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Spring 4-2014

The Disney Evolution: Princesses as Positive Role Models

Alexandria Irene Lueke
University of Dayton

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 The Disney Evolution:
Princesses as Positive Role Models

Honors Thesis
Alexandria Irene Lueke
Department: English
Advisor: Laura Vorachek, Ph.D.
April 2014
 The Disney Evolution:
Princesses as Positive Role Models
Honors Thesis
Alexandria Irene Lueke
Department: English
Advisor: Laura Vorachek, Ph.D.
April 2014

Abstract
The Disney Corporation has strategically captivated the attention of audiences worldwide with their iconic
animated motion pictures and, as a result, has an impact on children in most nations. Due to their iconic
popularity, these works have been discussed and analyzed in great detail by many scholars. Many have
criticized the films for their seemingly sexist and oppressive gender messages and find fault with the
princesses serving as role models for young girls; they argue that oppressive characteristics and ideas are
presented. However, when one closely examines the films and compares the characteristics of the
princesses to the progressive female of their time, one may clearly see positive messages. Moreover,
interactions between the female protagonists and animals in the stories showcase the princesses’
progressive qualities and highlight the ways in which these individuals may be seen as reputable women
who set a worthy example for young girls. In fact, one may argue that these women are model citizens of
their respective time periods who advocate for gender equality, while promoting healthy, functional
relationships and pursuing happiness.

Dedication
To my parents, Donald and Debra Lueke, and my siblings,
Madeline, Rebecca, Eleanor, Nathaniel, Michael, and
William who are my greatest sources of strength and support.
Thank you for making my life truly magical.
 Table of Contents

Abstract Title Page

Introduction 1
Early Works (1930s-1950s) 5
Middle Works (1990s-2000) 16
Later Works (2000-Present) 24
Conclusion 33
Works Cited 34
 Page |1

Introduction

The Disney princess films are some of the most popular in the world today as they

have been translated into several different languages with a fan base sprawling across the

globe. The Disney Entertainment Corporation has strategically reached families

worldwide and, as a result, has an impact on children in most countries. Because of their

iconic popularity, these works have been discussed and analyzed in great detail by many

scholars. Many have criticized the films for their seemingly sexist and oppressive gender

messages and find fault with the princesses serving as role models for young girls; they

argue that oppressive characteristics and ideas are presented in the popular Disney films.

They see these works as roadblocks to gender equality and advocate for awareness of

their stance. However, when one closely examines the films and compares the

characteristics of the princesses to the progressive female of their time, one may clearly

see the positive messages. Moreover, interactions between the female protagonists and

animals in the stories showcase the princesses’ positive characteristics and highlight the

ways in which these individuals may be seen as reputable women who set a worthy

example for young girls. In fact, one may argue that these women are model citizens of

their respective time periods who advocate for equality, while promoting healthy,

functional relationships and pursuing happiness.

The popularity of the Disney films has made the corporation not only successful

but also the target of negative criticism. Many scholars believe that the Disney films

represent stereotypical gender roles that serve as a poor standard for young women to

aspire. They argue that the oppressive nature of these works sets unrealistic and

unhealthy ideals for young girls by promoting gender inequality and poor self-image. For
 Page |2

example, Mia Adessa Towbin, Shelley A. Haddock, Toni Schindler Zimmerman, Lori K.

Lund, and Litsa Renée Tanner argue that in the media, including Disney films, women

are oftentimes portrayed as the weaker sex who are swept off their feet by abusive, male

dominant figures. Other critics explore the seemingly innovative roles of women in the

films and argue that, despite the façade of empowerment and strength, these characters

simply reinforce and promote different forms of oppression that are still negative and

serve as terrible role models for young children.1 The Disney Corporation, including the

film division, have been criticized heavily over the years. Because the Disney name is

easily recognizable, with that recognition comes a double edged sword that brings about

both positive and negative attention from critics worldwide. In the article, “The

Disadvantage of a Good Reputation: Disney as a Target for Social Problems Claims,”

authors Joel Best and Kathleen S. Lowney explore this dichotomy and point out how

“progressive critics argue that, [the] “decent” content...deserves criticism, in that its

messages promote a hegemonic, uncritical acceptance of traditional values, so that

children exposed to Disney learn to accept capitalism, racism, sexism, and so on,” (Best

and Lowney). These critics view the women in the film as helpless, passive victims to

society's injustices. They find much trouble with the seemingly traditional roles that the

Disney princesses represent and see their role or influence as a negative one for children.

These progressive individuals argue for female empowerment and equality and feel as if

these ideas are underrepresented, if showcased at all, in the Disney productions.

Many scholars have attempted to address this negative presence in their criticism.

Marc Choueiti et al., in an article that discusses G rated films, concludes “the traditional

roles and responsibilities were still prevalent for females. Women were nearly twice as
1
See Jule, Orr
 Page |3

likely (66.3% vs. 34.6%) to be parents or in a committed romantic relationship

(females=60.7%, males= 31.9%). This result illustrates that a sexual double standard for

males and females was alive and well in G-rated content,” (783). The study specifically

focused on Disney films in one section and argues that the Disney message is that women

are helpless and need to be saved by men.

However, other scholars take a different approach and find the films to be a

positive source of empowerment. Some argue that the newer Disney films showcase

weaker men, which in turn provides acceptance for children to show vulnerability and to

not always be perfect. Ken Gillam and Sharron Wooden, for example, study how the

Disney Corporation has attempted to flip the gender norms by pointing out the

weaknesses of men (2). This practice encourages personal expression and discovery or

development as this opens the door for the chronicling of male struggles and triumphs.

This also cultivates a more understanding and supportive environment for boys to grow

up in as they are not expected to only be strong, knights in shining armor who come to

save the day; they too are allowed personal expression, struggle, and roadblocks on their

way to ultimate success.

Author Lisa Brocklebank discusses many of the issues she has with the films in

her article, “Disney's 'Mulan'—the 'True' Deconstructed Heroine?”. In this piece she

comments on the oppressive characteristics shown in traditional films like Cinderella and

Snow White. She notes how the pieces appear to have evolved over time but argues that

this could simply be the result of a different form of oppression and gender role

breakdown. Other critics argue that each princess actually serves as a progressive
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representation of the women of their respective periods2. I extend this argument by

looking at the female characters and their interactions with their animal counterparts. I

argue that each princess’s positive characteristics are showcased through her relationship

with the animals in the films and also within the characterization of the animals

themselves. Many psychologists argue that there is a link between humans and their

animal counterparts and discuss the innate friendship that many individuals have with

their pets. For example, scholar Cynthia Townley states, “To some people, it is simply

obvious that friendship with an animal is a full, even supreme, manifestation of

everything friendship needs to be. Looking at actual relationships, it is hard to deny that

the relationship to a non-human companion is the (equal) strongest connection in the

lives of some humans, temporarily or permanently,” (45). The phrase “strongest

connection” clearly emphasizes the importance of this relationship for many individuals.

The close proximity and bond of these relationships is essential in understanding the

logical link I propose. Animals serve as a source of support, comfort and solace for their

owners. In the same manner, the cartoon animal counterparts operate as friends to the

princesses who serve as an extension of each respective woman’s characterization.

Interestingly, as in any friendship, the animals also encourage the princesses to better

themselves and their conditions while challenging them to be the best versions of

themselves. They do this while offering assistance and encouragement along the way.

The unique relationships between the princesses and their animal counterparts is similar

to those found in human experiences, and because of this link, I contend that the princess

characters can be seen in a progressive and positive manner when considering their

animal counterparts. This is further iterated by the anthropomorphism of the creatures so

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that they clearly appear to physically, emotionally, and intellectually mirror the actions

and agency of each princess.

Interestingly, the relationship between the princesses and their animal

counterparts has not been studied in great detail and largely overlooked, particularly in

regards to the animals operating as an extension of the princesses’ characterization.

Criticism of Disney films tends to look at the animals only in specific situations such as

viewing the film, Beauty and the Beast, from a Gothic perspective3. I am offering this

paper as an early attempt to unpack and study this essential yet oftentimes overlooked

link that makes these films positive role models for young women.

Early Works (1930s-1950s)

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

Walt Disney’s first animated princess classic, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

is one of the most recognizable and adored Disney films. Initially, the film appears to be

merely the tale of a young woman who is ordered to be killed due to her extreme beauty.

Once the huntsman attempts to complete his task, he is overcome by her appearance and

is unable to terminate the life of such a beautiful young woman. Alone, Snow White runs

off into the forest where she makes friends, lives with dwarfs and then is eventually saved

by a prince. On the surface, the basic plot line seems to reinforce negative messages

regarding the role of women; yet focusing on her relationship with the animals reveals

more depth to the piece. In looking at her interactions with the creatures, Snow White

clearly exemplifies many characteristics of an influential woman of the late 1930s.

3
See Swan
 Page |6

In the film, the princess is closest to the friendly and approachable animals. These

creatures accompany Snow White throughout the entire piece and are the only active

members of the work who rarely leave her side. The deer, birds, turtles, and other forest

friends consistently advocate for the princess while working for betterment of her

situation. They are soft, fluffy, approachable, and hardworking, sharing many of Snow

White’s characteristics. These animals are very timid and shy and initially untrusting

when meeting strangers; however, once they warm up to an individual they are playful,

sweet, and loyal. This is clearly seen with the seven dwarfs. When the animals first come

in contact with them they are fearful and very protective of their princess. However, over

time, they warm up to the little men and all live harmoniously. Snow White is similar to

these creatures in that she too is initially wary of strangers but her pitfall is her trusting

and kind hearted nature. This is clearly seen in the opening scenes of the work when she

is singing and exuding joy while she completes her outdoor tasks. When she hears or sees

the strange man (the prince) nearing, she initially hides and then cautiously warms up to

the idea of interacting with him.

While Snow White may come across as a passive, quiet woman who allows men

to run her life, she also possesses many qualities that make her a strong individual who is

capable of self-determination. Snow White is abandoned in the woods and forced to fight

for her survival. Unable to return to civilization for fear of losing her life, the princess

knows she must be resourceful and instantly begins to advocate for herself. She finds the

dwarfs’ cottage and uses her domestic skills to help the men and establish a refuge site.

Immediately, she concludes that her skills are needed and would be helpful in their home

and acts. The princess explores the home, organizes their belongings, and contributes her
 Page |7

all. She is a fighter who knows she must act to achieve success. These attributes are

further demonstrated through the presence of the animals in the piece.

The deer in the work have soft, warm eyes that are similar in shape to the

princess’s. They move gracefully through the forest and walk with almost a bounce in

their steps. The same characteristics are seen in Snow White as she elegantly floats across

the land while walking, has beautiful, welcoming facial features, and is seen as a friendly

creature. The birds have a high pitched chip that mirrors the tone of Snow White’s voice,

and the miscellaneous other animals share her naivety in many situations, especially in

regard to uncomfortable or foreign circumstances. This is clearly seen in the way the

animals initially approach the cottage. Like Snow White, they are timid and slightly

hesitant to enter the building. Once inside, the group shares confusion as they attempt to

discover the inhabitants of the small, dirty home.

Snow White is kind, compassionate, and works to protect and take care of the

dwarfs. She serves as a positive role model who makes the best out of any situation. This

is seen in one of the most memorable and popular scenes from the film when Snow White

is seen cleaning the cottage with the assistance of the animals. In this moment, she is

doing undesirable and frustrating work in the eyes of many viewers, yet makes light of

the situation by finding the silver lining in her situation. She understands her complete

rejection from the kingdom and betters her position by establishing a role within the

cottage. With the animals’ assistance, she keeps the mood light and quickly yet

efficiently finishes all the household chores. This is important as it signifies that Snow

White refuses to become a victim to her situation. Yes, she was almost murdered and

forced to leave her life behind, but she refuses to let her traumatic experiences define her
 Page |8

and instead monopolizes the situation to build relationships and improve her situation.

She instantly decides to take matters into her own hands and create a future for herself.

The fact that Snow White is completes domestic work may initially seem

problematic as she is working primarily within the private sphere. However, considering

that housework was incredibly common for women of the period, she simply is seen as

relatable in her occupation. Yes, she primarily takes care of traditional tasks but she has a

self-starting attitude and work ethic that is admirable and progressive in nature. The

animals also share her enthusiasm for household work and share her work ethic. Their

eyes mimic those of the princess and one can clearly draw a link between the two parties.

The animals share in her love and compassion for the dwarfs and also advocate for the

betterment of the princesses situation when the evil queen attempts to kill the young

woman. The princess is extremely capable and her household abilities are top-notch;

Snow White will successfully manage and create a positive environment.

Due to the era in which the film was made, many of the ideas in this piece may be

seen as repressive or in support of a male-dominated society. However, one must also

consider that the evil queen is a woman and that she is in a position of ultimate power.

Women typically did not hold positions of power in the public sphere and this presence is

remarkable, despite the negative connotations associated, and makes a statement about

how women in fact can hold positions of power. Also, in the 1930s, Snow White’s

positive, hardworking spirit would have been seen as extremely inspirational and even

somewhat progressive for this period of time. She picks herself up when times get tough

and makes the best of her personal situation. Her perseverance and willingness to work to

find a place for survival make her admirable and strong. Snow White, the tale of a
 Page |9

beautiful and kind hearted princess may at first appear to be a dated and passive

representation of women. However, upon closer examination, progressive tendencies may

easily be derived from the princess’s characterization. Rebecca-Anne C. Do Rozario

Rebecca-Anne C. makes this observation stating, “Under the peasant costume, Snow

White is a 1920’s/30’s starlet with a flapper haircut, rosebud mouth, and high-pitched

warble. She matures in the Depression and is happy to pitch in with the working class

dwarves in a time of high unemployment and poverty until she is found once again by

her prince,” (38). The flapper was the modern woman of the roaring 20’s who was on the

cutting edge of fashion, embraced a free spirited life, and dared push gender role

stereotypes through daring costume selections and general social etiquette. The fact that

the physical characteristics of Snow White resemble those of one of the more modern

women of the period gives the impression of gradual and progressive change. Yes, she

still fills many of the stereotypical attributes of repressed women, but she also is a clear

and important representation of strength and independence. Her hardworking attitude,

self-starting drive, and willingness to see the best in any situation resemble that of a

woman attempting to navigate and survive the Great Depression. Because Snow White

possesses all of these characteristics it easily may be concluded that she in fact advocates

for gender equality and freedom as she is a cutting edge representation of a woman of her

time.

Cinderella (1950)

Another famously notable and recognizable Disney work, Cinderella chronicles

the tale of a wealthy young girl who lives with her father. Within the early moments of
 P a g e | 10

the piece, he remarries an unfortunate woman with two daughters who are entitled and

dislike Cinderella. After her father dies, she is forced to become a servant in her own

home and is forced to live a secluded and depressing life of servitude to her step-family.

Some may argue the previously highlighted position regarding oppressive and

traditional gender roles, as previously outlined by Choueiti, is exemplified in the film

Cinderella. After Cinderella’s father dies, she is left to the mercy of her evil step mother

and the only way she is able to escape the abuses of her home life is to rely on the

mystical assistance of the fairy godmother so that she may attend the ball and fall in love

with the Prince. In this instance, the viewer clearly can see how the men wield all the

strength and power. The evil stepmother gets her financial power and support from her

late husband and Cinderella is only relived of her abusive situation when the Prince

swoops in and sweeps her off of her feet. However, I argue that because of her consistent

positivity and relationship with her animal counterparts, she actually is a positive role

model that defies negative criticism.

In the film, the animals with which Cinderella identifies the most are the mice.

The mice inhabiting her family estate are quirky, spirited, restless creatures who want

what is best for kind individuals. They advocate for Cinderella and try to make the best

out of every situation. These spirited creatures are loyal yet feisty as they continuously

provoke their enemies. They fight for what is right and are not afraid to stand up for what

they believe in. These small animals are mean to Lucifer (the family cat) who is

worshiped by the step family and stand up for Cinderella when she fails to advocate for

herself. Cinderella, like the mice, is a kind hearted individual who looks for the best in
 P a g e | 11

every situation. She knows what is right and lives the life of a centered and focused

individual. Despite her condition she stays cheerful and positive.

The mice represent the person the Cinderella longs to become. These creatures are

active and create change while altering outcomes. This is clearly seen when Cinderella

does not have a dress to attend the ball. The mice, discouraged and dissatisfied with the

current situation, come together, along with the birds, to make a beautiful gown. Despite

their lack of resources, they look around the home and find numerous materials and

objects possible to make her dream dress a reality. The mice represent Cinderella’s

innermost strength and courage; while the princess is completing her chores, her animal

companions vigorously work to complete the gown. These creatures overcome the

obstacles and restraints placed by the step family, combatting their oppression, and make

opportune situations possible. They may be small and seem powerless (like Cinderella)

but they have the capability and the power to make wonderful things happen as they

produce a beautiful gown using discarded items. Throughout the scene, the mice and

other creatures are upbeat and fully engaged in their project. We see a similar attitude in

Cinderella as she maintains a positive demeanor despite her bleak situation. This is

clearly seen when she is singing and keeping a positive attitude when feeding the farm

animals and finding pleasure in her seemingly mundane household tasks. Throughout the

film, these creatures share several of the same characteristics as Cinderella in that they

are spirited, hardworking, and motivated individuals who advocate for the success of the

princess.

The mice are a prime example of anthropomorphized creatures as these

individuals take on the mannerisms of Cinderella and operate as an extension of her

 P a g e | 12

characterization. The princess’s fury friends wear clothing, speak broken English, and act

in the same manner as young children. They are shown to have impulsive behaviors,

fierce loyalty, kind hearts, and a strong work ethic. The most notable and outspoken, Gus

Gus and Jacque, form close bonds with Cinderella and are oftentimes seen assisting her

with day to day tasks. At the end of the film, these mice, along with the other animals in

the manor, are responsible for helping Cinderella escape from her attic room so that she

may try on the glass slipper and eventually is united with the prince. Another clear link to

the humanistic tendencies in the animals may be seen in one of the most magical parts of

the film. At one point, the fairy godmother arrives and turns several of the creatures and

inanimate objects into humans, horses, and a carriage to sweep Cinderella off to the ball.

In this instance, the animals are literally transformed into the people that they most

closely resemble, highlighting the intentional link between the animals and the humans in

the piece.

As previously stated, the animals mimic human characteristics and reinforce the

mannerisms and ideas associated with certain characters. The animals that befriend

Cinderella have a happy and positive demeanor that is intentional. The mice, birds, dog,

and farm animals are cheerful, friendly, lively and spirited beings that bring joy and

happiness to the scenes. Whenever one of these beings is on the screen, the mood is lifted

as they are the result of a powerfully positive energy. The mice all have delightful,

miniature costumes, are seen dancing with large smiles, and are all always working

together harmoniously on the screen, mimicking Cinderella. Due to the striking

resemblance in characteristics, these creatures are clearly an extension of Cinderella’s

personality. They also are all a warm, soft light brown color. They are not harshly shaped
 P a g e | 13

or intimidating to look at; instead, the mice are cheerful little fur balls that dance across

the ground. This energy and optimistic spirit is then linked back to Cinderella, which

may cause the viewer to have positive feelings and emotional ties with her. The creatures

want Cinderella be successful. Many may identify with the emotional tie Cinderella has

to her furry friends and they see the kind actions she does for them. For example, when

Cinderella releases Gus Gus from the cat Lucifer’s trap, she also finds clothing and

friends for the new mouse. This promotes compassion and respect as worthy attributes.

Cinderella provides for those around and maintains a caring and nurturing environment.

Her extreme kindness evokes a strong level of pathos within the audience while building

a strong image on the screen.

The one evil animal, the cat, Lucifer, aptly, the same name as the demonic angel

in the Bible, is identified with the evil step-sisters and the step mother. They dote on him,

and his behaviors and mannerisms mirror those of the evil step family. He is colored dark

black and dirty grey with greenish eyes. Interestingly, his coloring mirrors that of the

evil step family in that his dark coloring and green eyes are the same as the evil step

mother and step sisters. His appearance in and of itself is negative. The harsh coloring

makes him stand out and seem unapproachable and his long thin eyes are terrifying and

uncomfortable to confront. The hues on his body give off an aggressive and threatening

vibe. Pointy white teeth that seem powerful and dangerous are another key characteristic

of this creature. He is conniving, spiteful, hurtful, and like any cat, ultimately hunts the

mice. Lucifer, like his owners, enjoys making more work and misery for Cinderella; this

is clearly seen when he purposefully tracks dust and dirt all over the floor that she just

finished scrubbing. This spiteful behavior mirrors the actions of the evil step-family in
 P a g e | 14

the scene right before the ball. When the step family sees Cinderella’s new dress, they

notice all the parts of it that required the use of their hand-me down items and physically

destroy it by pulling apart the gown to gain access to their pieces. Physically, they are

destroying and degrading the princess in a savage and violent manner. This moment of

hatred and evil energy mirrors that of Lucifer, the cat. His character evokes hatred and

spiteful energy toward not only himself but also toward the evil step family as he is

closely tied to them and reflects their attitudes and ideas. The fact that Lucifer serves as

an extension of the step-family’s characterization magnifies how the mice and other

creatures serve as an extension of Cinderella’s characterization.

The female protagonist in this work is relatable as, along her journey, she

experiences sadness and disappointment. She is put down by her family, forced to work

as a slave in her family home, and seems as if she is unable to attend the ball. At times,

we see the princess feeling defeated, frustrated, and desiring to give up. One of the most

famous scenes in which the viewer sees her in a vulnerable state is after her gown is

destroyed by the step-family and she is crying on the bench feeling helpless, lonely, and

defeated. She is portrayed lying across the seat, wailing, with sad soft music in the

background. In this scene, the animals closest to the princess share her emotions and also

seem distraught by Cinderella’s situation. Interestingly, the individual who arrives to

assist and “save” Cinderella in this moment is the fairy godmother. This is remarkable

because in this instance, a woman is arriving to assist and save another woman. The

strong and capable individual in this situation is a female; however, it is important to note

that she is a capable of magic, and that there are limitations to her powers.
 P a g e | 15

In the 1950s, Cinderella would be seen as a strong and positive role model for

women due to her positive demeanor and work ethic. She overcomes the abusive

challenges presented by her family and, because she never gives up, ultimately achieves

success. The majority of middle class women at this time period were homemakers living

“the American Dream” and this image of femininity may have been inspiring in that it

provided the picture of a resilient individual for those who may have a less than ideal

home life.

Cinderella may not seem like much of an advancement considering Snow White

and the thirteen years between their releases. However, DoRozario argues that:

The transitions on the timeline between the generations of Disney women are not,

however, simple, but complex rites of passage, with power wrestled from one

generation to the next not through nurturing familial bonds but through socially

constructed relationships; stepmothers and fairy godmothers not mothers and

grandmothers. The emphasis is not on the ties of blood but on the social

covenants between women. (40-41)

These relationships are not always clearly evident but may be traced when one studies the

gradual acquisition of power and control by women for women in these works. The

process is complicated and gradual, which is crucial as it points to the increase in

women’s gender equality over time. The women in these films have nothing handed to

them; instead they must work-work to be taken seriously, work to be considered an equal

in society, and work to forge the paths that lead them to their destinies.

Evidence of the princesses’ strong work ethic is seen in both of these films and is

one of the fundamental aspects of their empowerment. This is also represented in their
 P a g e | 16

animal counterparts. Cinderella and the mice work both physically and mentally to help

Cinderella reach ultimate success. Yes, some may argue that because she is saved by a

prince she is the typical “damsel in distress.” However, one may argue that her hard

work, dedication, and the assistance of the fairy godmother is actually what is responsible

for her “rescuing.” Cinderella and her animal friends accomplished mundane household

tasks, keeping busy daily to stay alert and alive in an abusive environment. They worked

to stay occupied, and avoid depression despite their bleak circumstances. The animals’

cheerful demeanor reflects that of their human counterpart. Because these creatures are

an extension of the princess’s characterization, one may conclude that their actions are

representative of Cinderella.

Middle Works (1990s-2000)

From the 1970s through the late 80s, very few Disney films contained princess

themes and stood the test of time to be considered a classic or recognizable by current

audiences. Because of this, I have chosen not to include works from this short period of

time as they are not pertinent to my argument. However, in the early 1990s, several films

featuring princesses as the primary protagonists premiered. These pieces contain slightly

more progressive individuals than the earlier films that captivated audiences. These

works, like their predecessors, contain positive role models for young women.

Pocahontas (1995)

Walt Disney’s interpretation of the classic romanticized tale of Pocahontas is

typically seen as a traditional contribution to the princess collection. In 1995, the Disney

Corporation produced this complex work that is still popular with audiences. The story
 P a g e | 17

follows the tale of the Native American princess, Pocahontas, as she navigates her

father’s expectations and her desire to create and follow her own destiny. The work

chronicles her tribe’s interactions with the English settlers, including her love story with

John Smith, the bumpy collision of the two cultures, and her ultimate decision to stay in

North America to fulfill her traditionally appointed duty and support her tribe. Litsa

Renee Tanner et al. discusses the princess and states “In many ways Pocahontas is

portrayed as a strong female character; however, at the end of the film, she follows a

stereotypic female script,” (24). In this instance, Tanner et al. is sharing a position on the

choice that Pocahontas makes in the film to stay and work with her family suggesting this

is an oppressive or stereotypical choice. However, I argue that in this moment she

actually is placing the needs and wants of those around her above her romantic ideas

making this actually the more progressive and practical choice for an empowered and

important individual.

The relationship between Pocahontas and John Smith reveals much about her

characterization as she is very candid and straight forward in their interactions. This is

clearly seen after John Smith offends Pocahontas by calling her people savages. Instead

of taking such an insult, she logically contradicts his opinion and points out how he could

be the savage one due to his lack of awareness and knowledge of the land. In this

instance, despite the traditional gendered power dynamic, we see the princess combat the

ignorance of a strong masculine character. By proving herself as an equal and rarely

hesitating from a conflict with a male leader, she exerts herself as an opinionated and

passionate woman who feels as if she should have the ability to follow her own dreams.
 P a g e | 18

Pocahontas is a free spirited individual who is very in touch with her

surroundings. Oftentimes in the work, she moves in an almost animalistic manner, giving

the impression that her soul is united with the creatures. This is evident in the film when

she is moving around the waterfall, following John Smith and when she goes to visit

Grandmother Willow, the wise old talking tree. She quietly and carefully manages the

landscape, in the same way an animal may while attempting to hide in the brush. She

develops an intimate relationship with all the elements of the wild, including the animals.

She is oftentimes seen interacting with the creatures of the forest and is always

accompanied by two significant animals, Meeko, her pet raccoon, and Flit, her

hummingbird.

Meeko, Pocahontas’s raccoon companion, is a curious and loveable creature that

accompanies the princess in nearly every scene. He is stubborn, cautious and reflects the

innermost thoughts of the female protagonist throughout the work. Meeko is very

protective and advocates for Pocahontas. He is opinionated and works to help her become

a better version of herself at all times. This is clearly seen when he initially has her best

interest at heart and discourages her from contacting John Smith. This model is a

respectable role for girls and women as in this situation we see an empowered yet logical

understanding of the situations presented by Meeko.

The hummingbird that accompanies Pocahontas throughout the piece, Flint, is a

stubborn creature that is flighty and easily upset. This closely mirrors the attitude held by

the princess as she too shares the emotions expressed by this little creature at different

instances throughout the piece. Like Flint, Pocahontas is opinionated, driven, and

stubborn. She knows what she wants and is willing to fight for what she believes is right.
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The princess is not content consistently staying in one place; she is always searching for

her path or the next adventure. Similarly flint is always hovering, waiting for the next

adventure of movement. This behavior is exemplified when the princess is seen singing

about which path she should take as she wonders what is around the river bend.

Pocahontas encourages and promotes peace, harmony, and unity. She is a non-

judgmental individual who despite being labeled as naive and incapable, challenges the

notions that the English and the members of her own tribe possess. She serves as a

peaceful negotiator between the colonists and her tribe and is responsible for saving the

life of her love interest, Captain John Smith. However, at the end of the film, she takes on

the typical female role of caretaker and stays in America to help care for her tribe and her

home instead of going back to England with John Smith. This instance may be perceived

in both ways- positive in that she is staying true to herself despite being in love with a

man, and negative as she is held back due to her duty and role as a woman in a traditional

Native American tribe.

Some may view the conclusion of the film and Pocahontas’s decision to stay in

North America as a repressive message; however, in reality, this is an instance of extreme

empowerment and pride. Pocahontas chooses her duty to her father, her people, and her

territory, over a romantic relationship that would require her to leave her family and roots

behind. In this moment, the princess is choosing to stay in her home to hold an

authoritative and important role in the tribe dynamic. The viewer sees Pocahontas making

a selfless and logical decision that will most likely benefit the majority. She is financially

and socially stable in North America and has her own life and identity with her tribe. If

Pocahontas chose to return to England, she would be viewed as a second class citizen
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who would be forced to compromise her identity, conforming to Western cultural

expectations.

Interestingly, when one considers Pocahontas in comparison to the women of the

early 1990s, she is representative of the working mother attempting to balance a career

and her family, ultimately on a quest to “have it all.” Her difficult choice to choose her

family and duty over love highlights the challenges of this situation. Pocahontas fails to

successfully balance a romantic relationship and a career, or her duty to the tribe, arguing

how incredibly challenging it was to balance obligations for women in the early 1990s.

Pocahontas desires success, personally, emotionally, and spiritually. She strives to do

what is right and balance her love life with her responsibilities and obligation to her tribe.

At the end of the piece, like many women in the 1990s, she makes the difficult decision

to stay in North America with her tribe and pursue her version of a career, sacrificing her

romantic wants for family obligations.

Mulan (1998)

Mulan chronicles the tale of a young woman in ancient China who fails to fit the

traditional mold of a petite, well-behaved young woman who is content with an arranged

marriage. She consistently fails her family and struggles to conform to the traditional

ideals desired for a woman of this film’s period. Unlike the perfect woman, she is

outspoken, driven, masculine, and willing to take chances. Continually, she fails to

protect the family’s reputation and much emphasis is placed on her dishonoring behaviors

and attitude. She articulates her opinion in the public male sphere and is defiant in her

failure to withhold her thoughts and comments around the family table. As the film

progresses, we see Mulan risk her life to fight in the emperor’s army, in place of her
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disabled father, an incredibly risky and dangerous idea considering her position as a

female. As the work progresses, she becomes an essential member of the military and

eventually saves the empire with her quick intelligence and perseverance in face of

adversity.

Lisa Brocklebank’s article on Mulan focuses on the idea of a “cross-dressing”

heroine and argues the possibilities that this key element brings to her character.

Brocklebank explores the several different ways of looking at the key pieces of Mulan’s

character construction and points out the influence her society has on the way she is

perceived in the film. Mulan, aware of the constraints presented by her culture,

capitalizes on her resources to assist her family by taking on a “masculine” role and

serving in the emperor’s army in the place of her father. In this instance I argue that

Mulan, the woman, is stronger and more capable than her father, the man, and takes it

upon herself to do whatever she must to protect him and her family’s name. Even though

Mulan must hide her gender, her strength is emphasized in the risks she takes as a woman

donning the appearance and societal role of a man.

Mulan is only character in the film that interacts with multiple as she primarily

spends her time with the dragon, Mushu, the “lucky” cricket, and her horse. These three

animals all play an interesting part in her characterization and development throughout

the film. Acting as an extension of her character, these creatures are anthropomorphized

in a deliberate manner that showcases the depths of Mulan.

Mushu, the dragon, like Mulan, is seen as simply a mistake. He failed at

protecting a previous ancestor and because of that error, is seen as a pawn by the

powerful and ancient family protectors. He desires to be seen as a powerful and valid
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force, but instead is only laughed at whenever he attempts to do something of importance

or value. He is not trusted or utilized for his strengths, instead, only for the simple tasks

that he is capable of accomplishing. In the same way that Mulan fails in her meeting with

the matchmaker, Mushu failed at protecting the family. When the princess meets with the

town’s marriage arranger, she incorrectly pours the tea, shares the incorrect responses and

wreaks havoc in the building. Similarly, Mushu is unable to protect the ancestors and

embarrasses the family, resulting in his occupation as merely an accessory or assistant to

the other family spirits.

Mushu further represents and highlights Mulan’s feelings of inadequacy and

discontentment. He desires to be taken seriously and given another chance in the same

way that Mulan longs for acceptance and the ability to become what her family wants her

to be. Mushu represents Mulan and her continuous struggle to be accepted. Like Mulan,

the little red dragon fails and is a disappointment by traditional standards. His presence

functions as an elaboration of the inner conflict within Mulan and highlights the constant

struggle that accompanies feelings of inferiority and neglect. The two together go on a

journey of discovery and enlightenment as they both help each other accomplish what

they set out to do- Mulan to serve in the Emperor’s army as a man to save her father’s life

and Mushu to protect her from harm’s way. The two “outcasts” showcase the inner

thoughts and traits of one another in a creative way that makes the message clear and

easy to follow.

The “lucky” cricket, that we later find out is not lucky at all, showcases how little

luck has to do with Mulan and her success. Instead, this little creature portrays how

Mulan simply needs to believe in herself to obtain success. This is highlighted in the
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beginning when the Grandmother “blindly” crosses the street relying on the power of the

“lucky” cricket. The cricket is a scared, timid, little creature that hides his eyes and

shakes in his little cage while being carried across the busy roadway. He is not confident

in himself, but instead, the grandmother is confident in her ability as they successfully

cross the street. We see a similar situation with Mulan. Mulan is scared and terrified at

first, like the cricket. But, when trying times present themselves, she rises to the occasion

and believes in herself and ultimately finds success in battle as she saves the Empire from

destruction at the end of the movie.

Mulan’s horse is a loyal and sturdy creature that she relies on throughout the film.

The horse is a constant source of support that is always accompanying the protagonist

while she is serving in the military. He showcases that dependability and perseverance

are important when working through a situation. This link can clearly be seen when

Mulan single handedly defeats a Hun group by following her gut and using her natural

intelligence. She refuses to follow the demand to fire directly at the enemy leader, and

instead observes her surroundings and uses the final cannon to set off an avalanche so her

group can escape safely. An instance of her perseverance is also seen at the end of the

film. When Mulan discovers that the enemy is still alive and planning an attack, despite

being let go from the service, she still works to defend the nation and ultimately saves the

day. In this moment we see Mulan contribute fully to society as she uses her intuition to

make remarkable progress and change that ultimately is responsible for the nation’s

success.

Because Mulan is able to save the empire at the end of the film, dressed and

acting as a traditional female, she makes a strong and powerful message for women
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worldwide. She showcases that tradition does have some value; however, following one's

heart and acting on one’s own accord is extremely important when approaching or

embracing a new situation. By closely considering her relationship with Mushu, I

conclude that she is a woman of great growth and potential, which she reaches. Mulan

pushes the envelope and provides an example of a strong, independent woman who defies

the odds, saves the empire, and establishes her own standard for herself.

Mulan represents the internal conflict of many women in the late 1990s as she

attempts to balance her femininity with her strength and abilities. In this film, Mulan, like

many women of the late 1990s is able to accomplish her ultimate goal while wearing

traditionally feminine clothing. Interestingly, the film, G.I. Jane, that addresses the role

of women in the military released in 1997, showing how this animated classic is

reflective of topical women’s issues, particularly in regards to the military. This

showcases how the princess is reflective of women of the period who are capable of

keeping their feminine identity while tackling difficult issues that are seen as outside of

the domestic or stereotypically feminine sphere. I argue that this is an instance of

feminists embracing femininity. This serves as a stark contrast and a monumental marker

of advancement as the Disney Corporation is having a woman ultimately defend her

nation in the military while wearing traditional dress. In fact, Mulan uses her femininity

as a tool to manipulate and ultimately gain success as her opponent simply viewed her as

a fulfilling a traditional role. Women in the late 1990s were able to demonstrate their

abilities and talents while embracing and celebrating their natural characteristics.

Later Films (2000-present)

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Within the last five years the Disney Corporation has produced their most

progressive and strong female characters. I argue that this is a reflection of the current

status of women as society has reached a point in which independent, confident women

are not only tolerated but celebrated. These feminist models need very little support from

anthropomorphized creatures; instead, these women are profound developments in the

Disney collection.

Brave (2012)

Walt Disney’s feature film, Brave, is based on the story of a spunky, opinionated,

young woman who dreams of following her heart. A quintessential tom-boy, Merida

rejects typical roles of femininity in this work. Refusing to “act like a lady” and conform

to the expected norms of behavior, she prefers activities such as archery and outdoor

exploration to mastering rules and other feminine techniques such as household

organization, tapestry, and manners. Receiving constant scrutiny from her mother, the

young princess, in a quest for acceptance, decides to ask a witch to help change her

mother. She gives Merida a tart and to her surprise, after consuming the treat, her mother

turns into a bear. The story follows the tale of the two women in their struggle to

understand themselves, the spell, and ultimately each other.

Merida is the strongest and most successful woman in the work. She advocates for

herself and is not afraid to combat men and political positions. This is clearly seen when

she states how she only will marry for true love. She advocates for herself in a way that is

not common as she goes against the expectations of all other characters; she refuses to

conform or marry for traditional reasons. Instead, she insists on marrying only for true
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love and a lifelong connection. At the end of the film, she is not in a relationship and

seems to have rejected the idea of marrying all together.

Merida’s mother, the queen, serves as a stark contrast to her behaviors. In this

work, the mother figure showcases the idea of the traditional woman. This character

represents the attitude of most women in this film’s period. She felt compelled to oblige

to the culture at large. The mother as a human being is as extension of who she is

supposed to be by cultural standards. She is known for her sewing skills, calm demeanor,

ability to control and maintain a well-run household, and patience with her husband and

unruly children. She is presented with respect and admiration. This shows respect for the

women of the past who made great sacrifices for their families and in this case her

country.

In this piece, the women are not accompanied by anthropomorphized animal

counterparts; instead, the mother physically turns into the animal that is closely

associated with Merida. When the mother becomes a bear, the two begin to operate as

each other’s double. Initially, in the same manner that Merida rejects traditional ideas; the

mother bear rejects the wild and free lifestyle they lead on their journey to find a cure for

her condition. She is seen attempting to wear her tiara while maintaining poise and lady-

like tendencies despite living in the woods as bear. However, as the film progresses, the

two slowly begin to accept and appreciate each other. The mother slowly is mentally

transformed into a bear and Merida gradually begins to appreciate the traditional respect

that her mother has attempted to enforce throughout her life. This is most clearly seen

when the mother bear goes fishing toward the end of the film. She no longer tries to use

her hands or other tools but instead embraces her bear characteristics and is seen catching
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fish with her mouth. Similarly, when Merida believes that her mother is gone she fully

understands the sacrifices her mother made for her and appreciates the hard work and

position she occupies. In this moment, we see the mother adapting the free, spunky spirit

exemplified by Merida while, in turn, Merida grows in gratitude and further

understanding of her mother and the reasoning behind her actions. The physical

transformation is a clear departure from earlier Disney pieces that is significant because

the Queen is not accompanied by an animal but instead fully changes into the creature

that is an addition to her characterization. I argue that this is due to society’s recognition

of the potential strength of women. Audiences were prepared for the strong evolution of

an individual that maximized animal assistance without being consistently dependent on

the presence of the creature throughout the entire film.

An important symbolic moment in the work is at the end of the piece when the

mother is transformed back into a human being. Merida accepts and embraces the

traditional ideas of the past by discovering that the tapestry, a traditional feminine

product, is the key to reversing the spell. In wrapping her mother, as the bear, in the

cloth, she is in fact unifying the two worlds and ultimately showing her appreciation and

understanding of the situation. This moment showcases the merging of traditional and

modern ideals and balances ideas regarding womanhood and the sacrifices that

accompany while highlighting the liberation of a modern and free-spirited individual.

The movie has respect for the women of the past and the ways in which they navigated

these oppressive stances while celebrating the liberation for which Merida advocates.

This film highlights the attitudes of many women in the twenty first century who

are attempting to balance appreciation for traditional customs with modern opportunities.
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Many have great respect for the work and approaches of their past models but look to the

future and take on the stance of a modern, independent and successful woman. Many

women in the 21st century are open to the idea of not marrying, and if one so chose, they

only desire to marry for love. This is the attitude held by Merida in the work and

highlights the transformation regarding expectations for women. Interestingly, this idea is

previously presented in Mulan as she too chooses to the end work unwed.

Frozen (2013)

Walt Disney’s latest animated film, Frozen, has captivated the attention of

audiences nationwide. Initially, the film was perceived by many as a typical Disney

production about a princess fighting an evil snow queen; however, Frozen is the most

progressive film in the Disney collection as it contains instances of strong female

leadership and examples of gender equality without requiring the use of animals to

further develop the strengths of the female protagonists, Anna and Elsa. The work

highlights the societal shift to accepting and appreciating strong female leadership by

utilizing characters that are successful and overcome their own obstacles without major

male assistance.

The story opens revealing that Elsa, the future queen, possesses wintery powers

that while wonderful, may also be harmful. When she accidentally harms her little sister,

her parents, afraid of her abilities, lock her up and cause extreme emotional damage. Her

little sister, Anna, unaware as to why she is no longer present, is left lonely and

distraught. Only desiring the companionship of her sister, this young woman repeatedly

attempts to rekindle her relationship with her sister. On the night of Elsa’s coronation

ball, Elsa’s powers are revealed and for fear of rejection, she flees the town and
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establishes an icy kingdom. The piece chronicles Anna’s journey to save not only her

sister but also their kingdom and ends with an ultimate demonstration of sisterly love and

self-sacrifice.

In the work, the presence of the snowman Olaf serves as an incredibly interesting

character. At first, one may interpret his presence as the traditional anthropomorphized

creature in a Disney film; however, I argue that he does not. The princesses created the

snowman and ultimately gave him life, making him a solid example of the power and

capability of the women in the movie. Olaf is present in the film and serves as an image

of comic relief throughout the piece and while he adds an interesting dimension to the

work, ultimately, his presence does not serve as an extension of the princesses’

characterization. The snowman has his own unique personality and desires. This is

clearly seen in the piece when he states that he dreams of one day experiencing the

season of summer. His quirky attitude and loveable demeanor while a positive reflection

of Elsa’s creation abilities are not directly related to her characterization. I argue that this

is because the Disney Corporation has reached a point in which the animal counterpart is

not necessary to develop strong female characters in the pieces. As a society, we have

reached a point that strong, independent women appear on screen without assistance from

supporting characters. Elsa knows what she wants and is not afraid to create her own

future and ultimate success or happiness. Interestingly, the only animal counterpart in the

piece is a comical reindeer that serves as Kristoff’s right-hand man. I argue that this

placement is remarkable as this highlights the transformation of gender roles and

expectations.
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One of the main positive messages that may be drawn from this work is the

importance of celebrating physical differences and embracing the gifts that each

individual possesses. Elsa, the new Queen of Arendelle, initially is ashamed of her

difference and her powers. She is embarrassed to have a unique skill and is told by her

parents that her powers are something to be feared and concealed. The work chronicles

her internal struggle and points out the importance of celebrating and appreciating the

differences of others. The negative results of oppressing gifts is highlighted through the

internal struggle, pain, and isolation felt by Elsa in the beginning and middle of the work,

and the good that comes from accepting and celebrating each individuals strengths at the

end when the sisters are living in harmony and ruling the kingdom using Elsa’s powers to

promote good.

Many traditional fairytale elements are mocked in this Disney piece. The

quintessential love at first sight element is poked at throughout the work as Hans Prince

of the Southern Isles and Anna’s relationship is questioned and rejected by all parties in

the work. They poke fun at the idea of marrying someone right away and question Anna

for agreeing to marry Hans after only one encounter. Elsa, Anna’s sister refuses to

endorse such an irresponsible and impulsive life choice, which ultimately begins their

major disagreement and separation. Throughout the work, other characters, including

Kristoff, a merchant who accompanies Anna on her search for Elsa, also criticize her

choice to consider entering into a union without having a substantial relationship. This is

clearly seen in the film, while they are hiking through the snow, and he is incredibly

surprised by her choice to marry a man that she just met. The absurd nature of marrying

an individual on impulse is exemplified later in the work when Han’s true motives are
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revealed. Hans turns on Anna and is only after her money and power; he has no desire for

a serious partnership. This stark contrast to the earlier Disney films marks a turn in

societal expectations regarding dating and marriages. Interestingly, the strength of the

women in the piece is showcased as Hans, the Prince Charming character, is the villain.

At the end of the work, Anna and Kristoff share a kiss and presumably a

relationship begins. Due to their status difference as Anna is a princess and Kristoff is

from the working class, this union advocated for the breaking down of traditional

restrictions on relationships and fully embraced the idea held in the 21st century that

individuals choose their partners for love and shared values, not status and societal

expectations. This is empowering as it advocates for positive relationships that promote

personal growth rather than financial or societal growth. This is an interesting distinction

from other Disney films as in this moment, the two appear to be together yet a marriage

or future plans are not assumed. Unlike other Disney films, this instance provides a fresh

perspective introduces the idea of dating in Disney films, opposed to the traditional

fairytale view in which two individuals instantly falls in love.

Elsa, the Queen, never chooses to marry and never enters into a relationship at

any point in the film. She rules the kingdom without the assistance of a male and her

qualifications to rule (before her special powers are revealed) are never questioned. After

she flees, her little sister, Anna, becomes the primary ruler- showcasing how the power is

this society is yielded primarily by women. Hans attempts to gain control and fails,

highlighting the power of the women and their vast influence on the citizens of their

kingdom.
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An important distinction between Elsa and other Disney heroines is her

unmatched confidence in her abilities. She is aware that she is capable of ruling the

kingdom and it is only her hidden powers and the fear of harming others that frighten this

young woman. She is a driven, intelligent being who knows she is capable of running a

kingdom and ultimately learns to control her powers and overcome the adversity that

comes from her fear within herself. Elsa feels confident and comfortable creating her own

happiness, as showcased through her behaviors when she builds her own ice castle. While

singing the hit song, “Let it Go,” this protagonist conquers the struggle to conform and

accepts her true identity while embracing her full power and independence.

This piece highlights the strength of women by having the two sisters essentially

save each other with minimal assistance from outside forces. After Anna’s heart is

accidentally frozen by her sister Elsa, Kristoff discovers that an act of true love is

necessary to save her. Kristoff assumes this would be a kiss from Hans and he takes her

to him in an attempt to save her life. However, it is Anna’s self-sacrifice to save the life

of her sister that in turn saves herself while showing Elsa that love and happiness are the

keys to controlling her special wintery powers. Both women are strong, confident, and

kind individuals who are capable of doing great things, therefore serving as strong and

respectable role models for girls.

All of the above elements highlight the current gender climate in western 21st

century society. Women celebrate the liberation that is associated with being single and

are comfortable holding leadership positions. Their abilities are no longer questioned due

to their gender but instead women are seen as capable, intelligent, and dependable

individuals who can and will accomplish challenging tasks. Like Anna, the modern
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woman is open to relationships yet does not allow them to define her as she prioritizes

her own success and happiness over attempting to fill a certain mold. The ideal woman

portrayed in this film is a confident, driven, intelligent, kind, and loving person who is

not afraid to stand up for what she believes and always advocates for following her own

heart in regard to her dreams, ambitions, relationships, and goals.

Conclusion

The Disney princess films important cultural artifacts when one considers the

gender stereotypes, particularly roles of women, over the course of the last seventy years.

I argue that the princesses in each of these films are positive role models of women who

have slowly yet effectively challenged the gender restrictions of the past while

advocating for equality and ultimate success for women. Snow White resembles the

flapper and hardworking attitude necessary in the 1930s, Cinderella maintains a positive

attitude for self-preservation, Pocahontas pushes societal expectations to advocate for

herself, Merida refuses to conform to traditional expectations, and Anna and Elsa are

strong confident women who are not afraid of success. Looking at the relationships

between the princesses and the animals is important as these creatures serve as a crucial

piece of evidence to the positive messages that viewers may deduce from the pieces. The

animals highlight the strength, determination, spunk, and perseverance of the women in

these pieces by advocating for their respective protagonist. Society has evolved to the

point that these figures are no longer necessary and I predict that strong figures will

continue to appear in Disney productions. This research is important to consider when

one considers the Disney princesses as positive role models for women. As I have
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evaluated, there is much evidence to indicate they are progressive images of women

should be appreciated by modern audiences.

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