Introduction To Power System Operation and Control

Lecture #2.
Introduction to Power System

Operation and Control
Dr. Salman Harasis

Fall-2021
1
Stability of a Power System
2
Generation Units
It contains three basic units:
1- Synchronous generator.
2- Exciter and Automatic voltage regulator.
3- Turbine and Governing system
3
A) Synchronous Generator:
➢ Can be classified into:

1- High speed generators, driven by steam or gas turbine (1500 or 3000 rpm).
2- Low speed generators, driven by water turbine (500 or below rpm).
➢ Generators have two main magnetic parts manufactured from magnetic steel:
1- Stator winding: it carries the load current and supplies power.
2- Rotor winding: it contains DC excitation winding produces rotating magnetic
flux to synchronize the rotating speed.
➢ Modern synchronous generators have combined cycle gas turbine(CCGT) plant

utilizing air-cooled generators.
4
B) Exciter and Automatic voltage regulators (AVR):
- Its function is to supply and control generator DC field current.
- The power rating of the exciter is usually in the range 0.2-0.8% of the generator's
MW rating.
1) Exciters:
- Exciters can be classified as: Rotating exciters or Static exciters.
2) AVR: it regulates the generator terminal voltage by controlling the amount of

current supplied to the generator field winding by the exciter.
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➢ - Types of exciters:
(a) cascaded DC (c) inside-out synchronous generator with

(b) reluctance machine with rotating rectifier
generators; rectifier
(d) controlled rectifier fed from (e) controlled rectifier fed from the (f) controlled rectifier fed by the
the auxiliary supply; generator terminals generator’s voltage and current
SG: synchronous generator / SR: slip rings / ME: main exciter / AE: auxiliary exciter /
RR: rotating rectifier / ET, excitation transformer / AS: auxiliary service busbars / 6
CT: current transformer / AVR: automatic voltage regulator

➢ - Types of exciters:
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Block diagram of exciter and AVR system
detailed scheme
Simplified Scheme
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▪ The amplifier (gain) is limited with a
number of limiters to protect the AVR,
exciter, and generator from excessive
voltages and currents.
▪ The load compensation is used to

compensate the voltage drop across the
compensating impedance (Zc).
▪ The regulation process is stabilized

using a negative feedback loop taken
directly from either the amplifier or the
exciter.
▪ Power system stabilizer (PSS) is added

to help damp power swings in the
system.
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Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
• A power system stabilizer (PSS) is added to the AVR subsystem to help damp
power swings in the system.
• PSS is a differentiating element with phase shifting corrective elements.
• Its input signals may be proportional to rotor speed, generator output frequency or
the electrical real power output of the generator.
• The AVR parameters have to be chosen appropriately to maintain the voltage
regulation (VR).
• For small disturbances, that quality can be assessed by observing the dynamic
voltage response of a generator to a step change in the reference value. V = Vref+ -
Vref-.
Typical recommended value/ dynamics

tε ≤ 0.3 s for static exciters
tε ≤ 1.0 s for rotating exciters
εp ≤ 10%
1
0
C) Turbines and governing systems:
1) Turbine: is a device used to drive the synchronous generator.

- Four types of turbine:
1- Steam turbine.
2- Gas turbine.
3- Combined cycle gas turbine.
4- Hydro turbine.
1- Steam turbine:
uses coal, oil, or nuclear power to produce high pressure and temperature steam is a boiler.
The energy in the steam rotates blades converting
thermal energy into mechanical energy.
- Steam turbines can be:

1- Non-reheat (for generators below 100 MW).
2- Single reheat: three stages (HP 30%, IP 40%, LP 30%).
3- Double reheat: four stages (VHP 20%, HP 20%, IP 30%, LP 30%).
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2- Gas turbine:
uses gas thermal energy with compressed air to rotate blades
converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.
- Typical efficiency of gas turbine is 35%.
3- Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT):

it is a gas turbine uses its exhaust heat to raise steam in heat recovery boiler and
generate more electricity using smaller steam turbine.
- Typical efficiency of CCGT is 55%.
- It is better than steam turbine and gas turbine according to technical and
environmental issues.
4- Hydro turbine:
uses water flow or fall potential energy (head) to rotate the turbine's blades.
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13
14
Hydro turbines
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16
Combined cycle power plant video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVjtFXWe9Eo
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2) Governing system: is a device used to control the turbine by which it can be started, run-up to the
operating speed, and operate on load with the required power output.
- Two types of governor:

1- Mechanical –hydraulic: old and uses Watt centrifugal mechanism.
2- Electro-hydraulic: have no deadbands and have high accuracy.
Simplified more and

more
Electro-hydraulic
Turbine Characteristics
The coefficient KA corresponds to the amplification gain of the servomotor; coefficient R corresponds to the gain of the feedback
loop.
TG = 1/(KAR) and is the effective governor time constant.
Pref is the load reference set point expressed as a fraction of the nominal or rated power, Pn. (Pref < Pn)
• Physically droop can be interpreted as the percentage change in speed required to move the valves from fully open to fully
closed.
Droop characteristics

Introduction To Power System Operation and Control

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Introduction To Power System Operation and Control

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Lecture #2.

Introduction to Power System

Dr. Salman Harasis

➢ Can be classified into:

➢ Modern synchronous generators have combined cycle gas turbine(CCGT) plant

2) AVR: it regulates the generator terminal voltage by controlling the amount of

(a) cascaded DC (c) inside-out synchronous generator with

CT: current transformer / AVR: automatic voltage regulator

▪ The load compensation is used to

▪ The regulation process is stabilized

▪ Power system stabilizer (PSS) is added

Typical recommended value/ dynamics

1) Turbine: is a device used to drive the synchronous generator.

- Steam turbines can be:

3- Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT):

- Two types of governor:

Simplified more and

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