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Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education (Bohol Island State University)

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Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 4
Proving Properties of Parallel Lines
Cut by a Transversal

CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 4

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Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4–Module 4 Proving Properties of Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
First Edition, 2020

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over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ruth Ann Maglasang

Language Editor: Victorino S. Nimes
Content Evaluators: Victorino S. Nimes, Myracell P. Buenaflor,
Marie Grace O. Aparre, Ella C. Armayan

Layout Evaluator: Devina P. Malinao

Reviewers: Rhea J. Yparraguirre, Severiano D. Casil,
Alma R. Velasco and Crisante D. Cresino

Illustrators: Ruth Ann Maglasang, Fritch A. Paronda, Andy B. Cuadra,

and Jefthy L. Olayon

Layout Artist: Ruth Ann Maglasang

Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas Isidro M. Biol, Jr.

Maripaz F. Magno Josephine Chonie M. Obseñares
Josita B. Carmen Celsa A. Casa
Regina Euann A. Puerto Bryan L. Arreo
Elnie Anthony P. Barcena Leopardo P. Cortes, Jr.
Claire Ann P. Gonzaga

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Office Address: Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)

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8
Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 4
Proving Properties of Parallel Lines
Cut by a Transversal

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It will help you to
learn the properties of parallel lines. This guides you in discovering the postulates
and theorems of parallel lines. Moreover, it introduces the idea of angle pairs when
two parallel lines are cut by a transversal line. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains lesson on proving properties of parallel lines cut by a

transversal (M8GE-IVd-1).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different angle pairs if parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
2. determine the properties of parallel lines when cut by a transversal,
3. find the measures of angles using the properties of parallel lines cut by a
transversal,
4. prove properties of parallel lines that are cut by a transversal, and
5. relate real-life problems involving parallel lines cut by a transversal.

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What I Know

Directions: Answer each of the following items. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What can be said about the alternate interior angles if two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal?
A. complementary C. parallel
B. congruent D. perpendicular

2. What do you call those two coplanar lines that do not intersect?
A. congruent C. perpendicular
B. parallel D. supplementary

For items 3 – 4, refer to Figure 1 below. 𝒆 ∥ 𝒇 and d is a transversal line.

3. Which of the following are corresponding angles?
A. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8, ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠3
8 7
B. ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠7, ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠6 𝒆 6 5
C. ∠4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8, ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8 2 4
D. ∠5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠3, ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8 𝒇 1 3
Figure 1 𝒅
4. Which of the following statements is NOT
correct?
A. ∠2 and ∠3 are congruent.
B. ∠3 and ∠8 form a linear pair.
C. ∠4 and ∠7 are congruent angles.
D. ∠5 and ∠6 are supplementary angles.

For items 5 – 9, refer to the figure at the right.

Given: 𝒖 ∥ 𝒗 and w is a transversal line.
𝒗
5. Which of the following could be the 𝒖
reason to prove that ∠1 ≅ ∠4? u
A. Vertical angles are congruent. 7
3 5
B. Corresponding angles are congruent. 1 6 8
4
C. Supplementary angles are 𝒘 2
congruent.
D. Alternate interior angles are
congruent.

6. Which of the following could be the reason to prove that ∠2 ≅ ∠7?

A. Vertical angles are congruent.
B. Corresponding angles are congruent.

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C. Alternate exterior angles are congruent.

D. Alternate interior angles are congruent.

7. Which of the following statements is justified by the reason, “same side

interior angles are supplementary?”
A. 𝑚∠4 + 𝑚∠7 = 1800 C. 𝑚∠4 + 𝑚∠6 = 1800
B. 𝑚∠5 + 𝑚∠8 = 1800 D. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠7 = 1800

8. What would be the reason to prove that ∠3 ≅ ∠7?

A. Vertical angles are congruent.
B. Corresponding angles are congruent.
C. Alternate interior angles are congruent.
D. Alternate exterior angles are congruent.

9. In a two-column proof, “vertical angles are congruent” is written under the

reason column. Which of the following is appropriate to write under the
statement column?
A. ∠5 ≅ ∠8 C. ∠1 ≅ ∠8
B. ∠4 ≅ ∠3 D. ∠3 ≅ ∠6

For items 10 – 11, refer to the figure at the

right. 𝒙
Given: 𝒙 ∥ 𝒚 and z is a transversal line. 𝑑
𝑏
𝒚
10. If 𝑚∠𝑎 = 990 , what is the measure of ∠𝑑? 𝑐 𝑎
A. 450 C. 900
𝒛
B. 810 D. 990

11. Rona was asked by her teacher to find the value of 𝒚 given that 𝑚∠𝑎 = 6𝑦
and 𝑚∠𝑐 = 13𝑦 − 100 . She wrote her computation in this way:
(6𝑦) + ൫13𝑦 − 100 ൯ = 1800
19𝑦 − 100 + 100 = 1800 + 100
19𝑦 = 1900
𝑦 = 100

Did she arrive at the correct answer?

A. Yes. Common variables must be combined.
B. No. The equation must be (6𝑦) = (13𝑦 − 10).
1
C. No. Multiplying both sides of the equation by is not equal to 𝑦 = 10.
19
D. Yes. The equation she formulated is correct since ∠𝑎 and ∠𝑐 are
supplementary angles.

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For items 12 – 13, please refer to the situation below and the figure at the right.

Peter, James, and John were practicing

archery. One day, they decided to play the target
with their arrow. The figure at the right shows the
orientations of their arrows. Arrow 𝑐 is Peter’s
arrow, arrow 𝑑 is James’, and arrow 𝑒 is John’s.
Peter’s and James’ arrows are parallel to each
other while John’s cut the other two. The angle
formed by Peter’s and John’s arrows denoted by
∠𝒂 is 12𝑥 + 30 , James’ and John’s denoted by ∠𝒃
is 11𝑥 + 90 , and the other angle formed by James’
and John’s arrows is 18𝑥 − 3°.

12. Which of the following shows the mathematical equation of the measures of
corresponding angles?
A. 12𝑥 + 30 = 11𝑥 + 90
B. 12𝑥 + 30 + 11𝑥 + 90 = 180
C. 12𝑥 + 30 + 18𝑥 − 3° = 180
D. 12𝑥 + 30 = 18𝑥 − 3°

13. A Grade 8 student wanted to find the value of 𝑥 in the situation. His
computation is as follows:
(12𝑥 + 3°) + (11𝑥 + 9°) = 180°
(12𝑥 + 11𝑥 ) + (3° + 9°) = 180°
23𝑥 + 12° − 12° = 180° − 12°
23𝑥 = 168°
𝑥 = 7.30°
Is his computation correct?

A. Yes. Common terms must be combined.

B. Yes. The value 𝑥 = 7.30° gives the measure of ∠𝒂 as 90.6°.
C. No. The equation should be (12𝑥 + 3°) + (18𝑥 − 3°) = 180°, since they are
alternate angles.
D. No. The equation should be (12𝑥 + 3°) = (11𝑥 + 9°), since they are
corresponding angles.

For items 14 – 15, complete the proof presented in the table below by
choosing the answer from any of the
following statements or reasons: 𝒉
A. 𝑚∠1 ≅ 𝑚∠3
B. Transitive Property of Congruence 𝒕 1
C. Substitution Property of Equality 2
D. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 = 1800 3
𝒌

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In the figure above, 𝒉 ∥ 𝒕 and 𝒌 is a transversal of 𝒉 and 𝒕.

Prove that 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 1800 .

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. 𝒉 ∥ 𝒕, 1. Given
𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Parallel – Corresponding Angles
Theorem
3. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠3 3. Congruent angles have the same
measure.
4. (14) 4. Linear Pair Theorem

5. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 1800 . 5. (15)

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Lesson
Proving Properties of Parallel
1 Lines Cut by a Transversal
When crossing the street, have you noticed the lines used on pedestrian lanes?
How about in designing vintas? Imagine that you are in the bustling city and you
have been standing in the middle of tall buildings and magnificent skyscrapers. Have
you ever wondered how the architects, engineers and carpenters made these
designs? How are parallel lines applied in these designs?

We know that parallel lines exist everywhere in our everyday lives like on the
edges of a piece of paper and in the way shelves of books are positioned in a library.
The concept of parallel lines is a key component of geometry that is applied in real
life in designs and structures.

A pedestrian lane

A vinta

This lesson culminates with various activities such as solving real-life

situations and proving properties of parallel lines.

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What’s In

Activity: Arrange Me!

You have learned in the previous quarter the different properties and theorems
of angles. This time, let us check your prior knowledge on the types of lines. This
activity encourages you to remember the terms your learned from the previous
lessons.

A. Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form a word.

1. Two lines that share a common point.

GNTCITENRIES
2. Two coplanar lines that do not intersect.
ALLAPERL
3. These are lines that lie on the same plane.
CAPROALN
4. Two lines that intersect and form right angles.
PREPDENLIURAC
5. Two lines that are not coplanar and do not intersect.
EWSK
6. A line that intersects two or more coplanar lines at two or more distinct
points.
RANTSSVELAR

B. Road Map! Below is the road map of the city of San Juaquin.
Mabini Street

St. Louis Public Hospital

Poblacion
Subdivision
Bonifacio Intersection

Mac Arthur Highway

Andres Avenue

Malvar Village Police Station

Municipality Hall

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Questions:

1. Which roads intersect?

2. Which roads are parallel?
3. Which roads are perpendicular?

What’s New

Let us now begin discovering the world of parallel lines, uncover its properties
and how they play an important role in our daily lives. Read and do the tasks that
follow.

Activity 1: Uncover Me!

Directions: Perform the simple activity and answer the questions that follow.

Materials needed:

 Broom Stick or Straws measuring 8 inches, 10 inches and 12 inches

Steps:

1. Get the sticks or straws measuring 8 and 10 inches.

2. Position the sticks or straws horizontally (8-inch stick above the 10-inch
stick).
3. Place the remaining 12-inch stick or straw on top of the two horizontal sticks
in slant position so that it intersects the two lines at two different points.

Questions:

1. How was the activity?

2. What was the activity about?
3. Did you find any difficulty/ies in performing the task given to you? Please
write them.
4. How would you describe the lines formed?
5. Do these lines meet or intersect?
6. Are these lines parallel? Why or why not?
7. How many angles are formed after the transversal cut the parallel lines?
Activity 2: Try Me

Study the situation below and answer the questions that follow:
Mario is an owner of Molave Farm found in San Agustin, Surigao del Sur in
which one of his offered rides to the public is a zip line. A zip line is a very strong cable
between two points with a pulley attached to it. The zip line as illustrated in the figure
below goes from a 25-foot tall tower, represented by c to a 20-foot tower as d and it is
200 meters apart in a slightly inclined ground.

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𝒙 𝒚
𝒛 A
(𝟏𝟔𝒂 – 𝟗𝟔°) 𝒒 𝒓
M 𝒔
(𝟗𝟒 – 𝟐𝒂°)

𝒄
𝒅

(𝟑𝒃 – 𝟑𝟒°)
F (𝒃 + 𝟐𝟐°)
E

Questions:
1. If the two posts which are represented by lines 𝒄 and 𝒅, respectively, are
parallel, what do you call the strong cable which is represented by line 𝑨𝑴?
2. If lines 𝒄 and 𝒅 are extended to form other angles, name the following:
a. two pairs of alternate-interior angles;
b. two pairs of alternate-exterior angles;
c. four pairs of corresponding angles;
d. two pairs of same-side interior angles;
e. two pairs of same-side exterior angles; and
f. four pairs of vertical angles.
3. Do you think ∠𝐴 and ∠𝑞 are congruent angles?
4. What about ∠𝑀 and ∠𝑟, are they congruent?
5. What about ∠𝑥 and ∠𝑠, are they congruent?
6. Using the information in the figure above, find the measures of the following
angles:
a. ∠𝐴 c. ∠𝐹
b. ∠𝑀 d. ∠𝐸
(Hint: To get the measure of those angles, first, find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃,
then use them in the equation).
7. If you add m∠𝐴 and m∠𝑀, what is their sum?
8. If you add m∠𝐹 and m∠𝐸, what is their sum?

What is It

The results of the activity above lead you to the following properties of parallel
lines cut by a transversal, as well as theorems and postulates on parallel lines.

Properties, Theorems and Postulates on Parallel lines cut by a Transversal:

A. Parallel Postulates: If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is
exactly one line through the point that is parallel to the given line.

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q t
P
s

Given a line 𝒎 and a point 𝑷 not in 𝒎, there is only one line (𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝒔) that is
parallel to line 𝒎 passing through point P. In symbol, 𝒔 ∥ 𝒎 (read as, line 𝒔 is
parallel to line 𝒎). Lines 𝒕 and 𝒒 are not parallel to line 𝒎 through 𝑷.

Also, two or more lines are parallel if you find the symbols like the ones
illustrated below.

s ∥ m is read as “line 𝒔 is parallel to line 𝒎.” In geometry, the term parallel is

denoted by ∥ which means “is parallel to”. Also, an arrow is used in diagrams to
indicate that lines are parallel. Moreover, the term parallel is used for lines, segments,
rays, and planes.

Going back to the situation about the zip line, the two posts where the cable is
connected, represented by line 𝒄 and line 𝒅, are the two parallel lines (𝒄 ∥ 𝒅), and the
cable which is represented by line 𝑨𝑴 is called the transversal. The imaginary line
𝑭𝑬 that is drawn with the ground is also considered transversal line since it cuts the
two posts at distinct points.

𝒙 𝒚
𝒛 A
(𝟏𝟔𝒂 – 𝟗𝟔°) 𝒒 𝒓
M 𝒔
(𝟗𝟒 – 𝟐𝒂°)
𝒄
𝒅

(𝟑𝒃 – 𝟑𝟒°)
F (𝒃 + 𝟐𝟐°)
E

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A transversal is a line that intersects two or more coplanar lines at two or more
distinct points.

B. Angles Formed by Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal

Definition: Alternate Interior Angles – are two nonadjacent interior angles

on opposite sides of the transversal.

Parallel-Alternate Interior Angle Postulate

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any pair of alternate interior
angles are congruent.

In the figure above, the pairs of alternate interior angles are ∠𝑨 & ∠𝒒
and ∠𝒚 & ∠𝑴. By the postulate, ∠𝑨 ≅ ∠𝒒 and ∠𝒚 ≅ ∠𝑴. Since they are
congruent, their measures are equal (𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝒎∠𝒒 and 𝒎∠𝒚 = 𝒎∠𝑴).

Definition: Alternate Exterior Angles – are two nonadjacent exterior angles

on opposite sides of a transversal.

Parallel-Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any pair of alternate exterior
angles are congruent.

In the same figure, the pairs of alternate exterior angles are ∠𝒛 & ∠𝒓 and
∠𝒙 & ∠𝒔. By the theorem, ∠𝒛 ≅ ∠𝒓 and ∠𝒙 ≅ ∠𝒔. Since they are congruent,
their measures are equal (𝑚∠𝒛 = 𝒎∠𝒓 and 𝑚∠𝒙 = 𝒎∠𝒔).

Definition: Corresponding Angles – are two nonadjacent angles, one interior,

and one exterior on the same side of the transversal.

Parallel-Corresponding Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.

In the same figure, the four pairs of corresponding angles are ∠𝒛 & ∠𝑴,
∠𝑨 & ∠𝒔, ∠𝒙 & ∠𝒒, and ∠𝒚 & ∠𝒓. By the theorem, ∠𝒛 ≅ ∠𝑴, ∠𝑨 ≅ ∠𝒔, ∠𝒙 ≅ ∠𝒒,
and ∠𝒚 ≅ ∠𝒓. Since they are congruent, their measures are equal (𝑚∠𝒛 =
𝒎∠𝑴, 𝑚∠𝑨 = 𝒎 ∠𝑺, 𝒎∠𝒙 = 𝒎∠𝒒, and 𝑚∠𝒚 = 𝒎∠𝒓).

Definition: Vertical Angles – Two angles are vertical angles if and only if they
are nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.

Vertical Angle Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

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In the same figure, the four pairs of vertical angles are ∠𝒙 & ∠𝑨, ∠𝒛 & ∠𝒚,
∠𝒒 & ∠𝒔 , and ∠𝑴 & ∠𝒓 . By the theorem, ∠𝒙 ≅ ∠𝑨, ∠𝒛 ≅ ∠𝒚, ∠𝒒 ≅ ∠𝒔 , and
∠𝑴 ≅ ∠𝒓 . Since they are congruent, their measures are equal (𝑚∠𝒙 = 𝒎∠𝑨,
𝑚∠𝒛 = 𝒎 ∠𝒚, 𝒎∠𝒒 = 𝒎∠𝒔 , and 𝑚∠𝑴 = 𝒎∠𝒓 ).

Parallel-Interior Angle-Same Side Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the interior angles on the same
side of the transversal are supplementary.

In the same figure, the pairs of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are ∠𝑨 & ∠𝑴 and ∠𝒚 & ∠𝒒. Along the ground, the pair of interior
angles on the same side of the transversal is ∠𝑭 & ∠𝑬. By the theorem, these
pairs of angles are supplementary, hence, 𝑚∠𝑨 + 𝒎∠𝑴 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, and 𝑚∠𝒚 +
𝒎∠𝒒 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°. Also, 𝑚∠𝑭 + 𝒎∠𝑬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°.

Parallel-Exterior Angle-Same Side Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the exterior angles on the
same side of the transversal are supplementary.

In the same figure, the pairs of exterior angles on the same side of the
transversal are ∠𝒛 & ∠𝒔 and ∠𝒙 & ∠𝒓. By the theorem, these pairs of angles
are supplementary, hence, 𝒎∠𝒛 + 𝒎∠𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, and 𝒎∠𝒙 + 𝒎∠𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°.

The table below sums up the properties, postulates and theorems of the
angles formed by parallel lines 𝒄 and 𝒅 cut by a transversal line 𝑨𝑴.

Angles Properties, Postulate, Theorems

Formed
Alternate Pair of Congruent angles: Equal angles:
Interior Angles: ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝑞 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝑞
Angles ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑞 ∠𝑦 ≅ ∠𝑀 𝑚∠𝑦 = 𝑚∠𝑀
∠𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑀
Alternate Pair of Congruent angles: Equal angles:
Exterior Angles: ∠𝑧 ≅ ∠𝑟 𝑚∠𝑧 = 𝑚∠𝑟
Angles ∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑟 ∠𝑥 ≅ ∠𝑠 𝑚∠𝑥 = 𝑚∠𝑠
∠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑠
Corresponding Pair of Congruent angles: Equal angles:
Angles Angles: ∠𝑧 ≅ ∠𝑀 𝑚∠𝑧 = 𝑚∠𝑀
∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑀 ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝑠 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝑠
∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑠 ∠𝑥 ≅ ∠𝑞 𝑚∠𝑥 = 𝑚∠𝑞
∠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑞 ∠𝑦 ≅ ∠𝑟 𝑚∠𝑦 = 𝑚∠𝑟
∠𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑟
Vertical Pair of Congruent angles: Equal angles:
Angles Angles: ∠𝑥 ≅ ∠𝐴 𝑚∠𝑥 = 𝑚∠𝐴
∠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐴 ∠𝑧 ≅ ∠𝑦 𝑚∠𝑧 = 𝑚∠𝑦
∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑦 ∠𝑞 ≅ ∠𝑠 𝑚∠𝑞 = 𝑚∠𝑠
∠𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑠 ∠𝑀 ≅ ∠𝑟 𝑚∠𝑀 = 𝑚∠𝑟
∠𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑟

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Interior Pair of Supplementary angles:

Angles on the Angles: 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝑀 = 180°
Same Side of ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑀 𝑚∠𝑦 + 𝑚∠𝑞 = 180°
the ∠𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑞 𝑚∠𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝐸 = 180°
Transversal ∠𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐸
Exterior Pair of Supplementary angles:
Angles on the Angles: 𝑚∠𝑧 + 𝑚∠𝑠 = 180°
Same Side of ∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑠 𝑚∠𝑥 + 𝑚∠𝑟 = 180°
the ∠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑟
Transversal

Now that we know these postulates and theorems, let us take a look at the
following examples:

Example 1
Given: 𝒏 ∥ 𝒎, transversal a 1 𝒏
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠2. 3
4
𝒎
2
𝒂
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. 𝑛 ∥ 𝑚, transversal 𝑎 1. Given
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Vertical angles are congruent.
3. Parallel-Alternate Interior Angle
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠4
Postulate
4. Transitive Property of
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠4
Congruence
5. ∠4 ≅ ∠2 5. Vertical angles are congruent
6. Transitive property of
6. ∠1 ≅ ∠2
congruence

Example 2

Given: 𝒄 ∥ 𝒅, transversal 𝒂 and if 𝒎∠𝟏 = (𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝟔°) and 𝒎∠𝟒 = (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒°),
find the value of 𝒙, then solve for the measure of each angle below:

1. 𝑚∠1 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝟔°
1 c
2. 𝑚∠4
3
3. 𝑚∠2 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒°
4
4. 𝑚∠3 d
2
a

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Solutions:

1. To find the measure of ∠1, we must find first the value of 𝒙. We know that
∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4 are corresponding angles, and corresponding angles are congruent,
hence, their measures are equal. From then, we can now formulate an
equation:

𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠4 Corresponding angles are congruent

(6𝑥 − 460 ) = (5𝑥 − 240 ) Substitution
6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 460 = 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 240 Addition Property of Equality, add (-5x) to both
sides of the equation
𝑥 − 460 = −240 Simplify

𝑥 − 460 + 460 = −240 + 460 Addition Property of Equality, add (46) to both
sides of the equation
𝑥 = 220 Simplifiy

So, 𝑥 = 220 .

Substitute 𝒙 by its value in the equation, 𝑚∠1 = (6𝑥 − 46°), we have:

𝑚∠1 = (6𝑥 − 46°) Equation for 𝑚∠1
𝑚∠1 = [6(22°) − 46°] Substitute 𝒙 by its value
𝑚∠1 = (132° − 46°) Simplify
𝑚∠1 = 86° Result

2. 𝑚∠4 = (5𝑥 − 24°) Equation for ∠4

𝑚∠4 = [5(22°) − 24°] Substitute 𝒙 by its value
𝑚∠4 = (110° − 24°) Simplify
𝑚∠4 = 86° Result

3. 𝑚∠2 =?
Answer: 𝒎∠𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔° Reason: ∠𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∠𝟒 are vertical angles,
and vertical angles are congruent
4. 𝑚∠3 =?
Answer: 𝒎∠𝟑 = 𝟖𝟔° Reason: ∠𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∠𝟑 are corresponding
angles, and corresponding angles are
congruent, ∠𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∠𝟒 are alternate-
interior angles and they are congruent,
and ∠𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∠𝟑 are vertical angles and
they are also congruent.

Example 3 𝒎
𝒙
In the figure a𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝒎 ∥ 𝒏. 75°
𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝒙?

𝒏 115°
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Solution:

Given 𝒎 ∥ 𝒏, we get

𝟏𝟏𝟓° = 𝟕𝟓° + 𝒙 Alternate interior angles are congruent

𝟏𝟏𝟓° − 𝟕𝟓° = 𝟕𝟓° − 𝟕𝟓° + 𝒙 Addition property

𝟒𝟎° = 𝒙 Simplify

𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎° Symmetric property

Example 4
Now, let us revisit our answers to the measures of the angles in Activity 2.

a. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 16𝑎 − 96°

b. 𝑚∠𝑀 = 94° − 2𝑎
c. 𝑚∠𝐹 = 3𝑏 − 34°
d. 𝑚∠𝐸 = 𝑏 + 22°

Solution:

We know that ∠𝐴 and ∠𝑀 are interior a. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 16𝑎 − 96°

angles on the same side of the transversal, = 16(13°) − 96°
therefore, the sum of their measures is 180°. = 208° − 96°
Solving for the value of 𝒂, we have: = 112°
𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝑀 = 180°
16𝑎 − 96° + 94° − 2𝑎 = 180° b. 𝑚∠𝑀 = 94° − 2𝑎
14𝑎 − 2° + 2° = 180° + 2° = 94° − 2(13°)
14𝑎 = 182° = 94° − 26°
𝑎 = 13° = 68°

We know that ∠𝐹 and ∠𝐸 are interior

c. 𝑚∠𝐹 = 3𝑏 − 34°
angles on the same side of the transversal,
therefore, the sum of their measures is 180°. = 3(48°) − 34°
Solving for the value of 𝒃, we have: = 144° − 34°
𝑚∠𝐹 + 𝑚∠𝐸 = 180° = 110°
3𝑏 − 34° + 𝑏 + 22° = 180°
4𝑏 − 12° + 12° = 180° + 12° d. 𝑚∠𝐸 = 𝑏 + 22°
4𝑏 = 192° = 48° + 22°
𝑏 = 48° = 70°

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Now that you have learned the properties, postulate, and theorems on parallel
lines cut by a transversal, pack them with you on your journey to the next activity.

What’s More

Activity 1: Fill Me!

Given the figure at the right, 𝑥 ∥ 𝑦, and transversal 𝑤

A. Name the following: w

1. two pairs of alternate interior angles x a b

2. four pairs of corresponding angles d c
3. two pairs of same side interior angles
4. four pairs of vertical angles
y e f
5. two pairs of alternate exterior angles h g
6. two pairs of same side exterior angles

B. Complete each statement.

7. Any pair of alternate interior angles are ____________.

8. Any pair of corresponding angles are _____________.
9. Same side exterior angles are ___________.
10. Any pair of vertical angles are __________.

Activity 2: Prove It

Given the figure at the right, complete each proof: 𝑝 𝑞

1 4 5 8 𝑚
1. Given: 𝒑 ∥ 𝒒, transversal 𝒎 6 7
2 3
Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠5

Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. 𝑝 ∥ 𝑞, transversal m 1. ____________________
2. ∠3 ≅ ∠7 2. _____________________
3. _________________ 3. Vertical Angles are congruent
4. ∠3 ≅ ∠5 4. Transitive Property of
Congruence

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2. Given: 𝒑 ∥ 𝒒, transversal 𝒎
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠7

Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. _______________ 1. Given
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. _____________________
3. _______________ 3. Alternate interior angles are
congruent
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠5 4. _______________________
5. ∠5 ≅ ∠7 5. Vertical angles are congruent

6. ______________ 6. ________________________

3. Given: 𝒑 ∥ 𝒒, transversal 𝒎
Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠6
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. ________________ 1. Given
2. ________________ 2. Vertical Angles are congruent
3. ________________ 3. _____________________
4. ∠2 ≅ ∠6 4. _______________________

Activity 3: Find It!

Given the figure at the right such that 𝒂 ∥ 𝒃, and transversal 𝑐

A. Find the value of 𝒙 and the measure of each specified angle.

1. If 𝑚∠2 = 3𝑥 + 14° and 𝑚∠4 = 2𝑥 + 6°, what is 𝒃 𝒂
a. 𝑚∠2
b. 𝑚∠4
c. 𝑚∠8
d. 𝑚∠6 1 2 𝒄 5 6
3 4 7 8
2. If 𝑚∠6 = 2𝑥 + 24° and 𝑚∠7 = 3𝑥 + 12°, what is
a. 𝑚∠6
b. 𝑚∠7
c. 𝑚∠4
d. 𝑚∠3 𝑾
°
̅̅̅̅ ∥ ̅̅̅̅
B. Given the figure at the right, 𝑶𝑬 𝑷𝑹. Answer the
𝑶 𝒙 𝑬
following questions and justify your answer. 𝒚
1. What is the value of x? 51°
2. What is the value of y?
3. What is the measure of ∠𝑃𝑅𝑂?

73°
𝑷 𝑹
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What I Have Learned

Remember Me: Is it True or Not?

A. Directions: Write AT if the statement is always true, ST if the statement is

sometimes true, or NT if the statement is never true.
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
1. alternate interior angles are congruent.
2. corresponding angles are congruent.
3. interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
4. exterior angles on the same side of the transversal form a linear pair.
5. vertical angles are supplementary.
6. vertical angles are congruent.
7. linear pair are congruent.
8. alternate interior angles are supplementary.
9. same side exterior angles are congruent.
10. same side interior angles are supplementary.

B. Directions: Determine whether the statement is True or False. Write T if the

statement is True and F if it is False.
1. Through a point not on a line, you can sometimes construct a parallel line.
2. Two lines that are parallel to a third line are never parallel.
3. Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and do not intersect.
4. Through a point outside a line, there is one and only one line parallel to the
given line.
5. The shelves of a bookcase are parallel to each other.
6. The ceiling and a wall of a room form a linear pair.
7. The opposite edges of a book are sometimes parallel.
8. The service lines on a tennis court are parallel to each other.
9. A line that intersects two skew lines is a transversal.
10. The opposite sides of the base of the Great Pyramid of Giza are always parallel
with each other.

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What I Can Do

Study the situation below and solve for the value of the variables:

Reynante was a polio victim and was

using his wheelchair for almost 5 years now.
One day, he visits his doctor for his quarterly
check-up and he passes by the wheelchair
ramp which has a railing.
As shown in the illustration at the right,
the railing of the wheelchair ramp is parallel to
the ramp and is supported by braces which
formed angles given below:
brace 𝐴 ∶ (4𝑥 + 3𝑦)°, and
brace 𝐵 ∶ (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)°

Find the value of x and the value of y.

Solution: Answers:
x=____
y= _____

Assessment

Directions: Answer each of the following items. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper. 𝒗
𝒖
For numbers 1 – 5, refer to the figure at the right.

3 5 7
Given: 𝒖 ∥ 𝒗 1 6 8
𝒘 2 4
1. What do you call the line 𝑤?
A. Bisector C. Side
B. Base D. Transversal

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2. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8 called _________.

A. Vertical angles C. Alternate exterior angles
B. Corresponding angles D. Alternate interior angles

3. ∠6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 are called _________.

A. Alternate Exterior Angles C. Corresponding angles
B. Alternate Interior Angles D. Vertical Angles

4. If the 𝑚∠1 = 40°, what is the measure of ∠7?

A. 40° C. 130°
B. 50° D. 140°

5. Which pair of angles are supplementary?

A. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4 C. ∠4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠8
B. ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠5 D. ∠6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠7

6. Which of the following statements is ALWAYS TRUE when parallel lines are
cut by a transversal?
A. Corresponding angles are congruent.
B. The vertical angles are always acute.
C. The sum of the measures of alternate interior angles is 180°.
D. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are congruent.

7. Given two parallel lines cut by a transversal, then a pair of alternate interior
angles are ____________.
A. complementary C. parallel
B. congruent D. perpendicular

8. A commercial airplane begins to land at Davao International Airport at an

elevation of 36,000 feet and at a distance of 110 miles. What concept is being
applied?
A. Skew line C. Perpendicular line
B. Parallel line D. none of the above

For items 9 – 11, refer to the figure at the right. 𝒆 ∥ 𝒇 and d as a

transversal.
9. What is the value of 𝑥?
( )
𝒆 15𝑥 − 35°
7
A. 6 6 5
B. 5 2 4
4
𝒇
C. 1 55°
D. 3
𝒅

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10. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ?

A. ∠6 and ∠7 are congruent.
B. ∠1 and ∠7 form a linear pair.
C. ∠5 and ∠2 are congruent angles.
D. ∠5 and ∠6 are supplementary angles.

11. What could be the measure of ∠6?

A. 55° C. 115°
B. 75° D. 125°

For items 12 – 14, refer to the figure at the right. 𝒄 ∥ 𝒅 and e as a

transversal.

12. Alma was asked by her teacher to find the

measure of ∠1. How will she find it? 1 𝒄
i. Subtract the value of 7𝑥 + 29° or 2𝑥 + 104°
from 180°. 7𝑥 + 29°
𝒅
ii. Solve for the value of 𝑥 using the equation
(7𝑥 + 29°) + (2𝑥 + 104°) = 180°. 2𝑥 + 104°
iii. Substitute 𝑥 by its value in 7𝑥 + 29° or 2𝑥 +
104°.
𝒆
iv. Solve for the value of 𝑥 using the equation (7𝑥 + 29°) = (2𝑥 + 104°).

A. iv, ii, iii C. ii, iii, iv

B. iii, iv, i D. iv, iii, i

13. What pair of angles are represented by (7𝑥 + 29°) and (2𝑥 + 104°)?
A. Supplementary angles C. Linear pair
B. Corresponding angles D. Vertical angles

14. To complete her task, Alma solved for the measure of ∠1 as follows:

(7𝑥 + 29°) = (2𝑥 + 104°)

7𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 29° − 29° = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 104° − 29°
5𝑥 = 75°
𝑥 = 15°
𝑚∠1 = 15°
Is she correct?

A. Yes, because she used corresponding angles.

B. Yes, because she followed the steps correctly.
C. No, because the two angles are supplementary.
D. No, because the value of x is not the measure of ∠1.

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15. Refer to the figure at the right. 𝒆

Given: 𝒍 ∥ 𝒎 and 𝒆 is a transversal line.
1 2
Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠7
l
3 4
Choose from the following statements to
complete the table of proof.
A. ∠6 ≅ ∠7
5 6
m
B. 𝑚∠3 + 𝑚∠5 = 180° 7 8
C. 𝑚∠5 + 𝑚∠7 = 180°
D. ∠2 ≅ ∠7

Statements Reasons
1. 𝒍 ∥ 𝒎 1. Given
2. ∠3 ≅ ∠6 2. Alternate interior angles are
congruent
3. (15) 3. Vertical angles are
congruent
4. ∠3 ≅ ∠7 4. Transitivity

Additional Activities

Prove It!
Directions: Construct a two-column proof to prove the statement below.
1. Given: 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 is a transversal line
Prove: ∠1 ≅ ∠3. 1
𝑙1
3
𝑙2
2
𝑙3

2. Refer to the given figure below for which 𝑠 ∥ 𝒕, 𝑚 ∥ 𝒑, and 𝑚∠4 = 57°.

1 a 2 b s
3 c 4 d

5 e 6 f t
7 g 8 h

𝒎 𝒑
a. What is 𝑚∠𝑎? e. What is ∠ℎ ?
b. What is 𝑚∠𝑐? f. What is ∠5 ?
c. What is ∠2 ? g. What is ∠8 ?
d. What is ∠7 ? h. What is ∠𝑓 ?

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CO_Q4_Mathematics 8_ Module 4
23
What I Know What’s New What’s More
1. B 9. A Activity 1: Uncover me! Activity 1: Fill me!
2. B 10. B 1. Answer varies A.
3. D 11. D 2. Parallel lines cut by a 1.
4. B 12. A transversal 2.
5. A 13. D

∠𝑑 & ∠𝑓; ∠𝑒 & ∠𝑐

3. Answer varies 3.
6. C 14. D 4. The 8 & 10 inches

∠𝑎 & ∠𝑒; ∠𝑑 & ∠ℎ; ∠𝑏 & ∠𝑓; ∠𝑐 & ∠𝑔

4.
7. C 15. C stick/straw represent

∠𝑑 & ∠𝑒; ∠𝑐 & ∠𝑓

5.
8. B parallel lines while the

∠𝑎 & ∠𝑐; ∠𝑏 & ∠𝑑; ∠𝑒 & ∠𝑔; ∠𝑓 & ∠ℎ

6.
remaining stick

∠𝑎 & ∠𝑔; ∠𝑏 & ∠ℎ

B.
represents the

∠𝑎 & ∠ℎ; ∠𝑏 & ∠𝑔

What’s In 7. Congruent
transversal line. 8. Congruent
A. 5. Yes 9. Supplementary
1. INTERSECTING 6. Yes, 8 & 10 sticks are 10. Congruent
parallel to each other.
2. PARALLEL
7. 8 angles formed Activity 2: Prove It!
3. COPLANAR
4. PERPENDICULAR 1.
5. SKEW Activity 2: Try me! 1.1. Given
6. TRANSVERSAL 1. Transversal 1.2. Corresponding angles are congruent
2.
B. 2.
1.3. ∠7 ≅ ∠5
1. Mabini St. & Mac 2.1.
a.∠𝑞 & ∠𝐴; ∠𝑦 & ∠𝑀
Arthur Highway; 2.2. Vertical angles are congruent
b.∠𝑥 & ∠𝑠; ∠𝑧 & ∠𝑟 𝑝 ∥ 𝑞, transversal 𝑚
Andres Ave. & Mac 2.3.
c.∠𝑧 & ∠𝑀; ∠𝐴 & ∠𝑠;
Arthur Highway; 2.4. Corresponding angles are congruent
∠𝑥 & ∠𝑞; ∠𝑦 & ∠𝑟 ∠3 ≅ ∠5
Bonifacio Intersection 2.6.
d.∠𝐴 & ∠𝑀; ∠𝑦 & ∠𝑞
& Mac Arthur Highway 2.6. Reason: Transitive Property of
e.∠𝑥 & ∠𝑟; ∠𝑧 & ∠𝑠 Statement: ∠1 ≅ ∠7
2. Andres Ave. & Congruence
Bonifacio Intersection; 3.
𝑓. ∠𝑥 & ∠𝐴; ∠𝑧 & ∠𝑦;
Mabini St. & Bonifacio
3. Yes, Alternate interior

∠𝑞 & ∠𝑠; ∠𝑀 & ∠𝑟

Intersection
angles are congruent
3.1. 𝑝 ∥ 𝑞, transversal 𝑚
3. Mabini St. & Mac
4. Yes, vertical angles
3.2. ∠2 ≅ ∠4
Arthur Highway; interior angles are congruent
are congruent
3.3. Statement: ∠4 ≅ ∠6 ; Reason: Alternate
Andres Ave. & Mac 3.4. Transitive Property of Congruence
Arthur Highway; 5. Yes, alternate exterior
Bonifacio Intersection angles are congruent Activity 3
& Mac Arthur Highway 6. A1. x = 320 A2. x = 120 B.
What I have learned
a. 112°
a. 1120 a. 480 1. x = 730
b. 68°
A. B.

b. 680 b. 480 2. y = 560

c. 110°
1. AT 1. F
c. 680 c. 1320 3. m∠PRO= 560
d. 70°
2. AT 2. F
d. 1120 d. 480
Additional Activities
7. 180°
3. AT 3. T
8. 180°
4. NT 4. T Assessment 1. Proof
5. ST 5. T 1. D STATEMENT REASON
6. AT 6. F 2. C 1. Given
7. ST 7. F 3. C 2. Alternate
8. ST 8. T 4. D
1. 𝐿1 ∥ 𝐿2
exterior angles
9. ST 9. F 5. B
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠2
are congruent
10. AT 10. T 6. A
3. Vertical angles
7. B
are congruent
What I can Do 8. B
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3
4. Transitive
9. A
property of
10. B
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠3
congruence
11. D
12. D

𝑥 = 10 ; 𝑦 = 20
2.
13. B
14. D a. e.
15. A b. f.
57° 123°
c. g.
123° 123°
d. h.
123° 57°
57° 57°
Answer Key
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References

Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Bryant, Merden L., Cabrella, Jem Boy B. Caldez, Belen P.,
Callanta, Melvin M., Castro, Anastacia Preserfina I., Halabaso, Alicia R.,
Javier, Sonia P., Nocom, Roger T., and Ternida, Conception S. (2013).
Grade 8 Mathematics Learners Module. pp. 441-454. Philippines. Book
Media Press, Inc. and Printwell, Inc.
Bernabe, J. & Jose-Dilao, S (2009). Geometry Textbook for Third Year. pp. 73-
80. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. SD Publications, Inc.

Boyd, C. (1998). Geometry Integrated, Applications and Connections. pp. 288-

320. Columbus, United States of America. Glencoe/McGraw – Hill.
Burger, E., Chard, D., Hall, E., Kennedy P., Leinward S., Renfro, F., Seymour
D., & Waits, B. (2007). Holt Geometry pp.142-171. Holt, Rinehart &
Winston

Diaz, Zenaida B., Maharlika Mojica P. Manalo, Catalina B., Suzara, Josephine
L. Mercado, Jesus P., Esparrago, Marlo S., Reyes, Jr., Nestor V. Next
Century Mathematics 8. pp. 547-599. Philippines. Phoenix Publishing
House.
Gabriel, Judy L., and Mallari, Ma. Theresa G. (2017). Mathematics for Grade 8:
A Spiral Approach. pp. 182 – 188. Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines.
Educational Resources Corporation.

Romero, Karl Freidrich Jose D. (2003). Geometry in the Real World. pp. 87-93.
Makati City, Philippines. Salesiana Publishers, Inc.

Website Links
1. https://www.slideshare.net>mobile. Angles formed by parallel lines cut by
transversal – slideshare. Retrieved on December 3, 2019

2. https://www.mathisfun.com>parallel lines, pairs of angles – Math is fun.

Retrieved on December 3, 2019

Website Links for Videos

1. Khan Academy Retrieved form https://youtu.be/3dJ-_t9qvBs.
https://youtu.be/RhUOa_w1PiQ. Retrieved on December 3, 2019

24
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