Java Chapter 6

1.Explain the concept of Dependency

injection (DI).
Dependency Injection (DI) in Java:
Dependency Injection (DI) is like ordering pizza. Instead of making your own pizza
(object) and growing your own vegetables (dependencies), you tell a delivery person (DI
container) what you want, and they bring the fully prepared pizza to your door. In Java,
DI is a design pattern where the responsibility of creating and providing dependencies
to an object is moved from the object itself to an external entity, making the code more
flexible and modular.
Detailed Explanation:

1. Traditional Approach:

In a typical Java program, objects often create their own dependencies, leading
to tightly coupled code. For example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

public Car() {
this.engine = new Engine(); // Creating the depend
}
}

This approach can make the code rigid, harder to test, and less adaptable to
changes.

2. Dependency Injection Concept:

With Dependency Injection, the responsibility of creating and providing

dependencies is shifted to an external entity, typically an IoC (Inversion of
Control) container.

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 The object (e.g., Car) doesn't create its own dependencies; instead, they are
"injected" from the outside.

3. Types of Dependency Injection:

Constructor Injection:

Dependencies are provided through the constructor.

Example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

public Car(Engine engine) {

this.engine = engine; // Dependency injected th
}
}

Setter Injection:

Dependencies are set using setter methods.

Example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

public void setEngine(Engine engine) {

this.engine = engine; // Dependency injected th
}
}

4. Advantages of Dependency Injection:

Flexibility: Easier to change or swap dependencies without modifying the

class.

Testability: Simplifies unit testing by allowing easy substitution of

dependencies with mock objects.

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 Decoupling: Reduces the coupling between components, making the code
more modular and maintainable.

5. Using a DI Container (Optional):

DI can be done manually or with the help of a DI container (e.g., Spring

Framework in Java).

The container manages the creation and injection of dependencies based on

configuration.

6. Example with a DI Container (Spring):

Using Spring framework to manage dependencies:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

// Dependency injection through constructor using Spri

public Car(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
}
}

In summary, Dependency Injection is a design pattern in Java that enhances flexibility,

testability, and maintainability by externalizing the responsibility of creating and
providing dependencies to an external entity, leading to more modular and loosely
coupled code.

2.Explain the different types of Dependency

injection (DI).
Dependency Injection (DI) comes in different flavors, and the two main types are
Constructor Injection and Setter Injection. Let's delve into each type:

1. Constructor Injection:

Description:

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 In Constructor Injection, dependencies are injected into the dependent
class through its constructor.

The dependencies are required for the proper functioning of the class.

Example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

// Constructor Injection
public Car(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
}
}

Advantages:

Ensures that the required dependencies are available at the time of object
creation.

Results in immutable objects, as dependencies are set only once during

construction.

2. Setter Injection:

Description:

Setter Injection involves injecting dependencies through setter methods of

the dependent class.

The dependencies are not mandatory for the class to function; they can be
set or changed after the object is created.

Example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

// Setter Injection
public void setEngine(Engine engine) {

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 this.engine = engine;
}
}

Advantages:

Allows for optional or changeable dependencies, making it suitable for

cases where certain dependencies are not always required.

Provides flexibility to modify dependencies at runtime.

3. Method Injection:

Description:

In Method Injection, dependencies are injected into the dependent class

through methods, other than the constructor or setter methods.

This is less common than constructor and setter injection but can be useful
in specific scenarios.

Example:

public class Car {

private Engine engine;

// Method Injection
public void start(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
// additional logic...
}
}

Advantages:

Useful in scenarios where a specific method requires a temporary or

alternate dependency.

4. Interface Injection (Rare):

Description:

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 Interface Injection is a less common approach where a class implements an
interface that mandates the injection of dependencies.

This approach is not widely used due to its complexities and is less favored
compared to constructor and setter injection.

Example:

public interface EngineInjectable {

void setEngine(Engine engine);
}

public class Car implements EngineInjectable {

private Engine engine;

@Override
public void setEngine(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
}
}

Considerations:

Can lead to a more complex design and may not provide significant benefits
over other injection types.

In most cases, Constructor Injection and Setter Injection are the predominant choices.
The selection between them depends on the specific requirements of the application,
such as whether dependencies are mandatory, need to be changed at runtime, or can
be optional.

3.What do you mean by circular dependency? Also give

solution to issue raised in this.
Circular Dependency:

Circular dependency occurs when two or more classes depend on each other directly or
indirectly, creating a loop in the dependency graph. This situation can lead to issues

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 during object creation and initialization because each class in the cycle requires the
other to be instantiated first, resulting in a deadlock.

Example of Circular Dependency:

// Class A depends on B
public class A {
private B b;

public A(B b) {
this.b = b;
}
}

// Class B depends on A
public class B {
private A a;

public B(A a) {
this.a = a;
}
}

In this example, creating an instance of either A or B requires an instance of the other,

leading to a circular dependency.

Solution to Circular Dependency:

To resolve circular dependency issues, consider the following solutions:

1. Constructor Injection with Interfaces:

Introduce an interface for one of the classes and use constructor injection. This
breaks the circularity by allowing the container to provide a proxy or a delayed
implementation.

// Interface
public interface AService {
// methods...

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 }

// Class A depends on B through interface

public class A implements AService {
private AService b;

public A(AService b) {
this.b = b;
}
}

// Class B depends on A
public class B implements AService {
private AService a;

public B(AService a) {
this.a = a;
}
}

2. Setter Injection:

Use setter injection instead of constructor injection. This way, you can break the
circular dependency by creating instances of both classes and then injecting the
dependencies later.

// Class A depends on B through setter

public class A {
private B b;

public void setB(B b) {

this.b = b;
}
}

// Class B depends on A through setter

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 public class B {
private A a;

public void setA(A a) {

this.a = a;
}
}

3. Consider Refactoring:

Reevaluate the design and see if it's possible to reorganize the classes to break
the circular dependency. This might involve creating a new class or
restructuring the existing ones to eliminate the dependency loop.

4. Lazy Initialization or Proxies:

Some dependency injection frameworks support lazy initialization or proxies.

This delays the actual creation of the dependent object until it's first used,
helping to break the circular dependency.

It's crucial to carefully analyze the dependencies and their relationships to ensure a
clean and maintainable design.

4.How to implement overriding concepts in spring

bean? Explain in detail with suitable example.
In Spring, method overriding in beans is primarily achieved through the use of
inheritance in bean configurations. Here is a step-by-step explanation:

1. Base Configuration:

Create a base configuration where you define a bean with some properties and
behavior.

This serves as the foundation for your derived configurations.

2. Derived Configuration:

Create a derived configuration that imports the base configuration.

Define a new bean in the derived configuration that extends or overrides

properties/methods from the base bean.

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 The derived bean inherits properties and behaviors from the base bean.

3. Inheritance in Java Classes:

Implement Java classes for the beans mentioned in the configurations.

The derived Java class extends the base Java class, inheriting its properties
and methods.

You can override methods in the derived class to customize behavior.

4. Spring Application Context:

Load the derived configuration into the Spring application context.

Access the beans from the context, and Spring takes care of managing the
inheritance and overriding.

5. Runtime Behavior:

When you retrieve the bean from the context, you observe the behavior based
on the configuration hierarchy.

The derived bean may exhibit overridden behavior or extended functionality.

Example Scenario:
Suppose you have a base service bean with a message property and a displayMessage
method. In a derived configuration, you may override the message property for a
specific use case while inheriting the rest of the behavior from the base configuration.
This approach allows you to create modular and reusable configurations, promoting a
more organized and maintainable code structure. It aligns with the principles of object-
oriented design and inheritance.

5.Explain the concept of @Lookup with example.

The @Lookup annotation in Spring is used to indicate that a method should be overridden
by the Spring IoC (Inversion of Control) container to return the current target bean,
typically scoped as a prototype. This allows for the dynamic creation of bean instances
at runtime, promoting more fine-grained control over the lifecycle of certain beans. It is
often used in scenarios where a new instance of a dependency is required for each
method invocation.

Example:

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 Consider a scenario where you have a prototype-scoped bean, and you want to obtain
a new instance of this bean every time a specific method is called. Here's an example
using the @Lookup annotation:

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Lookup;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class PrototypeBean {

public void showMessage() {

System.out.println("Prototype bean: " + this);
}

// The @Lookup annotation ensures that a new instance is ret

@Lookup
public PrototypeBean getNewInstance() {
// This method will be overridden by the Spring containe
return null;
}
}

In this example:

is a Spring component with a method

PrototypeBean showMessage() that prints a
message along with the instance's hash code.

The getNewInstance() method is annotated with @Lookup , indicating that the Spring
container should override this method and provide a new instance of the bean every
time it is invoked.

Now, let's use this PrototypeBean in another bean:

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component

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 public class SingletonBean {

@Autowired
private PrototypeBean prototypeBean;

public void performOperation() {

// Call the method on the prototype bean to obtain a new
PrototypeBean newInstance = prototypeBean.getNewInstance
newInstance.showMessage();
}
}

In this example:

SingletonBean is another Spring component that has a dependency on

PrototypeBean .

Inside the performOperation() method, it calls the getNewInstance() method on the

PrototypeBean, and Spring overrides this method to provide a new instance of
PrototypeBean every time it is invoked.

When the performOperation() method is called on the SingletonBean , you will see different
hash codes in the output, indicating that a new instance of the PrototypeBean is created
each time getNewInstance() is called.

public class MainApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {

AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new Annotat

SingletonBean singletonBean = context.getBean(SingletonB

singletonBean.performOperation();

context.close();
}
}

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 This usage of @Lookup provides a way to achieve prototype-style behavior within a
singleton-scoped bean, offering more control over the lifecycle of certain dependencies
in a Spring application.

6.Explain how spring manages a bean in detail.

Spring manages beans through its IoC (Inversion of Control) container. The IoC
container is responsible for creating, initializing, configuring, and managing the lifecycle
of beans. Here's a detailed explanation of how Spring manages a bean:

1. Blueprint for Beans:

In Spring, a "bean" is like an object with a set of instructions called a "bean

definition." This blueprint guides Spring on how to create, configure, and handle
the bean.

2. Bean Factory and ApplicationContext:

Spring acts like a factory for beans. There are two types: BeanFactory (basic
features) and ApplicationContext (more advanced with extra capabilities like
events).

3. Lifecycle Stages:

A bean goes through stages: creation (instantiation), setting properties

(childhood), initialization (teenage years), and destruction (old age). Additional
methods can be added at these stages.

4. Bean Scopes:

Beans can have different "scopes." Singleton means one instance for everyone;
prototype means a new instance each time. You decide this when defining the
bean.

5. Dependency Injection:

Dependency injection is like Spring playing matchmaker for beans. Instead of

beans finding friends themselves, Spring injects friends into them. It simplifies
relationships between beans.

6. Lazy or Eager Initialization:

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 Some beans can be lazy, meaning they're created only when needed. Others
are eager, created right away when Spring starts. This influences when beans
make friends.

7. Customization with Annotations and XML:

You can add your own methods to beans, making them unique. Spring lets you
express bean configurations using annotations or XML, depending on your
preference.

8. FactoryBeans:

There are special beans called FactoryBeans that act as master builders,
creating unique beans with special logic. They bring an additional layer of
customization.

9. Autowiring:

Autowiring is like automatic friend-making. Spring can automatically find and

inject suitable friends for a bean. It simplifies the configuration, making it more
convenient.

10. Profiles for Different Environments:

You can have different sets of beans for different environments using "profiles."
It's like having different groups of friends for various occasions.

11. Express Yourself:

Spring lets you express bean configurations in a way that suits you. You can
speak in XML (like writing a letter) or use annotations (like sending a text
message).

In summary, Spring manages beans by following a lifecycle, injecting dependencies,

and providing customization options. It acts as a friendly facilitator, ensuring beans live
harmoniously in your application. Beans have unique characteristics, make friends
automatically, and can be configured in various ways to suit different needs.

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