EX. NO.

:
STUDY OF PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)
DATE :

AIM:

To study about the architecture and working of programmable logic controller (PLC).

EQUIPMENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Delta- WPL Soft (PLC Software)

2. Personal computer.

THEORY:

Initially industries used relays to control the manufacturing processes. The relay control
panels had to be regularly replaced, consumed lot of power and it was difficult to figure out the
problems associated with it. To sort these issues, Programmable logic controller (PLC) was
introduced.

What is PLC?

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial grade computer that is capable of

being programmed to perform control functions. The programmable controller has eliminated much
of the hardwiring associated with conventional relay control circuits. Other benefits include fast
response, easy programming and installation, high control speed, network compatibility,
troubleshooting and testing convenience, and high reliability. These controllers are specially
designed to survive in harsh situations and shielded from heat, cold, dust, and moisture etc.

The PLC is designed for multiple input and output arrangements, extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs for the
control and operation of manufacturing process equipment and machinery are typically stored in
battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real-time system since the output
of the system controlled by the PLC depends on the input conditions.
Architecture of PLC:

The hardware components of a PLC system are CPU, Memory, Input / Output module,
Power supply module, and programming device. Below is an architecture of PLC,

Power Supply

The power supply supplies DC power to other modules that plug into the rack. For large
PLC systems, this power supply does not normally supply power to the field devices. With larger
systems, power to field devices is provided by external alternating current (AC) or direct current
(DC) supplies. For some small micro PLC systems, the power supply may be used to power field
devices.

The Processor (CPU)

The processor (CPU) is the “brain” of the PLC. A typical processor usually consists of a
microprocessor for implementing the logic and controlling the communications among the modules.
The processor requires memory for storing user program instructions, numerical values, and I/O
devices status. The CPU controls all PLC activity and is designed so that the user can enter the
desired program in relay ladder logic. The PLC program is executed as part of a repetitive process
referred to as a scan. A typical PLC scan starts with the CPU reading the status of inputs. Then, the
application program is executed. Once the program execution is completed, the status of all outputs
is updated. Next, the CPU performs internal diagnostic and communication tasks. This process is
repeated continuously as long as the PLC is in the run mode.

The I/O Module

The I/O system forms the interface by which field devices are connected to the controller.
The purpose of this interface is to condition the various signals received from or sent to external
field devices. Input devices such as pushbuttons, limit switches, and sensor are hardwired to the
input terminals. Output devices such as small motors, motor starters, solenoid valves, and indicator
lights are hardwired to the output terminals. To electrically isolate the internal components from the
input and output terminals, PLCs commonly employ an optical isolator, which uses light to couple
the circuits together. The external devices are also referred to as “field” or “real-world” inputs and
outputs. The terms field or real world are used to distinguish actual external devices that exist and
must be physically wired from the internal user program that duplicates the function of relays,
timers, and counters.

Programming Device

A programming device is used to enter the desired program into the memory of the
processor. The program can be entered using relay ladder logic, which is one of the most popular
programming languages. Instead of words, ladder logic programming language uses graphic
symbols that show their intended outcome. A program in ladder logic is similar to a schematic for a
relay control circuit. It is a special language written to make it easy for people familiar with relay
logic control to program the PLC. Hand-held programming devices are sometimes used to program
small PLCs because they are inexpensive and easy to use. Once plugged into the PLC, they can be
used to enter and monitor programs. Both compact hand-held units and laptop computers are
frequently used on the factory floor for troubleshooting equipment modifying programs, and
transferring programs to multiple machines. A personal computer (PC) is the most commonly used
programming device. Most brands of PLCs have software available so that a PC can be used as the
programming device. This software allows users to create, edit, document, store, and troubleshoot
ladder logic programs. The computer monitor is able to display more logic on the screen than can
hand-held types, thus simplifying the interpretation of the program. The personal computer
communicates with the PLC processor via a serial or parallel data communications link, or Ethernet.
If the programming unit is not in use, it may be unplugged and removed. Removing the
programming unit will not affect the operation of the user program.

A program is a user-developed series of instructions that directs the PLC to execute actions.
A programming language provides rules for combining the instructions so that they produce the
desired actions. Ladder logic diagram is the standard programming language used with PLCs. Its
origin is based on electromechanical relay control. The Ladder logic diagram program graphically
represents rungs of contacts, coils, and special instruction blocks. Ladder logic diagram was
originally designed for easy use and understanding for its users and has been modified to keep up
with the increasing demands of industry’s control needs.

Memory

Memory is the part of a PLC that stores data, instructions, and the control program. Memory
size is usually expressed in K values: 1 K, 6 K, 12 K, and so on. The measurement kilo, abbreviated
K, normally refers to 1000 units. When dealing with computer or PLC memory, however, 1 K
means 1024, because this measurement is based on the binary number system (210 5 1024).
Depending on memory type, 1 K can mean 1024 bits, 1024 bytes, or 1024 words. Although it is
common for us to measure the memory capacity of PLCs in words, we need to know the number of
bits in each word before memory size can be accurately compared. Modern computers usually have
a word size of 16, 32, or 64 bits. For example, a PLC that uses 8-bit words has 49,152 bits of
storage with a 6 K word capacity (8 3 6 3 1024 5 49,152), whereas a PLC using 32-bit words has
196,608 bits of storage with the same 6 K memory (32 3 6 3 1024 5 196,608). The amount of
memory required depends on the application. Factors affecting the memory size needed for a
particular PLC installation include:

 Number of I/O points used

 Size of control program
 Data-collecting requirements
 Supervisory functions required
 Future expansion

Working of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

The Programmable logic controller functions in four steps.

Read Inputs (or Input Scan): The state of the input is scanned which is connected externally. The
inputs include switches, pushbuttons, and proximity sensors, limit switches, pressure switches.
Ideally, they are transformers and not relays.

Execute Program (or Program scan): The loaded program is executed to carry out the function
appropriately.

Update Output (or Output scan): The input sources have a control over the output ports to
energize or deenergize them. The outputs include solenoids, valves, motors, actuator, and pumps.
Depending on the model of PLC, these relays can be transistors, triacs or relays.

Diagnostic and Communication (or Housekeeping): The CPU performs internal diagnostic and
communication tasks, i.e. doing all housekeeping task for the normal functioning of PLC.
PLC Applications

The simple suitable application is a conveyor system. The requirements of the conveyor
systems are as follows:

 A programmable logic controller is used to start and stop the motors of the conveyor belt.
 The conveyor system has three segmented conveyor belts. Each segment is run by a motor.
 To detect the position of a plate, a proximity switch is positioned at the segment’s end.
 The first conveyor segment is turned ON always.
 The proximity switch in the first segment detects the plate to turn ON the second conveyor
segment.
 The third conveyor segment is turned ON when the proximity switch detects the plate at the
second conveyor.
 As the plate comes out of the detection range, the second conveyor is stopped after 20 secs.
 When the proximity switch fails to detect the plate, the third conveyor is stopped after 20
secs.

History

Programmable Logic Controllers were discovered by the automotive industry to substitute

the re-wiring of the machine’s control panel. Prior to the invention of PLC, automobiles were
manufactured using plenty of relays, cam timers, and closed loop controllers. The electricians had
to re-wire every part of the machine daily which was time consuming and highly expensive on the
financial front.

Later in the year 1968, a request for an electronic device for the hard-wired relay systems
was made by GM hydramatic. Bedford Associates won the proposal and started a new company to
develop, fabricate, sell, and service this new launched product. The first PLC launched was
designated 084 as it was the eighty fourth projects of Bedford Associates. Dick Morley worked on
this project and is being considered as the Father of PLC. In the year 1977, the brand invented by
Modicon was sold to Gould Electronics. The Gould Electronics later sold it to German Company
AEG which was later taken over by French Schneider Electric.

The first 084 model of PLC was revealed in North Andover, Massachusetts at the Modicon
headquarters. The automotive industry is one of the largest users of PLC.
Advantages

 PLCs can be programmed easily which can be understood clearly well.

 They are fabricated to survive vibrations, noise, humidity, and temperature.
 The controller has the input and output for interfacing.

Disadvantages

 Skilful work force is required to find its errors.

 Lot of effort is put to connect the wires.
 The holdup time is usually indefinite when any problem arises.

RESULT:

Thus we have studied the architecture and working of programmable logic controller (PLC).
EX. NO.:
STUDY OF PLC SIMULATION USING DELTA - WPLSOFT
DATE :

AIM:

To study about the simulation of programmable logic controller (PLC) using Delta - WPLSoft.

EQUIPMENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Delta- WPLSoft (PLC Software)

2. Personal computer.

THEORY:

Step 1: Download WPLSoft from the below link for programming delta PLC and install in your
Windows PC:

https://downloadcenter.deltaww.com/downloadCenterCounter.aspx?DID=19614&DocPath=1
&hl=en-US

Step 2: Run the WPLSoft and Create a new Project File

Step 3: Give a project title and select the PLC TYPE

Note: In our lab we are using DVP-SA2 series PLC, so we need to select SA2.

Step 4: Then an empty ladder diagram programming window will open.

At first we are going to create a basic example ladder program of start-stop (latching/sealing) circuit
using below devices:

1. Normally open contact (X0 – Start push button),

2. Normally closed contact (X1 – Stop push button),

3. Output coils (Y0 – Output device)

4. Sealing contact (Y0 – Output device state)

Step 5: You have to Create a Normally open contact (X0 – Start push button), by pressing F1 and
select the Device Name as X and Device Number as 0 and press OK in the popup window:
Step 6: Next you have to add a Normally closed contact (X0 – Stop push button), by pressing F2
and select the Device Name as X and Device Number as 1 and press OK in the popup window:

Step 7: Next you have to add an Output coil (Y0), by pressing F7 and select the Device Name as Y
and Device Number as 0 and press OK in the popup window:
Step 8: Next you have to add a latching contact (Y0) below the X0, by pressing F1 and select the
Device Name as Y and Device Number as 0 and press OK in the popup window:

Step 9: Next you have to connect the latching contact (Y0) with the first rung after X0, for that you
have to first click on the X1 and then by pressing F9 you will connect Y0 with X1:
Step 10: We have to create an END block to complete a ladder diagram programming, so click on
the next rung below Y0 Sealing contact and just start Typing END and click ok on the pop up
window.
Step 11: After creating the programming we have option to simulate the PLC in the WPLSoft, for
that we have to enable simulator option from the top toolbar as shown in below screenshot

Step 12: After enabling simulator option we have to choose Online Mode from the top toolbar as
shown in below screenshot
Step 13: After choose Online Mode we have RUN the program by selecting RUN option from the
top toolbar and click ok in the pop up window as shown in below screenshot:

Step 14: After selecting RUN option to simulate Start push button click on X0 and Select Set on
option as shown in below screenshot:
Step 15: Once the start push button X0 is Set on, the output coil will be enabled as shown in below
screenshot:

Step 16: Since the X0 is the start push button, it will release open once we remove our hand from
the push button. However, the output coil will be enabled through our Sealing/latching contact YO
as shown in below screenshot:
Step 17: When you press or set on Stop push button X1, then the output device YO is disabled as
show in the below screenshot:

RESULT:

Thus we have studied the simulation of programmable logic controller (PLC) using Delta -
WPLSoft.
EX. NO.:
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES IN PLC
DATE :

AIM:

To study about the implementation of logic gates function like AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
NOR and XOR in Programmable logic controller(PLC).

EQUIPMENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Delta- WPLSoft (PLC Software)

2. Personal computer.

THEORY:

There are many control situations requiring actions to be initiated when a certain
combination of logical functions realized in a PLC.

AND logic:

In a PLC AND logic output is not energized unless two, normally open, switches are both
closed. Switch A and switch B have both to be closed, which thus gives an AND logic situation.
Only when A and B are both on then is there an output. Thus if we use 1 to indicate an on signal
and 0 to represent an off signal, then for there to be a 1 output we must have A and B both 1. Such
an operation is said to be controlled by a logic gate and the relationship between the inputs to a
logic gate and the outputs is tabulated in a form known as a truth table. Thus for the AND gate we
have:

Figure 1: (a) AND circuit and (b) And Logic Gate

 Inputs
Output
A B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
Table 1: AND Logic truth table

An example of an AND gate is an interlock control system for a machine tool so that it can
only be operated when the safety guard is in position and the power switched on.

The ladder diagram starts with a normally open set of contacts labelled input A, to represent
switch A and in series with it another normally open set of contacts labelled input B, to represent
switch B.

The line then terminates with O to represent the output. For there to be an output, both input
A and input B have to occur, i.e., input A and input B contacts have to be closed.

In general:

On a ladder diagram contacts in a horizontal rung, i.e., contacts in series, represent the
logical AND operations.

Figure 2: (a) AND gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform
OR logic:

In a OR logic electrical circuit where an output is energized when switch A or B, both

normally open, are closed. This describes an OR logic gate in that input A or input B must be on for
there to be an output.

Figure 3: (a) OR circuit and (b) OR Logic Gate

Inputs
Output
A B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
Table 2: OR Logic truth table

The ladder diagram starts with normally open contacts labelled input A, to represent switch
A and in parallel with it normally open contacts labelled input B, to represent switch B.

Either input A or input B have to be closed for the output to be energized. The line then
terminates with O to represent the output.

In general:
 Alternative paths provided by vertical paths from the main rung of a ladder diagram, i.e.,
paths in parallel represent logical OR operations.

An example of an OR gate control system is a conveyor belt transporting bottled products to

packaging where a deflector plate is activated to deflect bottles into a reject bin if either the weight
is not within certain tolerances or there is no cap on the bottle.

Figure 4: (a) OR gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform

NOT Logic:

In a NOT gate in that there is an output when there is no input and no output when there is
an input. The gate is sometimes referred to as an inverter.

Figure 5: (a) NOT circuit

Input
Output
A

0 1

1 0
Table 3: NOT Logic truth table
 The input A contacts are shown as being normally closed. This is in series with the output.
With no input to input A, the contacts are closed and so there is an output. When there is an input to
input A, it opens and there is then no output.

An example of a NOT gate control system is a light that comes on when it becomes dark,
i.e., when there is no light input to the light sensor there is an output.

Figure 6: (a) NOT gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform

NAND Logic:

Suppose we follow an AND gate with a NOT gate. The consequence of having the NOT
gate is to invert all the outputs from the AND gate.

An alternative, which gives exactly the same results, is to put a NOT gate on each input and
then follow that with OR.

Figure 7: (a) NAND logic using AND and NOT, (b) NAND logic using NOT and OR
 Both the inputs A and B have to be 0 for there to be a 1 output. There is an output when
input A and input B are not 1. The combination of these gates is termed a NAND gate.

Inputs
Output
A B

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Table 4: NAND Logic truth table

An example of a NAND gate control system is a warning light that comes on if, with a
machine tool, the safety guard switch has not been activated and the limit switch signalling the
presence of the work piece has not been activated.

Figure 8: (a) NAND gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform

NOR Logic:

We have to follow an OR gate by a NOT gate. The consequence of having the NOT gate is
to invert the outputs of the OR gate. An alternative, which gives exactly the same results, is to put a
NOT gate on each input and then an AND gate for the resulting inverted inputs.
 Figure 9: (a) NOR logic using OR and NOT, (b) NOR logic using NOT and AND

Inputs
Output
A B

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0
Table 5: NOR Logic truth table

The combination of OR and NOT gates is termed a NOR gate. There is an output when
neither input A or input B is 1. When input A and input B are both not activated, there is a 1 output.

Figure 10: (a) NOR gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform
Exclusive OR (XOR) Logic:

The OR gate gives an output when either or both of the inputs are 1. Sometimes there is,
however, a need for a gate that gives an output when either of the inputs is 1 but not when both are 1.
Such a gate is called an Exclusive OR or XOR gate. One way of obtaining such a gate is by using
NOT, AND and OR gates as shown in Figure.

Figure 11: XOR logic using NOT, AND and OR

Inputs
Output
A B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Table 6: XOR Logic truth table

When input A and input B are not activated then there is 0 output. When just input A is
activated, then the upper branch results in the output being 1. When just input B is activated, then the
lower branch results in the output being 1. When both input A and input B are activated, there is no
output.
 In this example of a logic gate, input A and input B have two sets of contacts in the circuits,
one set being normally open and the other normally closed. With PLC programming, each input may
have as many sets of contacts as necessary.

Figure 12: (a) XOR gate - Ladder logic diagram and (b) Input/ Output Waveform

RESULT:

Thus we have studied the implementation of logic gates function like AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR and XOR in Programmable logic controller(PLC).
Exp. No.:
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL USING PLC
Date:

AIM:

To design a ladder logic program for Traffic light control using PLC.

SOFTWARE USED:

WPL software.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

 PLC Software
 PLC hardware kit
 PC

THEORY:

The operation of standard traffic lights which are currently deployed in many junctions,
are based on predetermined timing schemes, which are fixed during the installation and remain
until further resetting. The timing is no more than a default setup to control what may be
considered as normal traffic. Although every road junction by necessity requires different traffic
light timing setup, many existing systems operate with an over-simplified sequence. This has
instigated various ideas and scenarios to solve the traffic problem. To design an intelligent and
efficient traffic control system, a number of parameters that represent the status of the road
conditions must be identified and taken into consideration.

Three types of LED’s have been used, red, yellow and green. Green light glows to allow
crossing, yellow to make alert and red does not allow crossing.
The following traffic control states are for the experiment:

State 1: Vehicles allowed from DIRECTION 1.

(Y0 (GREEN) = 1, Y5, Y10, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 2: Caution to stop vehicles from DIRECTION 1.

(Y1 (YELLOW) = 1, Y5, Y10, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 3: Vehicles allowed from DIRECTION 2.

(Y3 (GREEN) = 1, Y2, Y10, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 4: Caution to stop vehicles from DIRECTION 2.

(Y4 (YELLOW) = 1, Y2, Y10, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 5: Vehicles allowed from DIRECTION 3.

(Y6 (GREEN) = 1, Y2, Y5, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 6: Caution to stop vehicles from DIRECTION 3.

(Y7 (YELLOW) = 1, Y2, Y10, Y13 (RED) = 1)

State 7: Vehicles allowed from DIRECTION 4.

(Y11 (GREEN) = 1, Y2, Y5, Y10 (RED) = 1)

State 8: Caution to stop vehicles from DIRECTION 4.

(Y12 (YELLOW) = 1, Y2, Y5, Y10 (RED) = 1)

Repeat from State 1 to State 8.

Procedure:

 Switch ON (start button) X0=1, output M0 energised.

 As M0 gets energised, Timer T0 starts running for maximum value of 30 secs, output Y0

(GREEN) glows.

 After Timer T0 stops, Timer T1 starts running for value of 5 secs, output Y1(YELLOW)

glows. (M0=1, Y0=0)

 Timer T1 stops, Timer T2 starts running for maximum value of 30 secs, output

Y3(GREEN) glows. (M0=1, Y0, Y1=0)

 Timer T2 stops, Timer T3 starts running for value of 5 secs, output Y4 (YELLOW) glows.

(M0=1, Y0, Y1, Y3=0)

 Timer T3 stops, Timer T4 starts running for maximum value of 30 secs, output Y6

(GREEN) glows. (M0=1, Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4=0)

 Timer T4 stops, Timer T5 starts running for value of 5 secs, output Y7 (YELLOW) glows.

(M0=1, Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y6=0)

 Timer T5 stops, Timer T6 starts running for maximum value of 30 secs, output

Y11(GREEN) glows.

(M0=1, Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y6, Y7=0)

 Timer T6 stops, Timer T7 starts running for value of 5 secs, output Y12 (YELLOW) glows.

(M0=1, Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y6, Y7, Y11=0)

 Timer T7 stops, Timer T8 starts running for value of 2 secs, output M1 to reset. (M0=1,

Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y6, Y7, Y11, Y12=0)

 To reset all the timers, we will use M1, when M1=1, reset will occur.

 To glow output Y2 (RED), then Y3, Y4, Y6, Y7, Y11, Y12 any one of the outputs should

be in ON state. Hence outputs are connected in parallel.

 To glow output Y5 (RED), then Y0, Y1, Y6, Y7, Y11, Y12 any one of the outputs should

be in ON state. Hence these outputs are connected in parallel.

 To glow output Y10 (RED), then Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y11, Y12 any one of the outputs should

be in ON state. Hence these outputs are connected in parallel.

 To glow output Y13 (RED), then Y0, Y1, Y3, Y4, Y6, Y7 any one of the outputs should

be in ON state. Hence these outputs are connected in parallel.

RESULT:
Thus, the ladder logic program for traffic light control using PLC is designed, simulated
and verified successfully.
EX. NO.:
PROGRAMMING A PLC FOR LAMP CONTROL USING SINGLE
DATE : PUSH BUTTON

AIM:

To design a PLC ladder logic program to control a lamp using single push button switch.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

PLC software

PROCEDURE:

To turn on the lamp using single push button:

While Push button(PB) is being pressed: (X0=1 for a duration of 30ms)

Let us assume that duration for which the push button’s being closed in 30ms. During this time the
program will be executed many times, let us assume that the program will be executed for 3 times.

First time:

1. All rungs will be executed in sequential order one by one.

2. At initial state if the push button (PB) X0 is pressed X0=1, then M0, Y0 and M1 are under
unenergized state.
3. When rung1 is executed X0=1, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀1 = 1 ,Y0=0 then M0=0, Since Y0, M1 are not yet
energised.
̅̅̅̅ = 1, 𝑀0
4. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=1, 𝑀1 ̅̅̅̅ = 0 , then Y0=1.
5. When rung 2(b) is executed, Y0 act as sealing contact to keep the lamp ‘ON’ after X0 is
released.
6. When rung 3 is executed M1=1, since X0=1.
Second time:

1. Now when rung 1 is executed X0=1, ̅̅̅̅

𝑀1 = 0, 𝑌0 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑀0 = 0.
̅̅̅̅ = 0, 𝑀0
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=1, 𝑀1 ̅̅̅̅ = 1 therefore lamp remain ON
because of sealing contact. Sealing contact bypass, the M1 contact.
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) =1 and lamp remains ON.
4. In rung 3, X0=1, M1=1.

Third time:

1. The execution will be similar as that of second time.

2. Hence the lamp will remain be ON state.

While PB is being released: (X0=0)

First time:

1. When PB released (X0=0) in rung1, X0=0, ̅̅̅̅

𝑀1 = 0 , Since Rung 3 is not yet executed
after releasing X0),Y0=1 then M0=0.
̅̅̅̅ = 0, 𝑀0
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=0, 𝑀1 ̅̅̅̅ = 1 therefore Y0=1, lamp will
remain ON because of sealing contact in parallel with the contacts M1 and X0
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) =1. Since Y0 acts as a sealing contact, then Y0
remains ON
4. When rung 3 is executed M1=0, since X0=0.

Second time:

̅̅̅̅ = 1, 𝑌0 = 1 then M0=0.

1. Now when rung1 is executed X0=0, 𝑀1
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=0, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀1 = 1, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀0 = 1 therefore lamp remains ON
̅̅̅̅ contacts.
because of sealing contact. Sealing contact bypass the X0 and 𝑀1
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) =1 since Y0 act as sealing contact. Y0 remains ON.
4. When rung 3 is executed M1=0, since X0=0.

Third time:

1. The execution will be similar as that of second time.

2. Hence the lamp remains ON.
Turn off the lamp using single push button:

While PB is being pressed: (X0=1 for a duration of 30 ms)

First time:

If push button (PB) is pressed, then X0=1.

1. When rung1 is executed X0=1, ̅̅̅̅

𝑀1 = 1, 𝑌0 = 1 then M0=1.
̅̅̅̅ = 1, ̅̅̅̅
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=1, 𝑀1 𝑌0 = 0 therefore Y0=0. So the lamp
turns OFF.
3. When rung 2(b) is executed, Y0 act as sealing contact to keep the lamp OFF after
PB(X0) is released. (Since Y0 is de energised in rung 2).
4. When rung 3 is executed M1=1, since X0=1.

Second time:

1. Now when rung 1 is executed X0=1, ̅̅̅̅

𝑀1 = 0, 𝑌0 = 0 then M0=0.
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=1, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀1 = 0, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀0 = 1 therefore lamp remains OFF
because of sealing contact.
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) = 0 and lamp remains OFF.
4. In rung 3, M1=0, X0=1.

Third time:

1. The execution will be similar as that of second time.

2. Hence the lamp will be in OFF state.

While PB is being released:

First time:

̅̅̅̅ = 0, 𝑌0 = 0 then M0=0.

1. When PB released (X0=0), in rung1, X0=0, 𝑀1
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=0, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀1 = 0, ̅̅̅̅
𝑀0 = 1 therefore Y0=0 lamp will remain
OFF because of sealing contact.
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) =0 since Y0 act as sealing contact.
4. When rung 3 is executed M1=0 (DE energised), since X0=0.
Second time:

1. Now when rung 1 is executed X0=0, ̅̅̅̅

𝑀1 = 1, 𝑌0 = 0 then M0=0.
̅̅̅̅ = 1, 𝑀0
2. When rung 2(a) is executed X0=0, 𝑀1 ̅̅̅̅ = 1 therefore lamp remains OFF
because of sealing contact.
3. In rung 2(b) Y0 (sealing contact) = 0 and lamp remains OFF.
4. In rung 3, M1=0, X0=0.

Third time:

1. The execution will be similar as that of second time.

2. Hence the lamp remains OFF until the push button is pressed again.

RESULT:

Thus the PLC ladder logic program to control a lamp using single push button switch is designed,
simulated and verified successfully.
 EXP NO: ALARM MANAGEMENT
DATE:

AIM:
To write a PLC ladder logic program for an Alarm Management System.

EQUIPMENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Delta WPL Simulation software

2. Personal computer

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

 When a process is under abnormal condition then ALARM signal is turned ON i.e.,
X1=1, then the lamp L1 has to blink in the plant floor.
 When the Acknowledge button X0 is pressed i.e., (X0=1), then the lamp has to glow
continuously.
 If the abnormal condition is resolved and the process is normal then the ALARM signal
is turned OFF i.e., X1=0, and the lamp L1 should turns OFF.

PROCEDURE:

1. Both the T0 and T1 are ONDELAY timers with a delay of 1 second.

2. ̅̅̅̅will be 1 and Timer T0 will be executed after 1
Initially timer T1 is off state. So 𝑇1
second delay.
3. As soon as Timer T0 is turned on then T0=1. So, T1 will be turned on after 1 second
delay. Now T1=1. This will reset T0 to off state and hence T1 also turned off.
4. Thus T0 and T1 (rung 1 and rung 2) results in a generation of square wave. This
square wave can be used to make the alarm lamp blink.
5. Whenever X1=1, rung 3(a) will be executed and the lamp L1 will blink because of T0
contact is in series with lamp L1
6. Lamp L1 flashes until M0≠ 1.
7. When X0=1, rung 4(a) is executed then a sealing contact M0 becomes 1.
 8. This leads to continuously glow of the lamp instead of blinking, since the sealing
contact M0 by passes the T0 in rung 3(a).
9. L1 will blink till the acknowledgement signal is given. After that the L1 will
continuously glow if the Alarm signal X1=1 thereby energising M0 which acts as a
sealing contact for T0

RESULT:

Thus the PLC was programed for the Alarm Management System, and also verified
successfully.
EXP. NO.:
PROGRAMMING A PLC FOR BATCH PROCESS
DATE:

AIM:
To program a PLC for a batch process to fill the tank.

EQUIPMENTS/ SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

1. Delta WPL Simulation software
2. Personal computer

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
1. If the tank liquid is at low level, open the inlet valve and start filling the tank up to
full level.
2. As soon as the level reaches full, turn on the heater and stirrer.
3. Turn off the heater and stirrer as soon as the temperature reaches the set point.
4. Drain the tank till low level is reached.
5. Repeat the process from 1 to 4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS:

The given process is batch process which consists of a tank. A tank contains two level
sensors which are low level LL and high level HL sensors. It also includes temperature transmitter
(TT), heater(H), stirrer (S), inlet valve and outlet valve. Since PLC executes the program rungs
sequentially again and again when it gets energized, this can be externally controlled by using two
push buttons such as Start and Stop.
PROCESS PROCEDURE:
1. Press the start push button connected to X0=1 to initiate the process (i.e. M0=1).
2. If the tank is empty (i.e. X2=1) and also the outlet valve is closed (i.e. Y4=0) then turn
ON the inlet valve (i.e. Y1=1).
3. If the tank is full (i.e. X3=1), then turn OFF the inlet valve (i.e. Y1=0) and turn ON
heater (i.e. Y2=1) and turn ON the stirrer (i.e. Y3=1).
4. If the Temperature transmitter reaches its set point (i.e. X4=1), then turn OFF the heater
(i.e. Y2=0) and the stirrer (i.e. Y3=0), and turn ON the outlet valve (i.e Y4=1).
5. If the tank reaches its low level (i.e. X2=1), then the outlet valve is turned OFF (i.e
Y4=0) and the batch process is repeated from 1 to 4.
RESULT:
Thus the PLC was programed for the execution of the Batch process, and also verified
successfully.
 EX.NO:
SIMULATION STUDY OF TIMERS AND COUNTERS IN PLC
DATE:

AIM:

To design the ladder logic diagram for the given problems of timers and counters, and to simulate them in
WPL software.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE NEEDED:

1)WPL DELTA software

2)Power supply.

3)DVP-12 SA2.

4)Personal computer.

5)RS 232 cable.

PROCEDURE:

SOFTWARE SIMULATION:

1)In software the simulation input is given via keyboard/mouse and output is seen in computer monitor.

2)Click the WPL software simulator icon.

3)Open the new file to create ladder logic.

4)Develop the ladder logic as per the problem.

5) The normally open, normally close, horizontal line and timer can be chosen directly from the menu.

6)Following instructions can be used to create Ladderlogic

ld_x0_(for normally open)

ldi_x1_(for normally close)

out_y_(for output)

tmr_t0_k50(for timer)

here x0,x1,t0 and k50 are user defined.

7)Once the ladder logic is completed it is compiled by clicking compile icon.

8)click the online mode.

9)click RUN and the ladder logic is ready to check.

10)Set ON and OFF for the required inputs, thereby the ladder logic is checked for different output condition.

HARDWARE SIMULATION:

1)In Hardware simulation, input is given via PC and output is seen in the PLC.

2)Click the WPL DELTA software simulator icon.

3)Go to the file and open a new file to create ladder logic.

4)Develop the ladder logic as per the problem.

5) The normally open, normally close, horizontal line and timer can be chosen directly from the menu.

6)Following instructions can be used to create ladder logic

ld_x0_(for normally open)

ldi_x1_(for normally close)

out_y_(for output)

tmr_t0_k50(for timer)

here x0,x1,t0 and k50 are user defined.

7)Once the ladder logic is completed keep the simulation mode OFF.

8)Keep the PLC in the STOP mode using (RUN/STOP) switch in PLC board.

9)Compile the ladder logic by clicking the compile icon.

10)Write the ladder logic code to PLC by setting PC=>PLC mode.

11)Turn the simulator to online mode.

12)Now turn the PLC to RUN mode using (RUN/STOP) switch in the PLC board.

13)Now the ladder logic can be checked from PLC by giving possible manual input.

14)Once the ladder logic is checked turn the PLC to OFF mode.

15)Then the WPL DELTA software simulator can be closed.

PROBLEMS:

1. When you press start button, turn on a heater and stirrer simultaneously. If you press stop button turn off
heater immediately but turn off stirrer after 10 seconds.

2. Time required to complete a task is 30 seconds. If the task is interrupted, then again the task should be
continued from the point where stopped. Use retentive timer.

3. The number of items to be packed in a box is 12. If the conveyor belt drops 12 items, then an alarm signal
should indicate to pack the box and to reset the counter. A separate counter is required to count the number
of boxes.
RESULT:

Thus the ladder logic for the given problems of timers and counters are designed and verified using
WPL delta software in both software and in hardware simulation mode.
 EX.NO: 1
SIMULATION STUDY OF PLC
DATE:

AIM:

To design the ladder logic diagram for the given problems and execute them in WPL software.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE NEEDED:

1)WPL DELTA software

2)Power supply.

3)DVP-12 SA2.

4)Personal computer.

5)RS 232 cable.

PROCEDURE:

SOFTWARE SIMULATION:

1)In software the simulation input is given via keyboard/mouse and output is seen in computer monitor.

2)Click the WPL software simulator icon.

3)Open the new file to create ladder logic.

4)Develop the ladder logic as per the problem.

5) The normally open, normally close, horizontal line and timer can be chosen directly from the menu.

6)Following instructions can be used to create Ladder logic

ld_x0_(for normally open)

ldi_x1_(for normally close)

out_y_(for output)

tmr_t0_k50(for timer)

here x0,x1,t0 and k50 are user defined.

7)Once the ladder logic is completed it is compiled by clicking compile icon.

8)click the online mode.

9)click RUN and the ladder logic is ready to check.

10)Set ON and OFF for the required inputs, thereby the ladder logic is checked for different output condition.

HARDWARE SIMULATION:

1)In Hardware simulation, input is given via PC and output is seen in the PLC.

2)Click the WPL DELTA software simulator icon.

3)Go to the file and open a new file to create ladder logic.

4)Develop the ladder logic as per the problem.

5) The normally open, normally close, horizontal line and timer can be chosen directly from the menu.

6)Following instructions can be used to create ladder logic

ld_x0_(for normally open)

ldi_x1_(for normally close)

out_y_(for output)

tmr_t0_k50(for timer)

here x0,x1,t0 and k50 are user defined.

7)Once the ladder logic is completed keep the simulation mode OFF.

8)Keep the PLC in the STOP mode using (RUN/STOP) switch in PLC board.

9)Compile the ladder logic by clicking the compile icon.

10)Write the ladder logic code to PLC by setting PC=>PLC mode.

11)Turn the simulator to online mode.

12)Now turn the PLC to RUN mode using (RUN/STOP) switch in the PLC board.

13)Now the ladder logic can be checked from PLC by giving possible manual input.

14)Once the ladder logic is checked turn the PLC to OFF mode.

15)Then the WPL DELTA software simulator can be closed.

PROBLEMS:

1)Write a PLC diagram for turning ON/OFF of staircase lamp by using a toggle switch.

2) Write a PLC program to operate 1 HP motor by pressing START and STOP pushbutton.Incorporate a test
push button so that the motor will run during the pushbutton is pressed.

3)Turn a lamp ON immediately when a push button is pressed and turn off after 5 seconds when the STOP push
button is pressed.

4)Turn ON a lamp after 5 seconds delay when the start push button is pressed and turn OFF immediately when
the stop push button is pressed.

5)Turning ON the first motor by Pushbutton which pumps oil, immediately turn ON the main motor after a delay
of 10 seconds then turn ON the auxiliary motor after a further delay of 5 seconds. Turn OFF all the motors
simultaneously by pressing stop push button.

RESULT:

Thus the ladder logic for the given problems is designed and verified using WPL delta software in
both software and in hardware simulation mode.