, ∠3&6
3. ∠2&∠7, ∠1&∠8
4. ∠6&∠4, ∠3&∠5
5. ∠2&∠8, ∠1&∠7
Assessment:
A.
1. parallel
2. perpendicular
3. intersecting
4. perpendicular
5. parallel
B.
6. true
7. true
8. false
9. true
10. true
11. false
12. true
13. true
14. true
15. true
What I Can Do What I Have What’s More
Learned
1. 68°
Students’ answer may vary. 1. perpendicular 2. 112°
2. parallel
3. 90°
4. 112°
5. 68°
References
Emmanuel P. Abuzo, Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, Belen P. Caldez, Melvin
M. Callanta, Anastacia Proserfina I. Castro, Alicia R. Halabaso, Sonia P. Javier,
Rodger T. Nocom, and Conception S. Ternida., 2013. Mathematics Learner's Material
8. 1st ed. Department of Education, pp.450-456.
DepEd (2016). K to 12 Curriculum Guide. Mathematics
Mat-only-math.com Properties of parallel lines. [online] available at:

https://www.math-only-math.com/properties-of-parallel-
lines.html#:~:text=Conditions%20of%20Parallelism%3A&text=the%20pair%20of%2
0alternate%20angles,are%20parallel%20to%20each%20other.&text=the%20pair%2
0of%20interior%20angles,two%20straight%20lines%20are%20parallel.
Mathisfun.com 2020. Corresponding Angles. [online] Available at:

https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/corresponding-
angles.html#:~:text=When%20two%20lines%20are%20crossed,parallel%20Corresp
onding%20Angles%20are%20equal.
85
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph
86

Compilation Math8 Q4Module-1-5

Uploaded by

Compilation Math8 Q4Module-1-5

Uploaded by

8

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

JUNIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author : Gilda L. Cruel

DIVISION MANAGEMENT TEAM:

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

This module will help you to demonstrate concepts of

In this module the learner should be able to:

❖ Illustrates theorems on triangle inequalities (Exterior Angle Inequality

Always do your best, never give up.

2. The Triangle Inequality Theorem deals with _______ of a triangle

3. Name the smallest angle in this triangle.

4. Name the largest angle in this triangle.

6.The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always ____________.

7. Which of the following angles is an exterior angle of

9. Which of the following is the converse of the hinge theorem?

a. AC is longer than DF. C. DF is shorter than AC.

Are triangles always congruent? Do designs in building or other infrastructure require

Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem

Triangle Inequality Theorem

In the figure, the following inequalities hold.

a. 10 cm, 9 cm, 5 cm b. 9 cm, 6 cm, 2 cm

Inequalities in a Single Triangle

B ∠C is the smallest angle since it is

b. Angle Side Inequality Theorem

A ̅̅̅̅ is the shortest side since it is

Finding Range of the Third Side

3in < n < 11in

4in < n < 20in

b. Converse of the Hinge Theorem

5 m∠A > m∠D.

What I Have Learned

Apply the concepts of theorems on triangle inequalities by identifying the theorem

Solve the given problems below.

Read each item carefully to answer the following questions. Choose

2. The Triangle Inequality Theorem deals with _______ of a triangle

3. Name the smallest angle in this triangle.

6.The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always ____________.

7. Which of the following angles is an exterior angle of

9. Which of the following is the converse of the hinge theorem?

a. AC is longer than DF. c. DF is shorter than AC.

Published by the Department of Education

JUNIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author : Louela A. Alquiza

DIVISION MANAGEMENT TEAM:

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

After going through this module, you are expected to:

2. What are the possible values for x in the figure?

6. In ∆𝑇𝑅𝑈, TR = 8 cm, RU = 9 cm, and TU = 10 cm. List the angles in order

7. A balikbayan chose you to be one of the contractors to design an A-frame

8. Which of the following theorems justifies your response in no. 7?

a. 𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 c. 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐼 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐼

Let us recall the different Theorems on Triangle Inequality below.

Triangle Inequality Theorem 1

the third side of the second.

This is a triangle This is not a triangle

Length of straws Triangle? Compare. Use <, >, 𝒐𝒓 =.

Each Triangle Inequality Theorem can be applied to determine possible

Can a triangle be constructed with sides of lengths?

a. 3 cm, 7 cm, and 8 cm?

8 + 10 > 𝑥 𝑥 + 8 > 10 𝑥 + 10 > 8

Arrange the angles in descending order (or decreasing size).

a. By the Triangle Inequality Theorem 1, since ̅̅̅̅

b. By the Unequal sides Theorem, since ̅̅̅̅

c. Again, using Unequal Sides Theorem, ∠𝑀 > ∠𝐴 > ∠𝐷 .

Triangle Inequality Theorem 2

Given: ∠4 is an exterior angle of

a. b. ∆𝑆𝐵𝐶: 𝑚∠𝑆 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚∠𝐶 = 30

a. The measure of ∠𝑆 =180-155 or 25. By the unequal Angles Theorem, since

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is

Given: ∠4 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐶𝑇𝑉. C

Thus, we have m∠4 = m∠2 + m∠3 by the definition of inequality, we obtain

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides

We can conclude that ̅̅̅̅

- If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides

If m∠𝑌 = 𝑚∠𝐵, then ∆𝑋𝑌𝑊 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐵𝑆 by SAS congruence Postulate. By CPCTC,

3. m∠2 _ m∠6 ; _______________________________

4. m∠7 + m∠8 _ m∠4 ; _______________________________

5. m∠1 + m∠2 _ m∠3 ; _______________________________

6. m∠3 _ m∠4 ; _______________________________