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Embedded Systems Notes

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9 views

Embedded Systems Notes

This is helpful for engineering student

Uploaded by

prabhakarverma17271
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C.S.J.M. Government Polytechnic, Ambedkar Nagar, U.P.

Electronics Engineering – Final Year

Embedded Systems
 Embedded means something that is attached to another thing.
 It is an Electronic/Electro mechanical system which is designed to perform a specific
function and is a combination of both hardware and Software.
 So, we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven,
reliable, real-time control system.
E.g. Electronic Toys, Mobile Handsets, Washing Machines, Air Conditioners, Automotive
Control Units, Set Top Box, DVD Player etc

Advantages

 Small size
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Fast
 These systems are highly stable and reliable.
 Embedded systems are made for specific tasks.

Disadvantages

 Once configured, these systems cannot be changed


 They are hard to maintain.
 Troubleshooting is difficult for embedded systems.
 Transferring data from one system to another is also quite problematic.
 Because these systems are made for specific tasks, hardware is limited

Functional structure of Embedded System


 Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which
can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A
sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.
 A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.
 Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output and store it
to the memory.
 D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the
processor to analog data
 Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.

Features of an Embedded System

 Speed (bytes/sec): Should be high speed

 Power (watts): Low power dissipation

 Size and weight: As far as possible small in size and low weight

 Accuracy (% error): Must be very accurate

 Adaptability: High adaptability and accessibility.

 Reliability: Must be reliable over a long period of time

History of Embedded Systems:


First Recognized Modern Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) developed by
Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

 It has two modules : 1.Command module(CM) 2.Lunar Excursion module(LEM)


 RAM size 256 , 1K ,2K words
 ROM size 4K,10K,36K words
 Clock frequency is 1.024MHz
 User interface is DSKY(display/Keyboard)
1. First Generation: The early embedded systems built around 8-bit microprocessors like
8085 and Z80 and 4-bit microcontrollers.
Ex. stepper motor control units, Digital Telephone Keypads etc.
2. Second Generation: Embedded Systems built around 16-bit microprocessors and 8 or 16-
bit microcontrollers, following the first generation embedded systems.
Ex. SCADA, Data Acquisition Systems etc.
3. Third Generation: Embedded Systems built around high performance 16/32 bit
Microprocessors/controllers, Application Specific Instruction set processors like Digital Signal
Processors (DSPs), and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).The instruction set is
complex and powerful.
Ex. Robotics, industrial process control, networking etc
4. Fourth Generation: Embedded Systems built around System on Chips (SoC’s),
Reconfigurable processors and multicore processors. It brings high performance, tight
integration and miniaturization into the embedded device market.
Ex Smart phone devices, MIDs etc.

Embedded systems architecture:


Every embedded system consists of customer-built hardware components supported by a
Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the heart of a microprocessor (μP) or microcontroller
(μC).

 A microcontroller is an integrated chip which comes with built-in memory, I/O ports,
timers, and other components.
 Most embedded systems are built on microcontrollers, which run faster than a
custom-built system with a microprocessor, because all components are integrated
within a single chip.
 Operating system plays an important role in most of the embedded systems. But all
the embedded systems do not use the operating system.
 The systems with high end applications only use operating system. To use the
operating system the embedded system should have large memory capability.
 So, this is not possible in low end applications like remote systems, digital cameras,
MP3 players, robot toys etc.
 The architecture of an embedded system with OS can be denoted by layered structure
as shown below.
 The OS will provide an interface between the hardware and application software.
Hardware: It consists of the following important blocks.

 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

 RAM and ROM

 I/O Devices

 Communication Interfaces

 Sensors etc. (Application specific circuitry)

This hardware architecture can be shown by the following block diagram

Real-time embedded systems:


An embedded system which gives the required output in a specified time or which strictly
follows the time deadlines for completion of a task is known as a Real time system. i.e. a Real
Time system , in addition to functional correctness, also satisfies the time constraints.
There are two types of Real time systems.
(i) Soft real time system and
(ii) Hard real time system.

i.) Soft Real-Time system: A Real time system in which, the violation of time constraints will
cause only the degraded quality, but the system can continue to operate is known as a Soft
real time system. In soft real-time systems, the design focus is to offer a guaranteed
bandwidth to each real-time task and to distribute the resources to the tasks.
Ex: A Microwave Oven, washing machine, TV remote etc.
ii) Hard Real-Time system: A Real time system in which, the violation of time constraints will
cause critical failure and loss of life or property damage or catastrophe is known as a Hard
Real time system.
These systems usually interact directly with physical hardware instead of through a human
being .The hardware and software of hard real-time systems must allow a worst case
execution (WCET) analysis that guarantees the execution be completed within a strict
deadline. The chip selection and RTOS selection become important factors for hard real-time
system design.

Ex: Deadline in a missile control embedded system , Delayed alarm during a Gas leakage , car
airbag control system , A delayed response in pacemakers ,Failure in RADAR functioning etc.

Applications of Embedded Systems:

❑ Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras etc.

❑ Household Appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine, Fridge, Microwave Oven
etc.

❑ Home Automation and Security Systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers, Intruder detection
alarms, Closed Circuit Television Cameras, Fire alarms etc.

❑ Automotive Industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), Engine Control, Ignition Systems,
Automatic Navigation Systems etc.

❑ Telecom: Cellular Telephones, Telephone switches, Handset Multimedia Applications etc.


❑ Computer Peripherals: Printers, Scanners, Fax machines etc.

❑ Computer Networking Systems: Network Routers, Switches, Hubs, Firewalls etc.

❑ Health Care: Different Kinds of Scanners, EEG, ECG Machines etc.

❑ Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, Digital CROs, Logic Analyzers PLC
systems etc.

❑ Banking & Retail: Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and Currency counters, Point of Sales
(POS)

❑ Card Readers: Barcode, Smart Card Readers, Hand held Devices etc.

Characteristics of Embedded systems:


1. Application and domain specific
2. Reactive and Real Time
3. Operates in harsh environments
4. Distributed
5. Small Size and weight
6. Power concerns
7. Single-functioned
8. Complex functionality
9. Tightly-constrained
10. Safety-critical

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