JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

1) What is the difference between Java and JavaScript?

Java and JavaScript are both programming languages, but they have
different origins, syntax, and use cases.

Java is an object-oriented programming language. And it was designed to

be platform-independent. It means that Java programs can run on any
system or machine which has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. Java is
commonly used for developing desktop, web, and Android mobile
applications.

On the other hand, JavaScript is a scripting language. And it was designed to

add additional functionality to the webpage and add interactivity and
dynamic behavior to web pages. It is executed on the client-side. JavaScript
is primarily used for creating interactive web pages and web applications.

2) What is JavaScript?

JavaScript is a powerful scripting language which is used for creating dynamic

and interactive websites. It can be used for Frontend and Backend
Development. And JavaScript is a high-level and most popular programming
language. It is executed on the web browser. And now it can also run on the
server using Node.JS runtime environment.

3) What are the data types supported by JavaScript?

JavaScript supports several data types, including:

1). Primitive Data Types

• Number: Number is used for numeric values, including integers and

decimals.

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 • String: String is used for text values.

• Boolean: Boolean is used for logical values, either true or false.

• Undefined: It is used for uninitialized variables or missing property

values.

• Null: Null in JavaScript is used for representing intentional absence of

any object value.

• Symbol (added in ECMAScript 6): Symbol in JavaScript is used for

creating unique identifiers.

2). Complex Data Types

Object: Object in JavaScript are used for storing collections of data,

including key-value pairs and arrays. Objects are essentially containers for
other data types and object can also contain functions

4) What are the best features of JavaScript?

JavaScript is a high-level, and interpreted programming language which is

widely used for creating interactive and dynamic web pages. Here are some
key features of JavaScript:

• Object-Oriented

• Dynamic Typing

• Interactivity

• Cross-Platform

• Client-Side Execution

• Easy to Learn

• Versatility

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5) Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language explains with
Example?

JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. It means that the

language keywords, variables, function names, and any
other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of
letters.

For example, the variable "myJSVariable" and "myjsvariable" would be

considered as two different variables in JavaScript

6) Advantages and Disadvantages of JavaScript

Advantages

• Simple: JavaScript is simple and easy to use language for beginner.

Users and Developers both find the structure to be straightforward.

• Speed: JavaScript is a "interpreted" language, and no matter where

JavaScript is hosted, it is always run in a client environment to reduce
bandwidth usage and speed up execution.

• Fast speed: JavaScript is executed on the client side that’s why it is very
fast.

• Easy to learn: JavaScript is easy to learn. Any one who have basic
knowledge of programming can easily lean JavaScript.

• Versatility: JavaScript refers to lots of skills. So it can be used in a wide

range of applications.

• Browser Compatible: JavaScript supports all modern browsers. So, it can

execute on any browser and produce same result.

• Server Load: It reduces the server load because it executes on the client
side.

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 • Rich interfaces: JavaScript provides the drag and drop functionalities
which can provides the rich look to the web pages.

• Popularity: JavaScript is a very popular scripting language because it is

used everywhere on the web.

Disadvantages:

• Security vulnerabilities: JavaScript can pose security risks if not used

properly. Malicious code can be injected into a web page and executed
by the browser, which can lead to data theft and other security issues.

• Browser compatibility issues: JavaScript code can behave differently

on different web browsers, which can lead to compatibility issues. So
developers need to test their code on multiple browsers to ensure that it
works as expected and it does not contains any issues.

• Performance issues: It can sometimes be slower than other

programming languages, especially when dealing with large amounts of
data. This problem can lead to performance issues and slow page
loading times.

• Limited control over hardware: JavaScript has limited access to

hardware resources such as the file system and network ports. Which
can make it difficult to create certain types of applications.

7) How can you create an object in JavaScript?

Almost everything is an object in JavaScript. And we can create objects using

multiple ways and most common used are:

Using an Object Literal

const person = {
firstName: "Raju",
lastName: "WebDev",

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 age: 20,
eyeColor: "blue"
};

Using the JavaScript Keyword new

const person = new Object();

person.firstName = "Raju";
person.lastName = "WebDev";
person.age = 20;
person.eyeColor = "blue";

8) How can you create an Array in JavaScript?

The most common way to create an array in JavaScript is to define an array

using the array literal. Given code below is used to create an array using array
literal:

const codingSeries = ["HTML Simplified", "CSS Master", "JavaScript Doctory"];

9) What is a name function in JavaScript & how to define it?

A named function declares a name as soon as it is defined. It can be defined

using function keyword as :

function myFunction() {
// write code here
}

10) What is the 'this' keyword in JavaScript.

There can be different uses of this keyword in JavaScript. In JavaScript, this is

a reference variable which refers to the current object.

this can also be used to:

i) Invoke current class constructor

ii) Invoke current class method

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iii) Return the current class object

iv) Pass an argument in the method call

v) Pass an argument in the constructor call

11) What is Callback function in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, a callback function is a function which is passed as an

argument to another function, to be "called back" at a later time.

A function which accepts other functions as arguments is called a higher-

order function, which contains the logic for when the callback function gets
executed. It's the combination of these two that allow us to extend our
functionality.

12) Explain call() apply() and bind() methods in JavaScript.

call(), apply(), and bind() are methods available in JavaScript which allows
you to change the context in which a function is executed.

i) call() method is used to invoke a function with a specified this value and
arguments provided individually. It accepts the this value as the first
argument, followed by the arguments to be passed to the function.

function greetHello(name) {
console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);
}

const person = {
name: 'Geeks Help'
};

greetHello.call(person.name, person.name);

// Output: Hello, Geeks Help!

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ii) apply() method is similar to call(), but it accepts an array of arguments
instead of individual arguments. The first argument is still the this value.

function greet(greeting, punctuation) {

console.log(`${greeting}, ${this.name}${punctuation}`);
}

const person = {
name: 'Raju'
};

greet.apply(person, ['Hello', '!']);

// Output: "Hello, Raju!"

iii) bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its this
keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of arguments
preceding any provided when the new function is called.

const person = {
name: 'Raju WebDev'
};

function greetHello() {
console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}!`);
}

const greetHelloToRaju = greetHello.bind(person);

greetHelloToRaju();

//Output: "Hello, Raju WebDev!"

13) What is the difference between exec() and test() methods in

JavaScript?

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i). exec(); The exec() method tests for a match in a string. If exec()
method finds a match then it returns a result array, otherwise it will return null.
In other words, The exec() method takes a string as the parameter. This string
is which is to be checked for match in the given string.

Syntax: Here is the syntax of the exec() method of regular expressions in

JavaScript:

regularExpressionObj.exec(string);

14) What is currying in JavaScript with Example.

Currying in JavaScript transforms a function with multiple arguments into a

nested series of functions, each taking a single argument. Currying helps you
to avoid passing the same variable multiple times, and currying in
JavaScript helps to create a higher order function.

Here is the example of currying in JavaScript

function add(x) {
return function (y) {
return x + y;
}
}

// Usage
const add5 = add(5);

console.log(add5(3));
//Output: 8

console.log(add5(7));
//Output: 12

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15) What is closure in JavaScript with example.

In JavaScript, a closure is the combination of a function enclosed

with references to its surrounding state (the lexical environment). In other
words, a closure gives access to an outer function's scope from an inner
function. closures are created every time a function is created, at function
creation time.

Closures are the functions which refer to independent variables. In other words,
the function defined in the closure 'remembers' the environment in which it
was created.

function numberGenerator() {
// Local “free” variable that ends up within the closure
let num = 1; function checkNumber() {
console.log(num);
}
num++;
return checkNumber;
}

let number = numberGenerator();

number();

// Output: 2

16) How to create a cookie using JavaScript?

A cookie is an amount of information that persists between a server-side and

a client-side. A web browser stores this information at the time of browsing
in client's browser.

A cookie contains the information generally as a string in the form of a name-

value pair separated by semi-colons. Cookie maintains the state of a user
and remembers the user's information among all the web pages.

Given syntax is used to create a cookie:

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document.cookie="name=value";

17) How to read a cookie using JavaScript?

Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing, because the value of

the document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever
you want to access the cookie. The document.cookie string will keep a list
of name=value pairs separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a
cookie and value is its string value.

To read a cookie using JavaScript, you can use the document.cookie property,
which returns a string containing all the cookies associated with the current
document.

let userName = document.cookie = "name=raju webdev";

console.log(userName);

18) How to delete a cookie using JavaScript?

To delete a cookie using JavaScript, you can set its expiry date to a date in the
past. This will cause the cookie to expire immediately, effectively deleting it.

document.cookie = "name=; expires=Thu, 04 Feb 2024 00:00:00 IST ; path=/;";

19) Explain Hoisting in JavaScript.

Hoisting in JavaScript is a behavior where variables and functions are moved

at the top of their respective scopes during the compilation phase. This means
that they can be accessed and used before they actually declared in the code,
no matter where they are declared.

20) Why do we use the word "debugger" in JavaScript?

The word "debugger" in JavaScript refers to the built-in debugging tool which
is available in most modern web browsers. This tool allow developers to pause
the execution of their JavaScript code, examine the state of variables and
objects, and step through the code line-by-line to find and fix errors or bugs
in their code.

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The term "debugger" comes from the process of "debugging," which is the act
of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in computer code. The
term "debugging" refers to the process of finding and fixing errors in code.

21) Difference between var and let keywords in JavaScript.

In JavaScript, var and let both are used to declare variables, but they have
some important differences in how they work:

1). Scoping rules:

i) var is function-scoped, which means that a variable declared with var is

accessible within the entire function it was declared in, regardless of where it
was declared.

ii) let is block-scoped, which means that a variable declared with let is only
accessible within the block. (i.e. between the curly braces {}) it was declared
in, including any nested blocks.

2). Hoisting:

i) Variables declared with var are hoisted to the top of their scope, which
means that they can be accessed before they are declared, but their value will
be undefined until they are assigned a value.

ii) Variables declared with let are not hoisted, which means that they cannot
be accessed before they are declared.

3). Re-assignment:

i) Variables declared with var can be re-assigned to a new value within their
scope.

ii) Variables declared with let can also be re-assigned, but they cannot be re-
declared within the same scope.

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22) Explain Implicit Type Coercion in JavaScript.

In JavaScript, type coercion refers to the automatic conversion of a value from

one data type to another data type. Implicit type coercion occurs when this
conversion happens automatically, without the programmer explicitly
specifying it in the code.

Implicit type coercion can happen in different contexts in JavaScript, but

some common examples are:

1). String concatenation:

When a string is concatenated with another value that is not a string,

JavaScript will implicitly convert the non-string value to a string before
concatenating them together. For example, "Hello" + 123 will be coerced
to "Hello123"

2). Comparison operators:

When two values of different data types are compared using the == or !=
operators, JavaScript will implicitly convert one or both of the values to a
common data type before making the comparison.

For example, "123" == 123 will be coerced to true, because the string "123" is
implicitly converted to the number 123 before the comparison.

23) JavaScript is a statically typed or a dynamically typed

language?

JavaScript is a dynamically typed language. It means that the data types of

variables are determined at runtime, rather than being explicitly declared or
enforced by the programmer. In JavaScript, a variable can hold a value of
any data type, and the data type of a variable can change dynamically based
on the value assigned to it.

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24) Explain passed by value and passed by reference.

In programming, when we pass a variable as an argument to a function, the

value of the variable can be passed in two ways: passed by value and passed
by reference.

1). Passed by value:

When a variable is passed by value, a copy of the variable's value is made and
this value is passed to the function. It means that any changes made to the
variable within the function will not affect the original variable outside of the
function.

In JavaScript, primitive data types (such as numbers, strings, and booleans)

are typically passed by value. Here's an example:

function increment(num) {
num += 1;
}

let x = 5;
increment(x);
console.log(x);

// Output: 5

2). Passed by reference:

When a variable is passed by reference, a reference to the variable's memory

location is passed to the function. It means that any changes made to the
variable within the function also affect the original variable outside of the
function.

In JavaScript, objects (including arrays and functions) are typically passed by

reference. Here's an example:

function addItem(arr, item) {

arr.push(item);

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}
let myArray = [1, 2, 3];
addItem(myArray, 4);

console.log(myArray);

// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

25) Explain the Immediately invoked function expression

JavaScript example.

An Immediately Invoked Function (IIFE) in JavaScript is a function which is

executed immediately after it is defined. The purpose of an Immediately
Invoked Function (IIFE) is to create a new scope for the function and to
encapsulate its variables and functions to prevent them from polluting the
global namespace.

(function() {
// Code to be executed here
})();

26) What do you mean by strict mode in JavaScript and

characteristics of JavaScript strict-mode

Strict Mode was a new feature in ECMAScript5 which allows us to place a

program, or a function, in a "strict" operating context. This strict context
prevents certain actions from being taken and throws more exceptions. The
statement "use strict"; instructs the browser to use the Strict mode, which is a
reduced and safer feature set of JavaScript.

Using Strict mode for the entire script: To invoke strict mode for an entire script,
put the exact statement "use strict"; (or 'use strict';) before any other
statements.

Whole-script strict mode syntax

'use strict';
let strickCode = 'strict mode script!';

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Characteristics of JavaScript 'Strict Mode'

i) Variable Declaration: In strict mode, all variables must be declared

using var, let, or const keywords before they are used. It helps to catch
undeclared variables, which can lead to unexpected behavior.

ii) Assignment to Read-Only Properties: In strict mode, attempting to assign

a value to a read-only property, such as a global object or a variable declared
with const, will result in an error.

iii) Deleting Variables, Functions, or Function Arguments: Deleting variables,

functions, or function arguments is not allowed in strict mode.

iv) Duplicate Parameter Names: In strict mode, defining a function with

duplicate parameter names is not allowed.

v) Octal Literal Syntax: Octal literals (e.g., 0123) are not allowed in strict mode.

vi) With Statement: The use of the with statement is not allowed in strict mode.
The with statement can make code less predictable and hard to optimize.

vii) Reserved Words as Variable Names: Using certain reserved words as

variable names, such as eval or arguments, is not allowed in strict mode.

viii) This Binding in Functions: In strict mode, the this value is undefined in
functions that are not methods or constructors.

27) Higher-order functions JavaScript example

Higher Order Functions (HOF) are functions which takes one or more functions
as arguments or return a function as a result.

In JavaScript, functions are first-class citizens, which means that they can be
assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and returned from functions.

Here are some examples of Higher Order Functions in JavaScript:

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1). Map: The map function is used to transform an array by applying a function
to each element of the array and creating a new array with the results.

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArr = arr.map((num) => num * 2);
console.log(newArr);

//Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

2). Filter: The filter function is used to create a new array with all elements that
pass the test implemented by the provided function.

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArr = arr.filter((num) => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(newArr);

// Output: [2, 4]

3). Reduce: The reduce function is used to reduce an array to a single value by
applying a function to each element of the array.

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const sum = arr.reduce((acc, num) => acc + num, 0);
console.log(sum);

//Output: 15

4). Function as an argument

function higherOrderFunction(func) {
console.log("Before calling the argument function");
func();
console.log("After calling the argument function");

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}

function sayHello() {
console.log("Hello!");
}

higherOrderFunction(sayHello);

// Output
Before calling the argument function
Hello!
After calling the argument function

5). Function as a return value:

function greet() {
return function() {
console.log("Hello World!");
};
}

const greeting = greet();

greeting();

//Output: Hello World!

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