Prepared by: Engr. Jan Nathan A.

Anastacio
▪ Short Compression Blocks or Pedestals – has a height that is less than three times the least lateral
dimension.
- may be designed with unreinforced or plain concrete with a maximum design
compressive stress of ∅0.85fc′ where ∅ is 0.65.
- if the load is greater than ∅0.85fc′ Ag , it will be necessary to enlarge the cross-
sectional area or to design it as a reinforced concrete column.
▪ Short Reinforced Concrete Column – a column which fails due to initial material failure.

- load supported is controlled by the dimensions of the cross section and the
strength of materials of which it is constructed.
- a rather stocky member with little flexibility.
▪ Long or Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns – has secondary moments of such magnitude as to
significantly reduce its axial load properties.
- As the column become slenderer, bending deformations will increase, as will the
resulting secondary moments.
▪ When a column is subjected to primary
moments, the axis of the member will deflect
laterally, with the result that additional
moments equal to the column load times the
lateral deflection will be applied to the column.
▪ These latter moments are called secondary
moments or P∆ moments.
▪ A column that has large secondary moments is
said to be a slender column, and it is necessary
to size its cross section for the sum of both the
primary and secondary moments.
▪ Effective slenderness ratios are used to classify
columns as being short or slender.
▪ When the ratios are larger than certain values
(depending on whether the columns are braced
or unbraced laterally), they are classified as
slender columns.
▪ The design of slender columns is appreciably
more complicated than the design of short
columns. As a result, it may be wise to give
some consideration to the use of certain
minimum dimensions so that none of the
columns will be slender. In this way, they can be
almost completely avoided in the average-size
building.
▪ Reinforced concrete columns are referred to as
tied or spiral columns, depending on the
method used for laterally bracing or holding the
bars in place.
▪ If the column has a series of closed ties, it is
referred to as a tied column.
▪ If a continuous helical spiral made from bars or
heavy wire is wrapped around the longitudinal
bars, the column is referred to as a spiral
column.
▪ Spirals are more effective than ties but are also
more difficult to construct and more expensive.
▪ It should be noted that while most rectangular
columns are tied and most circular columns are
spiral, that is not always the case.
▪ Composite – columns reinforced longitudinally
by structural steel shaped which may or
may not be surrounded by structural
steel bars.
▪ Additional Note: Longitudinal bars for
non-circular columns shall be
symmetrically placed. For this
reason, the number of longitudinal
bars must always be even.
▪ In actual practice, there are no perfectly axially loaded columns.

▪ Though stresses cannot be predicted in columns in the elastic range with any degree of accuracy,
several decades of testing have shown that the ultimate strength of columns can be estimated very
well.
▪ Proportions of live and dead loads, length of loading, and other such factors have little effect on the
ultimate strength.
▪ It does not even matter whether the concrete or steel approaches its ultimate strength first. If one
of the two materials is stressed close to its ultimate strength, its large deformations will cause the
stress to increase quicker in the other material.
▪ For these reasons, only the ultimate strength of the column is considered.

▪ The theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength of a short axially loaded column is given by
the equation:
Po = 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
▪ Should a short, tied column be loaded until it fails, parts of the shell or covering concrete will spall
off and, unless the ties are quite closely spaced, the longitudinal bars will buckle almost
immediately, as their lateral support (the covering concrete) is gone.
▪ Such failures may often be quite sudden and occur rather frequently in structures subjected to
earthquake loadings.
▪ When spiral columns are loaded to failure, the situation is quite different. The covering or shell will
spall off, but the core will continue to stand, and if the spiral is closely spaced, the core will be able
to resist an appreciable amount of additional load beyond the load that causes spalling.
▪ As a result, the spalling off of the shell of a spiral column provides a warning that failure is going to
occur if the load is further increased.
▪ The term e represents the distance of the axial load, Pu , would have to be off center of the column to
produce Mu . Thus,
Mu = Pu e
Mu
e=
Pu
▪ The past codes specified that columns had to be designed for certain minimum moments even
though no calculated moments were present. This was accomplished by requiring designers to
assume certain minimum eccentricities for their column loads.
▪ These minimum values were 1in or 0.05h, whichever was larger for spiral columns and 1in or 0.10h
for tied columns. A moment equal to the axial load times the minimum eccentricity was used for the
design.
▪ In today’s code, minimum eccentricities are not specified, but the same objective is accomplished
by requiring that theoretical axial load capabilities be multiplied by a factor equal to 0.85 for spiral
columns and 0.80 for tied columns.
▪ The axial load capacity of columns may not be greater than:

Pn = 0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy for tied columns

Pn = 0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy for spiral columns
▪ It is to be clearly understood that the preceding expressions are to be used only when the moment
is quite small or when there is no calculated moment.
▪ These equations are applicable only for situations where the moment is sufficiently small so than e
(eccentricity or ∆) is less than 0.10h for tied columns and 0.05h for spiral columns.
▪ Should e values be greater than the limiting values or should the columns be classified as long ones,
it will be necessary to design the column as a slender column.
▪ The ultimate load of columns may not be greater than:

Pu = ∅0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy for tied columns

Pu = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy for spiral columns
where: ∅ = 0.65 for tied columns
∅ = 0.75 for spiral columns
 Tied Column Spiral Column
Pn = 0.80P Pn = 0.85P
Pu = ∅0.80P Pu = ∅0.85P
As As
ρ= ρ=
Ag Ag
where ∅ = 0.65 & 0.01 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.08 where ∅ = 0.75 & 0.01 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.08
smax = 16db ≤ 48ds 0.45f′c Ag
ρs = −1
fy Ach
smax ≤ least column dimension Volume of spiral in one loop
ρs =
Volume of concrete core for a pitch s
dagg ≤ sclear 25mm ≤ sclear ≤ 75mm & dagg ≤ sclear
▪ A square column has a side dimension of 600mm and is reinforced with 8-16mm diameter bars.
Use fc′ = 24MPa and fy = 345MPa.
a.) Determine the ultimate load that the column can carry if it is a tied column.
b.) Determine the ultimate load that the column can carry if it is a spiral column.
▪ Solution for (a):

Pu = ∅0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
2 π 2 π
Pu = 0.65 0.80 0.85(24) 600 − 8 4 16 + 8 4 16 2 (345)

Pu = 4090381.162N
Pu = 4090.38kN (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (b):

Pu = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
2 π 2 π
Pu = 0.75 0.85 0.85(24) 600 − 8 4 16 + 8 4 16 2 (345)

Pu = 5014649.982N
Pu = 5014.65kN (Ans. )
▪ Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown. Assume f’c = 24MPa, fy =
345MPa for steel reinforcement and Fy = 250MPa for the structural steel section.
Properties of steel section:
Weight = 72kg/m
Area = 10000mm2 8-16mm
H = 350mm rebars
600mm
Ix = 202x106mm4

600mm
▪ Solution:

Pu = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
▪ Solution:

Pu = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
π π
Pu = 0.65 0.85 0.85(24) 6002 − 8 4 16 2
− 10000 + 8 4 16 2 (345) + 10000(250)

Pu = 5614569.985N
Pu = 5614.57kN (Ans. )
▪ A circular column carries a dead load of 1100kN and a live load of 850kN. Use fc′ = 28MPa, fy =
415MPa and ρ = 0.04. The column is reinforced with 8 longitudinal bars.
a.) Determine the diameter of the column.
b.) Determine the required diameter of main bars.
c.) Determine the spacing of 10mm shear reinforcements.
▪ Solution for (a):

Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
Pu = 1.2(1100) + 1.6(850)
Pu = 2680kN
Pu = ∅Pn
∅Pn = ∅0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
A
ρ = As
g
▪ Solution for (a):
A
0.04 = As → As = 0.04Ag
g

∅Pn = ∅0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − 0.04Ag + 0.04Ag fy

2680000 = 0.65(0.80) 0.85(28) Ag − 0.04Ag + 0.04Ag (415)
Ag = 130649.1116mm2
π
Ag = 4 d2

4(130649.1116)
d= π
= 407.857mm

Choose: d = 410mm (Ans. )

Note: This is the board exam approach. In practice, we use multiples of 50mm in choosing
the dimension of the member. Preferred rounded up value is on the discretion of the designer.
▪ Solution for (b):

Pu = ∅0.80 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
π 2
2680000 = 0.65(0.80) 0.85(28) 410 − As + As (415)
4

As = 5142.231313mm2
π 2
As = nAb = n db
4
π 2
5142.231313 = 8 db
4

db = 28.608
Choose: db = 32mm (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (c):

smax = 16db = 16 32 = 512mm

smax = 48ds = 48 10 = 480mm
smax = least dimension = 410mm
Choose: s = 410mm (Ans. )
▪ A circular column carries an ultimate compressive load of 3210kN. Use fc′ = 27MPa and fy =
345MPa.
a.) Assuming ρ = 0.028, which of the following most nearly gives the diameter of the
column rounded up to the nearest 10mm?
b.) Determine the required number of 28mm longitudinal bars.
c.) Determine the required pitch of the 10mm spirals.
▪ Solution for (a):

Pu = 3210kN
Pu = ∅Pn
∅Pn = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
A
ρ = As
g

A
0.028 = As → As = 0.028Ag
g

∅Pn = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − 0.028Ag + 0.028Ag fy

▪ Solution for (a):

3210000 = 0.75(0.85) 0.85(27) Ag − 0.028Ag + 0.028Ag (345)

Ag = 157513.408mm2
π
Ag = 4 d2

4(157513.408)
d= π

d = 447.83mm
Choose: d = 450mm (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (b):

Pu = ∅0.85 0.85f ′ c Ag − As + As fy
π 2
3210000 = 0.75(0.85) 0.85(27) 450 − As + As (345)
4

As = 4301.364161mm2
π 2
As = nAb = n db
4
π
4301.364161 = n (28)2
4

n = 6.99
Choose: n = 7pcs. (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (c):
π 2
0.45f′c Ag 0.45(27) 4 (450)
ρs = −1 = π −1
fy Ach 345 (370)2
4

ρs = 0.01687553594
Volume of spiral in one loop
ρs = Volume of concrete core for a pitch s
π
(d )2 π(Dc −ds )
4 s
ρs = π
D 2 (s)
4 c

(10)2 π(370−10)
s= 370 2 (0.01687553594)

s = 48.95mm (Ans. )