State Coulomb's Law

Part 1:
1. State coulomb's law

The product of the magnitudes of the charges and the square of the distance between them is
directly proportional to the electrostatic force between two point charges, according to
Coulomb's Law.
Where:
● 𝐹 is the electrostatic force between the charges,
● k is Coulomb's constant (8.9875×109 N m2/C2)
● Where q1 and q 2 are the sizes of the two charges,
● R is the distance between the charges
2. State Gauss law for electric fields
The electric flux Φ over a closed surface is directly proportional to the net electric charge q
contained within the surface, according to Gauss's law for electricity. That is, Φ = q/ε 0, where
ε0 is the electric permittivity of free space and has a value of 8.854 × 10 –12 square coulombs
per newton per square metre.
3. Define electric flux & electric flux density
Although electric fields cannot flow, electric flux is a measure of the electric field via a
certain surface. It is a method for characterising the intensity of an electric field independent
of the distance from the source of the field.
A unit area's electric flux density is equal to the electric flux flowing through it in the
opposite direction. Electric flux density is electric flux passing through a unit area
perpendicular to the direction of the flux.
This flux can be written as:
D= Φ/A, Where D is the electric flux density, Φ is the electric flux, A is the area of the
surface
Moreover, the flux density can be written as: D= ε 0 εrE. Whereε0, is the permeability of the
free space, and εr relative permeability while E is the electric flux intensity.
4. Define electric field intensity
One way to quantify the strength of an electric field at a specific spot is by looking at its
electric field strength. The volt per metre is the standard unit. The electric charge on an item,
measured in coulombs, is directly proportional to the field strength at a certain distance from
the object.
5. Name few applications of Gauss law in electrostatics
● When it comes to determining the electric field that is produced by a point charge or a
system of charges, Gauss's Law offers a straightforward and effective way. Selecting
an appropriate Gaussian surface allows us to assess the electric flux across the surface
and determine the electric field at any given location using Gauss's Law.
● Another way to test for the existence of electric charges inside a closed surface is by
applying Gauss's Law. There must be electric charges within the surface for the
electric flux across it to be non-zero.
● When a charged conductor is enclosed inside a Gaussian surface, the electric field of
the conductor may be calculated using Gauss's Law. Perpendicular to the conductor's
surface, the electric field at any location outside the conductor is of the same
magnitude as the surface charge density.
● The behaviour of electric fields in dielectric materials: Insulators, capacitors, and
other dielectrics can be understood by applying Gauss's Law. To determine the
electric field inside a material, one can use Gauss's Law and factor in the substance's
permittivity, which influences the electric field strength.
6. Define potential difference
Potential difference refers to the disparity in electric potential energy per unit charge between
two points inside a circuit. Potential difference, sometimes known as voltage, is a measure of
the energy of an electric field that does not need the use of test charges.
7. State Biot –savart's law
The Biot-Savart law states that the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying conductor
at a specific distance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the
conductor and the point. Additionally, the magnetic field is directly proportional to the length
of the conductor and the current flowing through it. Consider a point charge P placed at a
distance r from an infinitely small length of wire dl.
The distance vector r makes an angle θ from the direction of the current.
As the current flow into the wire the current along the wire can be expressed as dB ∝ i, the
equation will be:
8. State Ampere circuital law
Software Ampere's Circuital Law has significant relevance in legal contexts. It is frequently
employed in matters involving electromagnetic interference, such as intellectual property
conflicts related to the usage of magnetic technologies. Gaining a comprehensive
understanding of this law can offer extremely important knowledge in legal situations of this
nature. The fundamental elements of Ampere's Circuital Law are rooted in the interplay
between the magnetic field, the enclosed path, and the electric current traversing the path.
These components function together to clarify the magnetic consequences of electric currents,
which is a genuinely fascinating phenomenon. Legal precedents pertaining to Ampere's
Circuital Law may be found in cases concerning electromagnetic interference, intellectual
property conflicts, or regulation of electromagnetic fields. Examining such prior cases can
provide significant perspectives on the implementation of this legislation in legal procedures.
9. Write the relation between magnetic flux density and field intensity
The relationship between magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density is direct. The link
can be mathematically represented by the formula B = μH. The Greek letter Mu () symbolises
magnetic permeability, a physical property that quantifies the ability of a material to allow
the passage of magnetic flux. Magnetic permeability is expressed in units of henry per metre
(H/m).
10. Write the relation between relative permeability and susceptibility
Magnetic susceptibility is the amount of magnetisation that is generated when exposed to a
unit-strength magnet. Magnetic permeability is the correlation of magnetic induction to the
magnetic intensity of a material. Magnetic permeability is a scalar quantity, and its symbol is
'μ'.
Formula used:
Magnetic susceptibility, Xm=IH
I is the intensity of magnetization.
H is the intensity of the magnetizing field.
Relative permeability, μr=μμ0
μ the permeability of the material.
μ0 free space.
Relative permeability in terms of susceptibility:
μr=(1+Xm)
Therefore, the relationship between relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility
is μr=(1+Xm).
11. Define magnetic flux density
Magnetic flux density(B) is defined as the force acting per unit current per unit length on a
wire placed at right angles to the magnetic field.
It is a vector quantity.
Magnetic flux is denoted by “B”
The SI unit is Tesla(T) or Kgs-2A-1.
Mathematically, this can be represented as:
B=FIL
Here,
L is the wire's length.
F is the total force acting.
I is the current flowing.
12. Write down the magnetic boundary conditions

The boundary conditions governing the parallel components of overline E and H follow
from Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws:
13. Give the force on a current element.

The force exerted on a wire that carries an electric current I and has a length L in a magnetic
field may be determined using the equation F=ILBsinθ, where θ represents the angle between
the wire and the magnetic field. The force is at a right angle to the field and the current.
14. Define magnetic moment.
Magnetic moment, or magnetic dipole moment, quantifies an object's inclination to align
with a magnetic field. The term "Magnetic Moment" refers to the magnetic strength and
orientation of a magnet or any other item that generates a magnetic field. The magnetic
moment is a vector.
15. State Gauss law for magnetic field.
Gauss's law for magnetism asserts that the magnetic flux B passing through any closed
surface is equal to zero. This can be expressed as div B = 0, where div represents the
divergence operator. This equation is in accordance with the finding that isolated magnetic
poles, often known as monopoles, do not exist.
16.

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Part 1:

1. State coulomb's law

8. State Ampere circuital law

The SI unit is Tesla(T) or Kgs-2A-1.

Mathematically, this can be represented as:

L is the wire's length.

F is the total force acting.

I is the current flowing.

12. Write down the magnetic boundary conditions

13. Give the force on a current element.

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