MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE

BODIES
STRESS & STRAIN
DIAGRAM
ENGR. JERUSA V. ORBON
INSTRUCTOR
Stress & Strain Diagram

is a graph that shows the

change in stress as strain
increases
 Ordinates from Stress-Strain Diagram
Proportional Limit
-Beyond this point, the stress is no longer proportional to strain.
Elastic Limit
-a point at which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded but will retain
a permanent deformation that is called the permanent set. “ Singer&Pytel”
-upon reaching this point, if the load is removed the specimen will still return back to its
original position. “Hibbeler”
Yield Point
-there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding
increase of the load.
Ultimate strength
-the highest ordinate in the stress-strain diagram
Rapture Strength
-Stress at failure using the cross sectional area constantly as the load applied is increasing
progressively
Actual Rapture Strength
- Stress at failure using the actual behavior of cross sectional area as the load applied is
increasing progressively.
 Stress and Strain
Graphical Classification
1.) Engineering/Nominal/Conventional
this corresponds to the stress and strain results using the
cross sectional area constantly as the load is further increasing.
2.) True/Actual
this corresponds to the stress and strain results using the
actual area behavior as the load is further increasing.

Offset Method
The method used to determine the yield stress of the
material when not known.
Problem 24
The following data were recorded during the tensile test of a 14-mm-diameter mild steel rod. The
gage length was 50 mm. Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following mechanical
properties: (a) proportional limits; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) ultimate strength; and
(e) rupture strength

Number Load Elongation Number Load Elongation

(N) (mm) (N) (mm)
1 0 0 10 46200 1.25
2 6310 0.010 11 52400 2.50
3 12600 0.020 12 58500 4.50
4 18800 0.030 13 68000 7.50
5 25100 0.040 14 59000 12.50
6 31300 0.05 15 67800 15.50
7 37900 0.060 16 65000 20.00
8 40100 0.163 17 61500 fracture
9 41600 0.433 18
Number Load Elongation Stress Strain
(N) (mm) (MPa) (mm/mm)
1 0 0 0 0
2 6310 0.010 40.991 0.0002
3 12600 0.020 81.851 0.0004
4 18800 0.030 122.127 0.0006
5 25100 0.040 163.053 0.0008
6 31300 0.05 203.329 0.001
7 37900 0.060 246.203 0.0012
8 40100 0.163 260.494 0.00326
9 41600 0.433 270.239 0.00866
10 46200 1.25 300.121 0.025
11 52400 2.50 340.397 0.05
12 58500 4.50 380.023 0.09
13 68000 7.50 441.736 0.15
14 59000 12.50 383.271 0.25
15 67800 15.50 440.437 0.31
16 65000 20.00 422.248 0.40
17 61500 fracture 399.511
Stress-Strain Diagram
Tension Test
Tension Test/ Tensile Test
- is a destructive test process that provides information about the tensile strength,
yield strength, and ductility of the metallic material. It measures the force required
to break a composite or plastic specimen and the extent to which the specimen
stretches or elongates to that breaking point.
Working Stress & Factors of Safety
Working Stress – is also called as the “Allowable Stress” is the maximum safe stress a material can
carry.

𝜎𝑌𝑃 𝜎𝑈𝑆
𝜎𝑊 = or 𝜎𝑊 =
𝑁𝑌𝑃 𝑁𝑈𝑆
Poisson’s Ratio
+𝑦 Strain with respect to x-axis,
∆𝑥
𝜖𝑥 =
𝑥
∆𝑦
Strain with respect to y-axis,
𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝜖𝑦 =
𝑦
+𝑥 Poisson’s Ratio
∆𝑥 𝜖𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜇=
𝑥 𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙

Important Note:
Strain is a Vector Quantity, thus direction should be considered. For
convenience, assign positive sign for lengthening and negative sign for
shortening

Therefore, 𝜖𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = + 𝜖𝑥 and 𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 = − 𝜖𝑦

By Substitution, 𝝐𝒙
𝝁=−
𝝐𝒚
Problem 25
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in the figure. If an axial force
of P = 80 kN is applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the
change in the dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The material
behaves elastically. Say 𝜇 = 0.32, E=200 GPa .
𝑦

1.50m
80 kN 80 kN
𝒙
50mm
100mm
Solution 𝑧
Strain along x-axis
Deformation along x-axis 0.12
1.5 1000 𝛿𝑥
80 1000 𝜖𝑥 = = 𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝒎/𝒎𝒎
𝐿
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝑥 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 1500
𝐴𝐸
Using Poisson’s Ratio 8𝑥10−5
𝑊𝑡 𝜖𝑧
0.32 ; 𝜖𝑧 = −𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝜇=−
100 200,000 𝜖𝑥
50
Strain along z-axis
2.56𝑥10−5
𝛿𝑧
𝜖𝑧 =
𝑊

100

𝜹𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒎

Strain along y-axis

𝜖𝑧 = 𝜖𝑦 = 𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ; 𝜖𝑦 = −𝟐. 𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓
Therefore
2.56𝑥10−5
𝛿𝑦
𝜖𝑦 =
𝑡

50

0 −𝟑 𝒎𝒎
𝜹𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎
 Case 1: Uniaxial Load
𝑦

𝜎𝑥 ∆𝑙 𝜎𝑥 ∆𝑏 𝜎𝑥 ∆𝑑 𝜎𝑥
𝜖𝑥 = = ; 𝜖 𝑦 = = −𝜇 ; 𝜖𝑧 = = −𝜇
𝑏 𝑙 𝐸 𝑏 𝐸 𝑑 𝐸
𝑑
𝑧 𝑙

Case 2: Biaxial Load

𝜎𝑦

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝜖𝑥 = −𝜇 ; 𝜖𝑦 = −𝜇 ; 𝜖𝑧 = −𝜇 +
𝑏 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑑
𝑧 𝑙

Case 3: Triaxial Load

𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧
𝜖𝑥 = −𝜇 + ; 𝜖𝑦 = −𝜇 +
𝜎𝑥 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑏 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑑 𝜖𝑧 = −𝜇 +
𝜎𝑧 𝑙 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
 Modulus of Elasticity
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐸=
𝜖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

Modulus of Rigidity/Shear Modulus

𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝑣 = 𝐺 =
𝜖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

Relations Between E and G

𝐸
𝐺=
2 1−𝜇

Important Note:
To eliminate confusion, when the sign of deformation is considered, so as
the axial force. positive sign is the designated sign for tension, and negative sign for
compression
 Volumetric Strain:
-Is equal to summation of linear strains in 3 mutually perpendicular
directions.
𝑦
∆𝑉
𝜖𝑣 =
𝑉
𝑥
𝑏 ∆𝑉 = ∆𝑙 𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑙 ∆𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑙 𝑏 ∆𝑑
𝑑
𝑧 𝑙
∆𝑙 ∆𝑏 ∆𝑑
𝜖𝑣 = + +
𝑙 𝑏 𝑑

𝜖𝑣 = 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 + 𝜖𝑧

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝜖𝑣 = −𝜇 −𝜇 + −𝜇 −𝜇 + −𝜇 −𝜇
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝜖𝑣 = − 2𝜇
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
Simplified Formula: 𝜖𝑣 = 1 − 2𝜇
𝐸
 𝐸𝐵 and 𝐸 Relations
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity/Modulus of Volume Expansion
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝐵 =
𝜖𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
Substitute Volumetric Strain,
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝐵 =
∆𝑉
𝑉
𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝐵 = 𝜎 + 𝜎 + 𝜎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 − 2𝜇
Note: 𝐸

𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝐵 =
3𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
1 − 2𝜇
𝐸
Formula:
𝑬
𝑬𝑩 =
𝟑 𝟏 − 𝟐𝝁
Problem 26
A solid aluminum shaft of 80 mm diameter fits concentrically in a hollow steel
tube. Compute the minimum internal diameter of shaft carries an axial
compressive load of 400 kN. Assume 𝜇=1/3 and 𝐸=70 GPa.
𝑦

𝑃 = 400 𝑘𝑁 Strain along x-axis

𝐷𝑖𝑛
80𝑚𝑚 3.789𝑥10−4
∆𝐷
∆𝐿 𝜖𝑥 =
𝐷
𝑥

80
𝐷𝑖𝑛
∆𝐷 ∆𝐷 ∆𝐷 = 0.03031
2 80𝑚𝑚 2 Therefore 0.03031
Solution 80
Strain along y-axis
−400 1000 𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷 + ∆𝐷
𝑃 80
𝐴 𝜋 2 𝑫𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎∅
𝜎𝑦 𝐷
𝜖𝑥 = −𝜇 4
𝐸 = 3.789𝑥10−4
1
3
70,000
 Approaches in the Analysis of
Indeterminate Members

1.) Compatibility/Kinematic Conditions

Equations the specifies the conditions for
displacement
2.) Superposition Method or Flexibility/ Force
Conditions
this states that the resultant stress or displacement
at the point can be determined by algebraically
summing the stress or displacement caused by each
load component applied separately to the member
Restrictions in using Superposition Method
1.) the loading must be linearly related to the stress
or displacement that is to be determined.
2.) the loading must not significantly change the
original geometry or configuration of the member.

L
Case in Point: Compatibility Method

1 2
P
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑪
A B C
1 2

Segment 1-1 Segment 2-2

1 2
P
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝟐
A A
1 2
Analysis
𝑅2 𝐿𝐵𝐶
Relative Displacement/Deformation Thus, 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐴/𝐶 = 0 𝛿𝑅1 − 𝛿𝑅2 = 0
𝛿𝐴/𝐶 =?
𝑅1 𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐴/𝐶 = 𝛿𝑅1 − 𝛿𝑅2
Or,
Substitute
𝛿𝑅1 − 𝛿𝑅2 𝑅1 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑅2 𝐿𝐵𝐶
− =0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐴/𝐶 = 0

Equation of Equilibrium
𝛿𝑅1 − 𝛿𝑅2 = 0
𝛿𝑅1 =? From Segment 1-1
𝑅1 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑅1 = 𝑅𝐴
𝛿𝑅1 =
𝐴𝐸
From Segment 2-2
𝛿𝑅2 =?
𝑅2 = 𝑃 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑅2 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝛿𝑅2 =
𝐴𝐸
Case in Point: Flexibility Method

P
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑪
A B C

=
𝜹𝑷
FBD 1
P P
𝑹𝑨
A B B’ C C’

+
𝜹𝑹𝑪
FBD 2
P P
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑪 𝑹𝑪
A B B’ C C’
Analysis
Relative Displacement/Deformation Thus,

𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝛿𝑃 − 𝛿𝑅𝐶 = 0 − =0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
Where,
Equation of Equilibrium
𝛿𝑃 =?
𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝛿𝑃 = From FBD 1
𝐴𝐸
𝑃 = 𝑅𝐴
𝛿𝑅𝐶 =?
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 From FBD 2
𝛿𝑅𝐶 =
𝐴𝐸
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑃 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
Substitute, 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝑅1 − 𝛿𝑅2 = 0

𝑃𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸
Problem 27
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of cast iron 5 mm thick.
Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 1 mm in the length of 2 m. for
steel, E=200x109 N/m2, and for a cast iron,E=100x109 N/m2

𝜹𝒔𝒕 = 𝜹𝑪𝑰 = 𝟏 𝒎𝒎
1 mm
𝑹𝑺𝑻
2m

𝑹𝑪𝑰
Solution
Using Equilibrium Equation Therefore, 196,349.54
𝑅𝐶𝐼 + 𝑅𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃
𝑅𝐶𝐼 + 𝑅𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃
𝑅𝐶𝐼 =? 2 1000
1𝑚𝑚
43,196.90
𝑅𝐶𝐼 𝐿 100,000
𝛿𝐶𝐼 =
𝐴𝐸 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗, 𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝑵
50
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐷 − 𝑑2
4 4
50 + 2 5
𝑅𝐶𝐼 = 43,196.90 𝑁
𝑅𝑆𝑇 =? 2 1000
1𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑆𝑇 𝐿 200,000
𝛿𝑆𝑇 =
𝐴𝐸
𝜋 2
𝐷
4
50
𝑅𝑆𝑇 = 196,349.54 𝑁
Problem 28
A horizontal bar of negligible mass, hinged at A in the figure and assumed rigid, is supported by a
bronze rod 2 m long and a steel rod 1 m long. Using the data in the accompanying table, compute the
stress in each rod,

Steel Bronze
Area (mm^2) 600 300
E (Gpa) 200 83
Proportional limit (Mpa) 240 140

Bronze 2m
Steel 1m

A 0.6m 1.0m 0.8m

5o kN
FBD 1 𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵

Steel Bronze

A 0.6m 1.0m 0.8m

50 𝑘𝑁
FBD 2

A 0.6m 1.0m 0.8m

𝛿𝑆
𝛿𝐵
50 𝑘𝑁
Solution Bronze
2 1000
From FBD 1
Using Equilibrium Equation 𝑃𝐵 𝐿 𝑃𝐵
𝛿𝐵 = =
𝐴𝐸 12,450
↻ +Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0
300
−0.6𝑃𝑆 − 1.6𝑃𝐵 + 50 2.4 = 0 83,000
Or Steel
1 1000
0.6𝑃𝑆 + 1.6𝑃𝐵 = 50 2.4 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1
𝑃𝑆 𝐿 𝑃𝑆
𝛿𝑆 = =
From FBD 2 𝐴𝐸 120,000
600
Using ratio and proportion
200,000
𝛿𝐵 𝛿𝑆
= Important!!
1.6 0.6 𝑃𝑆
120,000 600𝑃𝑆 + 1600𝑃𝐵 = 50,000 2400 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1
𝛿𝐵 = 2.667𝛿𝑆
𝑃𝐵
Using Cal Tech
12,450
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝑆 = 115,083.41 𝑁
2.667 − = 0 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄2 𝑃𝐵 = 31,843.72 𝑁
120,000 12,450
Therefore
31,843.72

𝑃𝐵
𝜎𝐵 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴
300
115,083.41

𝑃𝑆
𝜎𝑆 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴
600
 Thermal Strain

𝛿𝑇 = ∆𝑇α𝐿 Where:
𝛿𝑇 =Change of length due
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
to change in temperature
∆𝑇=Net temperature
−6
𝑓𝑡
α𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 6.45x10 /℉ 𝐿=original length
𝑓𝑡
−6 𝑚 𝑇𝑓 =final temperature
= 11.6x10 𝑚 /℃
𝛼=coefficient of
thermal/linear expansion
Note:
𝛿𝑇 ∝ 𝑇
Problem 28
The A-36 steel bar shown in the figure is constrained to just fit between two fixed supports when
T 1 = 60°F. If the temperature is raised to T 2 = 120°F, determine the average normal
thermal stress developed in the bar. Say E=29,000 ksi.

0.5 in.
0.5 in.

B
Using Compatibility Method

A A

𝑅𝑖𝑛
B B

𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡

(Internal/Temperature) (External/Reaction)

𝛿𝐴/𝐵 = 𝛿𝑇 − 𝛿𝑅
Using Superposition Method

A A A

= +
B B B

B’
B’
𝛿𝑇
𝛿𝑅

𝛿𝐴/𝐵 = 𝛿𝑇 − 𝛿𝑅
Solution
𝛿𝐴/𝐵 = 0

𝛿𝑇 − 𝛿𝑅

∆𝑇𝛼𝐿 𝑅𝐿
𝐴𝐸
𝜎
Thus,
120 − 60 𝑅𝐿
∆𝑇𝛼𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸
6.45𝑥10−6
29000

𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

Problem 30
A steel rod 2.5 m long is secured between two walls. If the load on the rod is zero at 20℃, compute the stress when the
temperature drops to -2o℃. The cross sectional area of the rod is 1200 mm^2, 𝛼=11.7 𝜇m/(m.℃), and E=200 Gpa.
Solve, assuming
(a) that the walls are rigid and
(b) the walls spring together a total distance of 0.500 mm as the temperature drops.
𝑎. )

𝛿𝑇
𝑃

𝛿𝑃

𝑏. )

𝛿𝑇

𝛿𝑃 0.5
Solution

a.) b.) 2.5 1000

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃 −𝜎
𝑃𝐿 200,000
𝑃𝐿 𝐴𝐸 −0.5
∆𝑇𝛼𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃 + 0.5
−40
𝜎 11.7𝑥10−6 ∆𝑇𝛼𝐿 2.5 1000
𝜎 = ∆𝑇𝛼𝐸
11.7𝑥10−6
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 200,000
𝝈 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑪
−20 20

𝜎 = −93.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Or
𝝈 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑪
Problem 31
A rigid block having a mass of 5 Mg is supported by three rods symmetrically placed, as shown in the
figure. Determine the stress in each rod after a temperature rise to 40℃. The lower ends of the rods are
assumed to have been at the same level before the block was attached and the temperature changed. Note
that symmetry dictates that the block will remain horizontal. use the data in the accompanying table

Each steel rod Bronze rod

Area (mm^2) 500 900
E (MPa) 200,000 83,000
𝛼 (𝜇m/(m.℃) 11.7 18.9

Bronze
L=1.0 m
Steel Steel
L=0.5 m L=0.5 m

W=5 Mg
Solution

FBD1
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵 𝑃𝑆
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
5 1000 9.81
2𝑃𝑆 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑊
2𝑃𝑆 + 𝑃𝐵 = 49,050𝑁 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1

FBD2

Bronze
Steel

Steel
Zero Displacement
𝛿𝑇
Temperature considered
𝛿𝑃
Weight of the block considered

𝑊
From FBD2
𝛿𝑇,𝐵 + 𝛿𝑃,𝐵 = 𝛿𝑇,𝑆 + 𝛿𝑃,𝑆

𝑃𝐵 1000 𝑃𝑆 500
40 1000 40 500
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
Δ𝑇𝛼𝐿 𝐵 + = Δ𝑇𝛼𝐿 𝑆 +
𝐴𝐸 𝐵
𝐴𝐸 𝑆
11.7𝑥10−6
18.9𝑥10−6 83,000 200,000
900 500

𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵
− = 0.522 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄2
200,000 74,700

Equate EQ1 and EQ2

𝑃𝑆 = 37,094.33 𝑁
𝑃𝐵 = −25,138.67 𝑁 𝑇
= 25,138.67 𝑁 𝐶
Stress
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵
𝜎𝑆 = = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 And 𝜎𝐵 = = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐴 𝐴
Problem 32
The rigid beam shown in the figure is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A992 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the beam, and the
temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine the force supported by each post if the bar is subjected to a uniform
distributed load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is raised to T2 = 80°C. 𝛼𝑠 = 12𝑥10−6 /℃, 𝛼𝐴𝑙 =
23𝑥10−6 /℃, 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑠 = 73.1 𝐺𝑃𝑎

300mm 300mm

150 kN/m

40 mm 40 mm
60 mm

Steel Aluminum Steel

Free body diagram
R=90 kN

a.) Forces

𝑹𝒔𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒔𝒕

300mm 300mm

b.) Displacement When isolated

thermal
𝛿𝑎𝑙,𝑇

thermal
𝛿𝑠𝑡,𝑇 𝛿𝑎𝑙,𝐿

load
load
𝛿𝑠𝑡,𝐿
𝜹𝒔𝒕 𝜹𝒂𝒍 𝜹𝒔𝒕
Solution
FBD 1
Equate EQ1 and EQ2
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
2𝑅𝑠𝑡 + 𝑅𝑎𝑙 = 90 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1 𝑅𝑠𝑡 = −16,444.14 𝑁 ↑
Adjusted Or = +𝟏𝟔, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑵 ↓
2𝑅𝑠𝑡 + 𝑅𝑎𝑙 = 90,000 𝑁 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄1
FBD 2 𝑅𝑎𝑙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐, 𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟗 𝑵
𝛿𝑠𝑡,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
−6 −6
60 12𝑥10 60 23𝑥10
∆𝑇𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇𝛼𝐿

𝛿𝑠𝑡,𝑇 − 𝛿𝑠𝑡,𝐿 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙,𝑇 − 𝛿𝑎𝑙,𝐿

𝑅𝑠𝑡 𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑙 𝐿
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 73,100
𝑑
4 200,000 4 𝑑
40 60
3.9789𝑥10−9 𝑅𝑠𝑡 − 4.8383𝑥10−9 𝑅𝑎𝑙 = −6.6𝑥10−4 ⟶ 𝐸𝑄2
Assignment No. 4
1. The assembly below consists of a light rigid bar AB, pinned at O, that is attached to the steel and
aluminum rods. In the position shown, bar AB is horizontal and there is a gap, Δ = 5 mm, between
the lower end of the steel rod and its pin support at C. Compute the stress in the aluminum rod
when the lower end of the steel rod is attached to its support.
Assignment No. 4
2. The following data were obtained during a tension test of an aluminum alloy. The initial diameter of the test
specimen was 0.505 in. and the gage length was 2.0 in. Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the
following mechanical properties: (a) proportional limit; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) yield
strength; (e) ultimate strength; and (f) rupture strength

Load Elongation Load Elongation

(lb) (in)
(in) (lb)
0 0 14000 0.020

2310 0.00220 14400 0.025

4640 0.00440 14500 0.060

6950 0.00660 14600 0.080

9290 0.00880 14800 0.100

11600 0.0110 14600 0.120

12600 0.0150 13600 fracture