1.

Secondary
Storage Devices

Primary
Memory
In this chapter
Input Control Unit Output » Introduction to
Device (CU) Device
Computer System
» Evolution of
Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU) Computer
» Computer Memory
» Data Transfer
between Memory
and CPU
1.1.1 » Data and
Information
» Microprocessors
» Software
» Operating System
 Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner

Touch Screen

1.1.2

Display monitor

Speaker

1.1.3
Printer

3D printer
 A punched card is a
piece of stiff paper that
stores digital data in
the form of holes at
predefined positions.

1.2
 In 1965, Intel co-
founder Gordon Moore
introduced Moore’s
Law which predicted
that the number of
transistors on a chip
would double every two
years while the costs
would be halved.

10,000,000,000
Number of Transistors
per Integrated Circuit

1,000,000,000 Core 2 DUO Core i7

100,000,000 Intel Microprocessors Pentium IV
Pentium II Pentium III
10,000,000 Pentium
1,000,000 486
486
100,000 Invention of the 386
Transistor 286
10,000 8086
1,000 4004
100 Doubles every 2 years
10
1
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1.3

1.3.1
1.3.2

(A)

(B)
(C)

Pen
Drive

CD/DVD

1.4
1.5
1.5.1

(A)

(B)

Activity 1.1
The maximum memory
size of microprocessors
of different generations
(C) are given at Table 1.2.
Represent each of the
memory size in terms
of power of 2.
 (D)

1.5.2

Clock CPU Memory

Bus System

Input Output
I/O-ports

1.6
1.6.1

(A)
 (B)

Attendance record for the month of July

School Logo

Attended:

Guardian’s Signature Principal’s Signature

(C)

Name: Mohan Month: July Class: XI Attendance: 98

Name: Sohan Month: July Class: XI Attendance: 65
Name: Sheen Month: July Class: XI Attendance: 85
Name: Geet Month: May Class: XI Attendance: 82
Name: Geet Month: July Class: XI Attendance: 94
1.6.2 Activity 1.3

Visit some of the places

like bank, automobile
showroom, shopping
mall, tehsil office, etc.,
and find out 2 – 3 names
of tools or instruments
(A) used to capture data in
digital format.

(B)

(C)

1.6.3
 Activity 1.4
Explore possible ways
of recovering deleted
data or data from a
corrupted device.

Activity 1.5
Create a test file and
then delete it using
Shift+Delete from
the keyboard. Now
recover the file using
the methods you have
explored in Activity 1.4.

1.7
 Hardware refers to the
physical components
1.7.1 of the computer system
which can be seen and
touched. For example,
RAM, keyboard,
printer, monitor, CPU,
etc. On the other hand,
software is a set of
instructions and data
that makes hardware
functional to complete
the desired task.

1.7.2

(A)
 (B)

(C)
Activity 1.6
Ask your teacher to
help you locate any two
device drivers installed
on your computer.

1.7.3
(A)

(B)
 Code in high
level language
(Source Code)

Language
translater

Code in machine
language
(Object Code)

(C)
1.7.4
Activity 1.7
With the help of your
teacher, install one
application software in
your computer.

(A)
A computer system
can work without
application software,
but it cannot work
without system
software. For example,
we can use a computer
even if no word
processing software
is installed, but if no
(B) operating system is
installed, we cannot
work on the computer.
In other words, the use
of computer is possible
in the absence of
application software.

1.7.5

Activity 1.8
With the help of your
teacher, install one
free and open source
application software on
your computer.
 1.8

Types of User
Interface of
Operating System

Command-based
Interface

Graphical User
Interface

Touch-based
Interface
1.8.1

Voice-based
Interface
(A)

Gesture-based
Interface
(B)

(C)

(D)
 (E)

1.8.2

(A)

Operating system is called

resource manager as it
manages different resources
like main memory, CPU,
I/O devices, so that each
resource is used optimally
and system performance does
not deteriorate.

(B)
(C)

(D)

SUMMaRY
• A computing device, also referred as computer,
processes the input data as per given instructions
to generate desired output.
• Computer system has four physical components
viz. (i) CPU, (ii) Primary Memory, (iii) Input Device
and (iv) Output Devices. They are referred to as
hardware of computer.
• Computer system has two types of primary
memories viz. (i) RAM, the volatile memory and
(ii) ROM, the non-volatile memory.
• System bus is used to transfer data, addresses
and control signals between components of the
computer system.
• A microprocessor is a small-sized electronic
component inside a computer that performs basic
arithmetic and logical operations on data.
• Microcontroller is a small computing device which
has a CPU, a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other
peripherals embedded on a single chip.
• Software is a set of instructions written to achieve
the desired tasks and are mainly categorised
as system software, programming tools and
application software.
• Hardware of a computer cannot function on its own.
It needs software to be operational or functional.
• Operating system is an interface between the user
and the computer and supervises the working of
computer system, i.e., it monitors and controls the
hardware and software of the computer system.

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14.

a)
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d)

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