TITLE : Measurement with the help of different

instruments

DATE OF 6th - June - 2022

:
EXPERIMENT

LAB NUMBER : 02

SUBMITTED : Sir Abu Bakar Talal

TO

GROUP : Malaika Khursheed (200401084)

MEMBERS Immama Arif Raz (200401032)
Abdullah Qaimkhani (200401048)
Ghous Ali (200401019)
Muhammad Saad Javed (200401013)
Muhammad Azeem Amjad (200401046)
Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is:
 To learn about different measuring instruments and their working.
 To get familiar with Accuracy, precision and least count of any instrument.

Equipment:
 Vernier Caliper.
 Screw Gauge.
 Marking Gauge.
 Depth Gauge.

Introduction:
In this lab, we learned about how to take different reading with the help of measuring
instruments these are used to find the length, width, depth internal and external diameter
of very surface of an workpiece or object whereas the accuracy of any instrument is
depends on its least count such that more less the least count is more accurate the reading
that instrument can measure.

Vernier Caliper:
Definition:
It is a measuring device that consists of a main scale with a fixed jaw and a sliding jaw
with an attached Vernier.
Vernier caliper consists of the following main parts given as below:

Lower Jaws:
The lower jaws are the most prominent feature of a Vernier caliper. These jaws are
designed to grip objects firmly between them for measurement.

Upper Jaws:
The upper jaws are smaller in size and are attached to the upper portion of the Vernier
caliper. Similar to the lower jaws, one of these jaws is fixed and the other is movable. The
difference between them and the lower jaws is that the upper jaws are used for measuring
inside dimensions of hollow objects such as inside diameters of pipes, lengths and widths
of boxes etc.

Depth Rod:
The depth rod is another useful feature of the vernier caliper which can be used to measure
the depths of holes or steps. The depth rod is extended till it touches the bottom of the hole
and the reading is taken as usual.

Main Scale:
The main scale is the large scale which runs along the body of the Vernier caliper. It is
graduated either in centimetres and millimetres or inches depending on the type of units it
is built for. In SI units the lowest graduation of the main scale is normally 1mm. The main
scale is stationary.

Vernier Scale:
The Vernier scale provides accuracy to the readings of the main scale by further dividing
the lowest reading of the main scale into increments.

Thumb screw:
The thumb screw is located at the bottom of the vernier scale. Its purpose is to provide a
grip for the user to slide the jaws easily and adjust the position of the jaws and depth rod
while maintaining a firm grip on the object.

Lock Screw:
The lock screw is used to fix the position of the jaws once the object is positioned properly
so that readings can be taken without the fear of spoiling the position.

Working Principle:
The working principle of Vernier caliper is to alignment of line segments to determine the
more accurate reading. The length of the object to be measured is placed in between the
two jaws of the Vernier calipers. Certain graduation on the Vernier scale gets signed with
a reading on the main scale.

Zero error and zero error correction:

Zero error is determined by measuring the distance between the zero mark of the main
scale and the zero mark of the Vernier scale.
The total number of divisions on vernier callipers is 10.
Zero error = - (10 - 6) × L.C
To get correct measurement with vernier callipers having a zero error, the zero error with
its proper sign is always subtracted from the observed reading.

In this example figure 1 there is negative zero error present whereas in the figure 2 there
is a positive zero error present
Screw Gauge:

Definition:
Screw gauge is a mechanical tool that allows precise measurement of the diameter, radius,
or thickness of a thin wire or a thin metal sheet. It is also known as micrometer screw
gauge. It includes two scales, a Pitch scale and a Circular scale.
Following are given the different parts of screw gauge:

Frame:
This U shaped metallic structure is known as the frame of the micrometer screw gauge.

Anvil and Spindle:

The smaller stud is known as the anvil and the longer one is known as the spindle. The
anvil is the fixed part of the device, whereas the spindle moves as and when the head is
moved.
Ratchet:
It is used to advance the screw by turning it till the object is gently held between the stud
and the spindle of the screw.

Main Scale:
The main scale is a millimeter scale subdivided into equal parts with half a millimeter
distance. When the object is to be measured, it is placed in between the anvil and the
spindle.

Secondary Scale:
The secondary scale is provided on the thimble and is the measurement of the pitch of the
screw. This means that the reading on the secondary scale measures the distance moved
by the thimble per rotation.

Thimble:
Thimble is the part through which the measuring screw is rotated, this screwing results in
the displacement of the spindle and thimble itself.

Working Principle:
The working principle of the Micrometer is based on screw and nut. (Rotational moment
to linear moment) As we know as the screw rotates one revolution on the screw, then the
screw moves linearly by one pitch distance. We can minimise the pitch distance of the
screw to minimise the length that can be measured with that screw gauge.
Zero error and zero error correction:
If zero line on circular scale does not coincide with zero on the linear scale when the
screw of circular scale is fully tighten or moved, the error due to this is called zero error
of the screw gauge.
When the circular scale of the screw gauge is rotated to maximum capacity and if the
reference line on the main scale coincides with the zero of the circular scale there is no
error on the screw gauge. If the zero on the circular scale is below the reference line then
the error is positive.
Correction for negative zero error = + [coincide division of circular scale ×L.C

Marking Gauge:
Working Principle:
A marking gauge has three basic parts which allow it to hold a measurement and mark a
surface. The pin or scribe is attached to the end of the tool and has a pointed tip to mark
the surface. The tool also has a block piece, known as a fence, which sits up against the
edge of the material and holds the measurement.

Depth Gauge:

Working Principle:
Vernier depth gauge is used for measuring the depth of holes, recesses and distances
from a plane surface to a projection. Here the graduated scale is slide through the base
and Vernier scale remains fixed. Running through the depth gauge body is the main scale
the end of which provides the datum surface from which measurements are taken .
T-Square:

Working Principle:
A square is a tool used for marking and referencing a 90° angle, though mitre squares are
used for 45° angles. Squares see common use in woodworking, metalworking,
construction and technical drawing. Some squares incorporate a scale for measuring
distances (a ruler) or for calculating angles.

Conclusion:
In conclusion we can say that:
 Vernier caliper take more precise and accurate measurements as compare to the
mm scale.
 It is helpful in measuring the length, internal and external diameter and depth of
any object.
 Screw gauge is more precise and accurate than the Vernier caliper due to its least
count.
 It is helpful in measuring the diameter of a wire or length of any small object.

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