RTES

C
Programming
 C is mother language of all programming
language.
 It is a popular computer programming
language.
 It is procedure-oriented programming
language.
 It is also called mid level programming
language.
 C programming language was developed in
1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories
of AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph),
located in U.S.A.
 Dennis Ritchie is known as founder of c
language.
 It was developed to be used in UNIX
Operating system.
 It inherits many features of previous
languages such as B and BPCL.
Language year Developed By
ALGOL 1960 International Group
BPCL 1967 Martin Richards
B 1970 Ken Thompson
Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie
K&RC 1978 Kernighan & Dennis
Ritchie
ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee
ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee
C99 1999 Standardization
Committee
There are many features of c language are given below.

1) Machine Independent or Portable

2) Mid-level programming language
3) structured programming language
4) Rich Library
5) Memory Management
6) Fast Speed
7) Pointers
8) Recursion
9) Extensible
 #include <stdio.h> includes the standard input
output library functions. The printf() function is
defined in stdio.h .
 #include <conio.h> includes the console input
output library functions. The getch() function is
defined in conio.h file.
 void main() The main() function is the entry point
of every program in c language. The void keyword
specifies that it returns no value.
 printf() The printf() function is used to print data on
the console.
 getch() The getch() function asks for a single
character. Until you press any key, it blocks the
screen.
There are two input output function of c
language.
1) First is printf()
2) Second is scanf()
 printf() function is used for output. It prints
the given statement to the console.
 Syntax of printf() is given below:
 printf(“format string”,arguments_list);
 Format string can be %d(integer),
%c(character), %s(string), %f(float) etc.
 scanf() Function: is used for input. It reads
the input data from console.
 scanf(“format string”,argument_list);

 Note:-See more example of input-output

function on:-
 www.javatpoint.com/printf-scanf
  There are four types of data types in C
language.

Types Data Types

Basic Data Type int, char, float, double

Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union

Enumeration Data Type enum

Void Data Type void

  A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot
use it as a variable name, constant name
etc.
 There are 32 keywords in C language as given
below:
auto break case char const contin default do
ue
double else enum extern float for goto if
int long register return short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
 There are following types of operators to
perform different types of operations in C
language.
1) Arithmetic Operators
2) Relational Operators
3) Shift Operators
4) Logical Operators
5) Bitwise Operators
6) Ternary or Conditional Operators
7) Assignment Operator
8) Misc Operator
1) if-else
2) switch
3) loops
4) do-while loop
5) while loop
6) for loop
7) break
8) continue
 There are many ways to use if statement in C
language:
1) If statement
2) If-else statement
3) If else-if ladder
4) Nested if
 In if statement is used to execute the code if
condition is true.
 syntax:-
if(expression){
//code to be execute
}
 The if-else statement is used to execute the
code if condition is true or false.
 Syntax:
if(expression){
//code to be executed if condition is true
}else{
//code to be executed if condition is false
}
Syntax:
if(condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}else if(condition2){
//code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else if(condition3){
//code to be executed if condition3 is true
}
...
else{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}
 Syntax:
switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......
default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;

}
 Loops are used to execute a block of code or
a part of program of the program several
times.
Types of loops in C language:-
 There are 3 types of loops in c language.
1) do while
2) while
3) for
 It is better if you have to execute the code
at least once.
 Syntax:-
do{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);
 It is better if number of iteration is not
known by the user.
 Syntax:-
while(condition){
//code to be executed
}
 It is good if number of iteration is known by
the user.
 Syntax:-
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
//code to be executed
}
 it is used to break the execution of loop
(while, do while and for) and switch case.
 Syntax:-
jump-statement;
break;
 it is used to continue the execution of loop
(while, do while and for). It is used with if
condition within the loop.
 Syntax:-
jump-statement;
continue;
Note:- you can see the example of above all
control statements on.
www.javatpoint.com/c-if else
 To perform any task, we can create function.
A function can be called many times. It
provides modularity and code reusability.
Advantage of function:-
1) Code Resuability
2) Code optimization
return_type function_name(data_type paramet
er...){
//code to be executed
}
 Syntax to call function:-
variable=function_name(arguments...);
 In call by value, value being passed to the
function is locally stored by the function
parameter in stack memory location.
 If you change the value of function
parameter, it is changed for the current
function only.
 It will not change the value of variable
inside the caller method such as main().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void change(int num) {
printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d \n",num);
num=num+100;
printf("After adding value inside function num=%d \n", num);
}
int main() {
int x=100;
clrscr();
printf("Before function call x=%d \n", x);
change(x);//passing value in function
printf("After function call x=%d \n", x);
getch();
return 0;
}
Before function call x=100
Before adding value inside function num=100
After adding value inside function num=200
After function call x=100
 In call by reference, original value is
modified because we pass reference
(address).
 Note : Learn Call by reference in details with
example via JavaTpoint.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void change(int *num) {
printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d \n",*num);
(*num) += 100;
printf("After adding value inside function num=%d \n", *num);
}

int main() {
int x=100;
clrscr();
printf("Before function call x=%d \n", x);
change(&x);//passing reference in function
printf("After function call x=%d \n", x);

getch();
return 0;
}
Before function call x=100
Before adding value inside function num=100
After adding value inside function num=200
After function call x=200
 A function that calls itself, and doen't
perform any task after function call, is know
as tail recursion. In tail recursion, we
generally call the same function with return
statement.
 Syntax:-
recursionfunction(){

recursionfunction();//calling self function

}
 Array in C language is a collection or group of
elements (data). All the elements of array
are homogeneous(similar). It has contiguous
memory location.
Declaration of array:-
 data_type array_name[array_size];
Eg:-
 int marks[7];
Types of array:-
1) 1-D Array
2) 2-D Array
1) Code Optimization
2) Easy to traverse data
3) Easy to sort data
4) Random Access
 2-d Array is represented in the form of rows
and columns, also known as matrix. It is also
known as array of arrays or list of arrays.
Declaration of 2-d array:-
 data_type array_name[size1][size2];
int arr[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4,5,6}};
C1 C2 C3 C4
R1 1 2 3 4

R2 2 3 4 5

R3 3 4 5 6
 Pointer is a user defined data_type which
create the special types of variables.

 It can hold the address of primitive data type

like int, char, float, double or user define
datatypes like function, pointer etc.

 itis used to retrieving strings, trees etc. and

used with arrays, structures and functions.
 Pointerreduces the code and improves the
performance.

 We can return multiple values from function

using pointer.

 Itmake you able to access any memory

location in the computer’s memory.
Symbol Name Description
& (ampersand address of operator determines the
sign) address of a
variable.

* (asterisk sign) indirection operator accesses the value

at the address.
Syntax:-
int *ptr;
int (*ptr)();
int (*ptr)[2];
For e.g.-
int a=5; // a= variable name//
int * ptr; // value of variable= 5//
ptr=&a; // Address where it has stored in
memory : 1025 (assume) //
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(){
int number=50;
clrscr();
printf("value of number is %d, address
of number is %u",number,&number);
getch();
}
Referenced by:-