‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Sudan University of Science

LOGIC CIRCUITS
ENG / SHAIMA ELZEIN
2024

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Objectives:-
To define:-
(a) Identification of common logic gate symbols, tables and
equivalent circuits; Applications used for aircraft systems,
schematic diagrams.
(b) Interpretation of logic diagrams.

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 LOGIC GATES
 A gate is a special type of circuit designed to accept and generate voltage signals corresponding to
binary 1's and 0's.
Transistors are used in digital electronics to construct circuits that act as digital logic gates.
The purpose and task of the device is achieved by manipulating electric
signals through the logic gates.
Thousands, and even millions, of tiny transistors can be placed on a chip to create the digital logic
landscape through which a component’s signals are processed.
As explained in lecture 2, digital logic is based on the binary number system. There are two
conditions than may exist, 1 or 0. In a digital circuit, these are equivalent to voltage or no voltage.
Using just these two conditions, gates can be constructed to manipulate information. There are a
handful of common logic gates that are used. By combining any number of these tiny solid-state gates,
significant memorization, manipulation, and calculation of information can be performed.
A brief discussion of logic gates, their symbols, and truth tables follow.

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 NOT GATE
 The NOT gate, also known as an ‘inverter", is the simplest of all gates. If the input to the gate is
Logic 1, then the output is NOT Logic 1. This means that it is Logic 0, since there are only two
conditions in the binary world.
n an electronic circuit, a NOT gate would invert the input signal. In other words, if there was
voltage at the input to the gate, there would be no output voltage.
The gate can be constructed with transistors and resistors to yield this electrical logic every time.
(The gate or circuit would also have to invert an input of Logic 0 into an output of Logic 1.)
To understand logic gates, truth tables are often used. A truth table gives all of the possibilities
in binary terms for each gate containing a characteristic logic function.

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When using transistors to build logic gates, the primary concern is to operate them within the
circuits so the transistors are either OFF (not conducting) or fully ON (saturated).
In this manner, reliable logic functions can be performed. The variable voltage and current
situations present during the active mode of the transistor are of less importance.
Any input, either a no voltage or voltage condition, yields the opposite output. This gate is built
with bipolar junction transistors, resistors, and a few diodes. Other designs exist that may have
different components.
The symbol for the logic gate is most often used. The technician can then concentrate on the
configuration of the logic gates in relation to each other.

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A NOT logic gate symbol and a NOT gate truth table. An electronic circuit that reliably performs the NOT logic function.

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BUFFER GATE
Another logic gate with only one input and one output is the buffer. It is a gate with the same
output as the input.
While this may seem redundant or useless, an amplifier may be considered a buffer in a digital
circuit because if there is voltage present at the input, there is an output voltage. If there is no
voltage at the input, there is no output voltage.
When used as an Operational Amplifier, the buffer can change the values of a signal. This is
often done to stabilize a weak or varying signal.
The buffer steadies the output of the upstream device while maintaining its basic characteristic.
Another application of a buffer, using two NOT gates in series, is to use it to
isolate a portion of a circuit.

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An Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) is a high-gain differential voltage amplifier.
The output can be hundreds or thousands times greater than the voltage of its input. The output is
also linear with the difference between the input potential.
 They are widely used in a wide variety of electronic circuits including signal processing circuits,
control circuits and instrumentation.

A buffer or amplifier symbol and the truth table of the buffer, which is actually two consecutive
NOT gates

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 AND GATE

Most common logic gates have two inputs. Three or more inputs are possible on some gates.
When considering the characteristics of any logic gate, an output of Logic 1 is sought and a
condition for the inputs is stated or examined.
For an AND gate to have a Logic 1 output, both inputs have to be Logic 1. In an actual
electronic circuit, this means that for a voltage to be present at the output, the AND gate circuit
has to receive voltage at both of its inputs.
An example of AND logic could possibly be engage logic, found in an autopilot. In this case, the
autopilot would not be allowed to be engaged unless certain conditions are first met. Such
conditions could be: Vertical gyro is valid AND directional gyro is valid AND all autopilot
control knobs are in depths AND servo circuits are operational. Only when these conditions are
met will the autopilot be engaged.

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AN AND GATE SYMBOL AND ITS TRUTH TABLE AND LOGIC OF SYSTEM FOUND IN THE
WITH SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM. AIRCRAFT WIRING DIAGRAMS

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OR GATE
Another useful and common logic gate is the OR gate. In an OR gate, to have an output of Logic
1 (voltage present), one of the inputs must be Logic 1.
only one of the inputs needs to be Logic 1 for there to be an output of Logic 1. When both inputs
are Logic 1, the OR gate has a Logic 1 output because it still meets the condition of one of the
inputs being Logic 1.
The example used is a "DOOR UNSAFE“ annunciator. Let’s say in this case that the plane has
one cabin door and a baggage door. In order for the annunciator light on the master warning panel
to extinguish, both doors must be closed and locked. If any one of the doors is not secured
properly, the baggage door OR the cabin door, then the "DOOR UNSAFE“ annunciator will
illuminate.
In this case, two switches are in parallel with each other. If neither on of the two switches is
closed, the light bulb will light up. The lamp will be off only when both switches are open.

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An OR gate symbol and its truth table with schematic diagram Simplified circuit that illustrates OR logic.

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NAND GATE
The AND, OR, and NOT gates are the basic logic gates. A few other logic gates are also useful.
They can be derived from combining the AND, OR, and NOT gates.
The NAND gate is a combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate. This means that AND
gate conditions must be met and then inverted. So, the NAND gate is an AND gate followed by a
NOT gate.
If a Logic 1 output is to exist from a NAND gate, inputs A and B must not both be Logic 1. Or, if
a NAND gate has both inputs Logic 1, the output is Logic 0. Stated in electronic terms, if there is
to be an output voltage, then the inputs cannot both have voltage or, if both inputs have voltage,
there is no output voltage.
NOTE: The values in the output column of the NAND gate table are exactly the opposite of the
output values in the AND gate truth table.

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A NAND gate symbol and its truth table TI 7400 NAND chip

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NOR GATE
A NOR gate is similarly arranged except that it is an inverted OR gate.
If there is to be a Logic 1 output, or output voltage, then neither input can be Logic 1
or have input voltage. This is the same as satisfying the OR gate conditions and then putting the
output through a NOT gate.

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EXCLUSIVE OR GATE
&EXCLUSIVE NOR GATE
Another common logic gate is the EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR) gate. It is the same as an OR gate
except for the condition where both inputs are Logic 1. In an OR gate, there would be a Logic 1
when both inputs are Logic 1. This is not allowed in an EXCLUSIVE OR gate. When either of
the inputs is Logic 1, the output is Logic 1. However, with an EXCLUSIVE OR gate, if both
inputs are Logic 1, the Logic 1 output is excluded and results in Logic 0.
The EXCLUSIVE NOR (X-NOR) gate is nothing more than an XOR gate with an inverted
output. It produces a 1 output when all inputs are 1s and also when all inputs
are 0s.
"T" is the time interval of the pulse.

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Standard Symbol for X-NOR gate

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NEGATIVE LOGIC GATES
 There are also negative logic gates. The negative OR and the negative AND gates are gates
wherein the inputs are inverted rather than inverting the output. This creates a unique set of
outputs.
The negative OR gate is not the same as the NOR gate as is sometimes misunderstood. Neither
is the negative AND gate the same as the NAND gate.
 However, as the truth tables reveal, the output of a negative AND gate is the same as a NOR
gate, and the output of a negative OR gate is the same as a NAND gate.

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The NEGATIVE AND gate symbol and its truth table (A)
and the NEGATIVE OR gate symbol and truth table (B).
The inputs are inverted in the NEGATIVE gates.

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 DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Electronic circuits use transistors to construct logic gates that produce outputs related to the inputs shown
in the truth tables for each kind of gate.
The gates are then assembled with other components to manipulate data in digital circuits.
The electronic digital signals used are voltage or no-voltage representations of Logic 1 or Logic 0
conditions.
By using a series of voltage and/or no-voltage outputs, a logic circuit manipulates, computes, and stores
data.
It is worth noting again that an advantage of digital components and circuits is that voltage and current flow
does not need to be exact. Positive voltage between 2.6 and 5.0 volts at the input of a gate is considered an
input signal of Logic1. Any voltage less than 2.5 volts at the gate input is considered no voltage or an input
of Logic 0.

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TTL logic circuit
Two major kinds of logic circuits are:
 TTL (transistor transistor logic)
CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor).
TTL logic circuit elements are primarily bipolar semiconductor components connected together
to produce a consistent output.
This output may be combined with the output of other TTL logic elements and logic circuits to
perform a task.
TTL circuits operate with +5-volts power source. It uses positive logic, meaning Logic 1 occurs
with +5 volts and Logic 0 is ground or 0 volts. There are different types of TTL circuits that have
different power requirements.

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CMOS logic circuit
CMOS logic circuits are constructed with metal oxide semiconductor transistors rather than the
bipolar junction transistors used in TTL.
CMOS logic circuits use less power because the construction of the logic gates and, therefore,
the digital circuits that are comprised of CMOS components use fewer elements.
CMOS transistor output is triggered by lower voltage and does not rely on current flow through
the base emitter junction.
The same digital logic results as TTL circuits is accomplished, but CMOS logic circuits are less
susceptible to electrical interference and operate with a wider range of voltages (Logic 1 between
+3 and +18 volts).
 CMOS technology is predominant in modern integrated circuits used in aircraft systems

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AIRCRAFT LOGIC CIRCUIT
APPLICATIONS
One example of logic circuits applied to aircraft applications would be illuminating display
segments of numbers on a radio control head.
The circuit shown in Figure uses a NOT gate and three OR gates. Feeding patterns of binary
numbers into the four inputs on the left will turn the segment "ON" and "OFF". For example, feed
in the decimal number 7 as four binary inputs of "0111" and the gates will trigger as shown,
switching "ON" the lower right display segment.

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AIRCRAFT LOGIC CIRCUIT
APPLICATIONS
Another aircraft logic circuit application is the Landing Gear Warning Indicator. It consists of a
3-input NOR gate and a 3-Input AND gate, as shown in Figure.
As can be seen from the truth tables, when all 3 landing gear are extended and locked they each
activate a limit switch which provides a voltage (1) to the 3 inputs of both gates thereby turning
"OFF" (0) the red LED (light-emitting diode) and turning "ON" (1) the green LED. The opposite
occurs when all three landing gear are retracted turning "ON" (1) the red LED and turning "OFF"
(0) the green LED indicator.

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Problems
1. What is the difference between an inverter and a buffer?
2. What is the difference between the Negative OR and Negative AND gates and the NOR and
NAND gates?
3. Explain the logic function of the NAND gate.

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