Computer Programming Chapter4

CHAP 4:
CONTROL STRUCTURE
Chapter : 4 CONTROL STRUCTURE
• Content: Aim
• The use of control
structure including if, for To acknowledge student with the
concept of control structures in
and switch programming: selection control
• The use of while loop, structure and repetition control
break and goto structure
Objective
At the end of the chapter, student will
know:
✓ To explain control structures concept
✓ To write a C program using control
structures
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Introduction
Three types of control structures in C programming
Sequence
Control
Structure
Selection Repetition
structure structure
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Control Structure
If (condition) counter = 0;
Single C statement; while (conditional
While expression)
Sequence
{
C statement;
Double counter++;
}
If (condition) Repetitio
C statement; Selection n Do..while
else Control
C statement; Structure
counter = 0;
do
{ C statement;
counter++;
Multiple } while (x < 5);
switch (condition)
{ Case 1: C statement;
For
for (initial_value;
If (condition) break; conditional expression
C statement; Case 2: C statement; ;increment)
else if break; {
C statement; Default: C statement; 10/10/2023 7:33:27 AM
C statement;
} }
Control structure : Selection
❑ if
❑ if … else
❑ if … else if else
❑ switch case
Selection Control Structure
Used in programming to:
❖offer choice of interests to user of a system,

❖restrict /limit to only one operation/process
in a system to be executed at a time,
❖allow user to choose only one selection of
process/
or operation at a time from a system,
❖execute a process/operation based on selection.
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Best example/case:
❖ATM bank.
❖User can only choose one operation at a time.
❖If user choose to withdraw money, only the
withdrawal screen which allows the user to enter the
amount of money to withdraw will be displayed.
❖If user want to do another operation, such as
checking money balance they have to get back to the
main menu/ screen or select another process.
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Best example/case:
❖In general, the ATM processes are controlled by
some restrictions or rules which is written using
selection control structure (using particular
programming language).
❖The concept is “one selection, one operation”.
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How decision is made when user

make their selection from the ATM
menu?
The system will check the input and compares the
selection with the conditions set in the system. If the
input matches the setting conditions, the
corresponding menu will be displayed.
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❑Choose only one instruction to be executed.

❑Selection will be done if only the conditional
statement is TRUE.
❑Types of selection control structure:
Multi level
Single Two level selection
selection selection
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i. Single Selection
▪Use if statement.
▪Used in a situation which
▪If conditional statement is TRUE
(1), statement will be selected.
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i. Single Selection (cont..)
Testing
Format
Reserved if (conditional expression)

word C statement;
Consist of: Example:

Output statement/ age > 21
Input statement/ baki >= wangkeluar
expression
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Example 1:
Yes
If grade is A, print a message ‘Excellent”
Convert to valid selection statement: grade = ‘A’ ? Print “Excellent”
Conditional
if ( grade ==‘A’) expression
printf(“Excellent !”); No
Output?
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Message “ Number is greater than
0” will be printed if only the input
Example 2: number is greater than 0
int main()
{
int nom;
printf(“Enter one number =”);
scanf(“%d”,&nom);
if (nom > 0)
printf(“Number is greater than 0”);
}
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Example 3:
Given, a = 10 and b = 12. What is the output produced?
if ( a > b && a!= 9)

printf(“The value of a is %d”,a);
Output?
The value of a will be
displayed if only the
expression value is 1.
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Example 4:
Write a C code segment which prompt user to enter age. If

age is greater or equal to 18, display a message “You are
qualified to vote”.
Answer:
printf(“Enter your age :”);
scanf(“%d”,&age);
if (age > = 18)
printf(“You are qualified to vote”);
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•If there are more than one statement to be executed under
selection, then braces { } symbol must be placed between the
executed statement .
•Example :
if ( month == 2)
{ printf(“February”);
printf(“\nEnter the day:”);
scanf(“%d”,&day);
}
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•There is a difference when not using { }.
•Example 1:
if ( carPrice == 2.00)
printf(“So cheap!”); 1
printf(“Buy more car!”);
2
•The first statement (1) will be executed if only the
conditional statement is TRUE.
•The second statement (2) will be executed even the if
statement is FALSE.
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Code segment 1
carPrice = 20000.00;
Output ?
printf(“So cheap!”);
Code segment 2
carPrice = 2.00;
Output ?
{ printf(“So cheap!”);
printf(“Buy more car!”); }
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Example 2:
{ printf(“So cheap!!”);
}
•If the car price is 20,000, then no there is no output.

•However if the car price is 2.00,then the following there will
be the following output:
So cheap!!Buy more car!
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Exercise
Convert the following statements to valid C statements:
a) if mark is between 80 to 84, then the student’s

grade is A-.
b)if mark is between 85 to 100, print a message
“Grade is A”.
c)if salary is greater than RM2500.00,then pay the
tax.
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ii. Double Selection
▪Use if..else statement.
▪Use in situation which provide 2 condition, but only 1’
selection can be made.
▪If the condition is TRUE (1), then the first statement
will be executed.
▪If not, the next selection will be excuted.
▪Format:
if (conditional statement)
C statement;
else
C statement;
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ii. Double Selection (cont.)
Example 1:
If grade = ‘A’, print a message ‘You passed ”

Otherwise, print a message ‘ You failed”
Yes
Convert to a valid C selection statement: if grade = ‘A’ Print “Passed”
if ( grade ==‘A’) No
printf(“Passed”);
else Print “Failed”
printf(“Failed”);
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ii. Double Selection (cont.)
Example 2:
void main()
{
int nom;
printf(“Enter one number ?”);
if ( nom > 0)
printf(“Number is greater than 0”);
else
printf(“Number is less than 0”);
printf(“Thank You”);
}
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Exercise
Determine the output of the following
a) 10 b) 5 c) 24
scanf(“%d”,&number);
if (number %2 == 0 )
{ printf(“%d is even number”,number);
printf(“\nThe value of number %d after modulo with 2 is
0”,number);
}
else
printf(“%d not even number”,nombor);
printf(“Proven!”);
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iii. Multi Level Selection
▪Use if..else..if statement
▪Use in a situation which requires/provides two choices.
▪If the conditional is TRUE (1), then selection will be made.
▪Format:
if (conditional expression is TRUE)
C statement;
else if (conditional expression is TRUE)
C statement;
else if (conditional expression is TRUE)
C statement;
else
C statement;
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iii. Multi Level Selection (cont..)
Example 1:
Write the selection control structure statements in C to
produce the following output based on the input:
Input Output
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
5 Five
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Answer:
if ( input == 1)
printf(“\nOne”);
else if (input == 2)
printf(“\nTwo”);
printf(“\nThree”);
printf(“\nFour”);
else
printf(“\nFive”);
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Example 2:
Write the C statements to determine student’s grade

based on their marks as shown in the following table:
Mark Grade
80-100 A
60-79 B
40-59 C
0-39 D
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ANSWER:
if ( mark >=80 && mark <=100)

grade = ‘A’;
else if (mark >=60 && mark <=79)
grade = ‘B’;
else if (mark >= 40 && mark <= 59)
grade = ‘C’
else
grade = ‘D’;
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Given a= 8 , b = 3 and c = 5, What is the value of
MAX?
MAX = 0;
Example 3: if ( a > b)
{ if (a > c)
MAX = a;
else MAX?
MAX = c;
}
else {
if ( b > c)
MAX= b;
else
MAX = c;
}
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switch..case statement
• Use for multi level selection
• Similar to if..else..if but use different format
• Format:
Only Integer/
switch( conditional expression/variable) character
{
case label1: C statement;
value break; Exit from option
case label2: C statement;
break;
…
default: pernyataanC;
} Functioning like else
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switch..case statement (cont.)
Example void main()

{ int number;
switch(number) variable
{
case 1 : printf(“One\n”);
break;
case 2 : printf(“Two\n”); Action
The value of break;
variable number case 3 : printf(“Three\n”);
break;
default: printf(“Others”);
}
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}
void main() void main()
{ int number; { int number;
scanf(“%d”,&number); scanf(“%d”,&number);
switch(number) if (number == 1)
{ printf(“One\n”);
case 1 : printf(“One\n”); else if (number == 2)
break; printf(“Two\n”);
case 2 : printf(“Two\n”); else if (number == 3)
break; printf(“Three\n”);
case 3 : printf(“Three\n”); else
break; printf(“Others”);
default: printf(“Others”);
} }
}
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switch..cases statement
void main()
{ char gender; void main()
printf(“Enter your gender (f/m)”);
{char gender;
scanf(“%c”,&gender);
printf(“Enter your gender (f/m)”);
if (gender == ‘f’ || gender ==‘F’) scanf(“%c”,&gender);
printf(“Female\n”);
else if (gender == ‘m’ || gender== ‘M’) switch(gender)
printf(“Lelaki\n”); {
else case ‘f’:
printf(“Invalid”); case ‘F’:printf(“Female\n”);
} break;
case ‘m’:
case ‘F’:printf(“Male\n”);
break;
default: printf(“Invalid”);
}
}
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Exercise
Convert the following if..else statement to
switch..case statement
if ( warna == ‘m’)
printf(“\nMerah tanda keberanian”);
else if( warna == ‘b’)
printf(“\nBiru tanda perpaduan”);
else if( warna == ‘k’)
printf(“\nKuning tanda kedaulatan”);
else
printf(“\nRalat”);
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Exercise
4. Convert the following C segment code
which contains switch..case statement to if
..else statement. if(number%2==0)
{even++;
printf("Total even numbers
switch (number %2) :%d",even);
{case 0 : even++; }
printf(“Total even numbers:%d”,even); else if(number%2!=0)
break; {odd++;
case 1 : odd++; printf("Total odd
printf(“Total odd numbers:%d”,odd); numbers:%d",odd);
break; }
default: printf(“Nothing happened”); Else
} printf("Nothing happened");
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Lab Exercise 4a : Submit during lab session
Question 1
1.Write an algorithm ( flowchart) then write a program using if … else statement to display student’s
bachelor class of graduation based on Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) by referring to the table
below.
CGPA Class of Graduation
>= 3.70 First class honours
3.00 – 3.69 Upper second class honours
2.30 – 2.99 Lower second class honours
2.00 – 2.29 Third class honours
< 2.00 Failed
Question 2
The following is simple program that computes a
salesperson’s pay. The salesperson gets a basic flat rate of
RM4.10 per hour. In addition, if the sales are more than
RM8500, the salesperson also receives an additional
RM500 as a bonus.
a) Without write the program in C tools (ex Dev C++)

write the program output
b) Add one C statement to calculate total pay and display
the value (total pay = pay + bonus)
c) Modify the program by adding the appropriate C
statement that able to display “Good Jobs” if the a
salesperson gets the bonus otherwise display “Work
Hard, you can do it”.
Question 3
Write an algorithm (pseudo code ) then write an interactive program that using
switch … case statement to calculate and display the area of a rectangle OR
triangle OR circle. The selection depends on the character entered by the user -
R/r for rectangle and T/t for triangle and C/c for circle. You may use the
following equation:
area of rectangle = width × length

area of triangle = 12 × base × height
area of circle = 3.142 × radius2
Recap: Control Structure
If (condition) While
Single C statement;
Sequence
Double
else Control
Multiple
switch (condition)
If (condition) break; For
C statement; Case 2: C statement;
else if break;
C statement; Default: C statement;
}
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Repetition
How will you solve this?
Write a C program which will accept

five integer numbers
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Solution? Sequence Style
void main()
{ int nom1,nom2,nom3,nom4,nom5;
printf(“\nEnter one number:”);

Output:
scanf(“%d”,&nom1); Enter one number : nom1
printf(“\ nEnter one number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&nom2);
Enter one number : nom2
}
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HOW…?
How if you want to enter marks
for more than 50 students ?
What if there are hundreds of

data to be inserted
into the system?
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Repetition Control Structure
▪Enable statements to be repeated
▪While the value of conditional expression is TRUE,
statements will be repeated.
▪Repetition will be terminated if the conditional
expression is 0 (FALSE)
▪Type of repetition/loop control structures:
1. while loop
2. do..while loop
3. for loop
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i. while loop
▪Use while statement
▪Statement will be repeated if the condition is
TRUE.
▪Format :
IMPORTANT!
counter = 0; 1. Counter
2. Counter initialization
while (conditional expression) 3. Conditional expression testing
{ 4. Increment/decrement of counter
C statement;
counter++;
}
Repeated statements
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i. while loop (cont..)
Important aspects:
1.Counter Initialization
• Counter is a variable
• Must be declared as an integer
• Used to count amount of loops
• Can be initialized starting from any value.
• Example : x = 0; a= 1; I = 3;
2. Conditional Expression
• Logical (>,<,==,!=,<=,>=) symbol is used

• Used to ensure the loop/repetition is occurred.
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•I is counter and it is tested
•Another variable can be used
• Example:
in the testing process
while ( I < 4)
3. Increment/decrement value of counter

• Used to increase/ decrease the value of counter
for the statements to repeat.
• If not, infinite loop will occured
• Example:
I ++;
++a;
y--;
:: increment (++) is used if the initial value of counter is less

:: decrement (--)is used if the initial value of counter is high.
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Example 1:
void main() void main()
{ int nom1,nom2,nom3,nom4,nom5; { int nom;
int i; counter
printf(“\nEnter one number :”);
i =0;
while(i <5) condition
scanf(“%d”,&nom2); {
printf(“\ nEnter one number :”); printf(“\ nEnter one number :”);
scanf(“%d”,&nom3); scanf(“%d”,&nom);
printf(“\ nEnter one number :”); i++;
scanf(“%d”,&nom1); }
printf(“\ nEnter one number :”); }
}
increment
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HOW while loop works? ?

Trace table
i i< 5 output nom i++
0 0<5 = T Enter one number : 3 1
5 AM
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Example 2:
Determine the output of the following while loop statement :
a = 1;
while ( a <= 4)
{ printf(“Number %d”,a);
a++;
}
Number 1Number 2Number 3Number 4
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Example 3:
Write a valid C segment code/fragment to display the following
output using while loop statement.
Output
Answer:
1 int j=1;
2 while (
while(j<=5) )
{
3 {
printf("%d\n",j);
4 j++;
5 }
}
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Example 4:
Write a valid C statement to display the following output using

while loop statement.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Counter
2 4 6 8 10 12
Output!
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Answer:
A = 1;
B = 2;
while ( A < = 6)
{
printf(“\t%d”, B);
B = B + 2;
A++;
}
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Example 5:
Using while loop statement, write a valid C segment code
to input/accept the name of 60 students.
Jawapan:
x = 1;
while (x < =60)
{ printf(“Enter student’s name :”);
gets(name);
x++;
}
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Example 6:
//A program to count the addition of five numbers
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int number, y, total =0;
y = 0;
while( y < 5)
{ printf(“\n Enter a number”);
total = total + number;
y++;
}
printf(“The addition result of five numbers is %d”,total);
}
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Example 7:
//A C program to accept several numbers
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int bil,i, nom;
i=1;
printf(“\n Enter amount of numbers :”);
scanf(“%d”,&bil);
while( i < = bil) Compared with counter
{ printf(“\nEnter a number:”);
i++;
printf(“The input number is %d”,nom);
}
}
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ii. do..while loop
▪Use do..while statement

▪Repetition will occurred if condition is TRUE
▪Similar to while, must include 3 important things
▪Format :
counter = 0;
do
{ C statement;
counter++;
} while (x < 5); Repeated statements
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ii. do..while loop (cont..)
Differences between while & do..while loop
While loop do..while loop
Loop is tested before Loop is tested after
repetition can be done repetition is done
while ( a < 4)
{ …….. } do
{
} while ( a<4);
Possibility of repeated loop Possibility of repeated loop
is 0 is 1
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Example 1 :
Determine the output: Output
x = 0;
y = 2;
y=4
do
y=8
{ y = 2 * y;
y = 16
printf(“ \n y = %d”, y);
y = 32
x++;
y = 64
} while (x < 6);
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Example 2 :Convert the following do..while loop to while loop
i = 2;
i= 2;
j = 1;
j = 1;
do
while (i < 8)
{ i++;
{ i++;
printf(“ i x j = %d”, i * j);
printf(“ i x j = %d”, i * j);
} while (i < 8);
}
do..while while
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Example 3 : Determine the output
bil = 10;
do
{ printf(“ %d ”, bil );
10 9 8 7 6
bil--;
} while (bil > 5);
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ii. for loop
▪Use for loop

▪Repeat statement until condition is FALSE
▪Similar to while loop, must includes 3 important things
▪Format :
for (initial_value; conditional expression ;increment)

{
C statement;
}
Repeated
statements
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ii. for loop (cont..)
8
7
6
Example: .
.
.
int bil, nilai = 3; …….(Non-stop looping)
for (bil = 5; bil >0; bil--)

Output?
{
if( bil % 2 == 1)
printf(“\n %d”, bil + nilai);
}
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ii. for loop (cont..)
Syntax comparison between loops

while.. do..while for
I=0; I=0; for (I=0;I < 5;
while (I < 5) do I++)
{ { {
I++; I++;
} }while(I <5)
}
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Exercise
1.Determine the output of the following do..while statement using trace table:
i= 10;
jumlah=0;
do{
jumlah += i * 2;
i -=2;
printf(“i%d\t”,jumlah);
}while(i >=0);
2.Rewrite the following for loop statement using do..while statement.

jumlah = 0;
for ( I = 1; I < 10; I +=2)
{ jumlah = jumlah + I;}
printf(“Jumlah ialah %d\n”, jumlah);
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Exercise
3. Using trace table, determine the output of the following repetition control
structure statements:
a) x=1;
total = 0;
while (x < 6)
{
printf(“\n%d%d”,x,total);
total +=x;
x++;
}
b) for (xy = 0; xy < =6;xy ++)

printf(“\nValue = %d”, xy + 3);
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Trace table for 3 (a)
x total x< 6 output total=total+x x++
1 0 1<6=T 10 0+1=1 2
2 1 2<6=T 21 1+2=3 3
3 3 3<6=T 33 3+3=6 4
4 6 4<6=T 46 6+4=10 5
5 10 5<6=T 510 10+5=15 6
6 15 6<6=F
The output is x=1;

total = 0;
10 while (x < 6)
21 {
33 printf(“\n%d%d”,x,total);
46 total +=x;
510 x++;
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Trace table for 3 (b)
xy xy<= 6 xy+3 output xy++
0 0<=6=T 3 Value=3 1
1 1<=6=T 4 Value=4 2
2 2<=6=T 5 Value=5 3
3 3<=6=T 6 Value=6 4
4 4<=6=T 7 Value=7 5
5 5<=6=T 8 Value=8 6
6 6<=6=T 9 Value=9 7
7 7<=6=F
The output is
Value = 3
Value = 4 for (xy = 0; xy < =6;xy ++)
Value = 5 printf(“\nValue = %d”, xy + 3);
Value = 6
Value = 7
Value = 8
Value = 9
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Recap: Control Structure
If (condition) counter = 0;
Single C statement; while (conditional
While expression)
Sequence
{
C statement;
Double counter++;
}
else Control
counter = 0;
do
{ C statement;
counter++;
Multiple } while (x < 5);
switch (condition)
For
for (initial_value;
If (condition) break; conditional expression
C statement; Case 2: C statement; ;increment)
else if break; {
C statement; Default: C statement; 10/10/2023 7:33:27 AM
C statement;
} }
Lab exercise 4b : Submit during lab session
What is your mark? (-1 to end) 87.0
Exercise 1 What is your mark? (-1 to end) 89.0
Change the program below by using while loop What is your mark? (-1 to end) 78.0
What is your mark? (-1 to end) -1
You made a total of 625.0 points

*** You made a A ***
--------------------------------
Exercise 2 Process exited after 33.78 seconds with
Suppose you want to write a program that adds your marks for a class you are taking. return value 0
The teacher has informed you that you earn A if you can accumulate over 450 Press any key to continue . . .
points. The program keeps asking you for values until you type -1. -1 is a signal that
you are finished entering marks and the total will display/print on screen. This Fig 1
program also prints a congratulatory message if you have enough points for an A.
Your program able to produce the given output. (Fig 1)
Lab exercise 4b : Submit during lab session
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
The program prints the even numbers from The program is counting program that produces the
1 to 20. Write the program output reverse effect by showing a countdown. Write the
program output. Modify the program to print o
Exercise 3
Write the complete program to print the odd numbers from 20 to 1.
Nested for loops
Outlines of two nested loops
Example 1
Example 2
Next Chapter : 6
• ARRAY
• 6.1 One and two dimensions array
• 6.2 Functions swapping between array
• 6.3 Sorting and simple searching of array
• 6.4 Two dimensions array and function

Computer Programming Chapter4

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CHAP 4:

Three types of control structures in C programming

❖offer choice of interests to user of a system,

How decision is made when user

❑Choose only one instruction to be executed.

Reserved if (conditional expression)

Consist of: Example:

if ( a > b && a!= 9)

Write a C code segment which prompt user to enter age. If

•If the car price is 20,000, then no there is no output.

Convert the following statements to valid C statements:

a) if mark is between 80 to 84, then the student’s

If grade = ‘A’, print a message ‘You passed ”

Write the C statements to determine student’s grade

if ( mark >=80 && mark <=100)

Example void main()

a) Without write the program in C tools (ex Dev C++)

area of rectangle = width × length

Write a C program which will accept

printf(“\nEnter one number:”);

What if there are hundreds of

• Logical (>,<,==,!=,<=,>=) symbol is used

3. Increment/decrement value of counter

:: increment (++) is used if the initial value of counter is less

HOW while loop works? ?

1 1<5 = T Enter one number : 5 2

2 2<5 = T Enter one number : 1 3

3 3<5 = T Enter one number : 2 4

4 3<5 = T Enter one number : 15 5

Determine the output of the following while loop statement :

Write a valid C statement to display the following output using

▪Use do..while statement

Example 2 :Convert the following do..while loop to while loop

Example 3 : Determine the output

▪Use for loop

for (initial_value; conditional expression ;increment)

for (bil = 5; bil >0; bil--)

Syntax comparison between loops

2.Rewrite the following for loop statement using do..while statement.

b) for (xy = 0; xy < =6;xy ++)

5 10 5<6=T 510 10+5=15 6

The output is x=1;

You made a total of 625.0 points

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