GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 1 – MEASUREMENTS of non-zero, ex. 0.0035,

sf=2)
● Measurements - Most trailing zeroes are
- Comparing unknown value to a significant but can be
standard; which a physics ambiguous (ex. 5.00/500.,
quantities are expressed is sf=3. ex. 500, sf=1)
called units.
- Can be measured and consist of ● Scientific Notation
magnitude. - Convenient and widely used
- Composed of number and unit. method of expressing large
- Fundamental quantities: basic number and small numbers
quantities which are - Left to right – negative exponent
independent to one another - Right to left – positive exponent
- Derived quantities: combination - Expressed as M x 10E, where
of fundamental quantities M=mantissa and E=exponent

● Conversion of Units
- Conversion factor- value that is
used to change one set of units
to another. Either multi. Or divi.

● Significant Figure
- Number of reliably known digit
that a specific number contains.
- Determine how precise a
measurement instrument in
measuring a quantity.
- Simply count the number of
digits, but there is an exception.

- Rule:
- All nonzero digits (1-9) are
significant.
- Zero that are located
between two non-zero are
significant.
- Leading zeros are
insignificant (zero to the left

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 2 – VECTORS
● Vector components
● Scalar - Every vector has 2 components.
- Quantities described by Horizontal/ x-direction and
magnitude (ex. Mass, time, Vertical/ y-direction. They are
temperature, speed, and always
distance). opposite to each other.
- Sin for opposite
● Vector - Cos for adjacent
- Quantities describe both
magnitude and direction (ex.
Velocity, displacement,
acceleration, force, etc.).

● Distance
- Measure of length between two
points
- The sum of the actual path
traveled

● Displacement
- The distance from the starting
point to the end point
- The measurement of the change
in position (from starting pt. to
the end pt.)

● Speed
- The rate at which a body moves
- Distance traveled per unit time

● Velocity
- The speed of a moving body in
a given direction

● Graphing Vectors
- Characteristics of the reference
frame (origin (0,0) and Axis
involved (x,y)).

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 3 – Vector Addition

● Vector Addition
- Involves determining both
magnitude and direction

● Resultant Vector
- The sum of two or more vector
quantities
- Represent the resulting
magnitude and direction of the
combines vectors
- Represented by letter R

- Two Methods of adding

vectors:

- Graphical method
- polygon
method/head-to-tail
method
- vectors are connected un
the resultant vector is
determined.
- not much useful when
vectors are set in three
dimensions.

- Analytical Method
- component vector
method
- Useful when vectors are
set in three dimensions.
- Described to be the
inverse of graphical
method.
- Requires the concept of
trigonometry and the
idea of components

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 4 – KINEMATICS MOTION IN A - Length of actual path taken by

STRAIGHT LINE an object

● Mechanics ● Displacement
- The sub-branch of classical - Straight-line of two points in a
physics. Kinematics and specified direction
Dynamics - Distance from starting point to
the end point
● Kinematics
- Focuses on the motion of a ● Speed
body without regard to the - Rate at which a body moves
cause of the motion. It describes - Distance traveled per unit time
motion.
- Study if the properties or ● Velocity
parameters of motion - The speed of a moving body in
- Classified into three categories: a given direction (direction
one, two, and three dimension required!)

● Dynamics ● Instantaneous Velocity

- Focuses on the way in which - Magnitude and direction of the
force produces motion speed at a particular instant

● Motion ● Acceleration
- Movement of an object - Change in velocity per change
- Change in position in time
- It is triggered by a force, like - Involves a change in either
gravity, friction or push or pull speed or direction, or both
- Can occur one, two, or three - Direction of acceleration is same
dimensions as direction of force
- The acceleration is proportion to
● Reference Point the magnitude of the force
- A point in space that is used to
describe the position of other ● Distance
things - Length of actual path taken by
- Viewpoint of the observer of the an object
motion

● Displacement
● Distance - Straight-line of two points

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● Negative Velocity
- Object moves in the negative
direction/slow down
● Negative Displacement
- Object is below its starting
height. And it starts at zero with
negative velocity

● Zero Velocity
- There is no displacement of the
object

● Positive Acceleration
- An increase in velocity with time.
Move fast

● Negative Acceleration
- Speed reduces with time.
Subtract from current value

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 4.2 – UNIFORMITY, - Acceleration due to gravity is

ACCELERATION, AND MOTION Always Negative regardless
of direction
● Kinematic Equations
- Relationship between ● Free Fall Cases
displacement, velocity, and time - Case 1: objects fall at a certain
- Only work when acceleration is height
uniform (constant) - Case 2: objects thrown
- All equations derived from three downward at a certain height
relationships: (with initial velocity)
- Case 3: objects thrown upward
● Consideration for Kinematic (with initial velocity)
Equation
- Determine what the equation is
asking for
- List all known quantities
- Remember, each equation
contains four variables, so
you need to know the three
variables in order to
solve for the fourth
- Pick the appropriate equation
- Solve for desired quantity

● Free Fall
- Motion of an object caused by
gravitational field
- Acceleration due to gravity (-9.8
m/s2) or (-32 ft/s2)

- Note:
- Displacement above the
origin is Positive
- Displacement below the
origin is Negative
- Upward velocity is Positive
- Downward velocity is
Negative

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q1

⮚ Lesson 5 – PROJECTILE MOTION

● Symmetry

- Time Symmetry- maximum

height to the time (equal to time)

- Speed Symmetry- upward tri is

equal to speed (equal to speed)
- Symmetry means equal, symbol
e

● Features
- Always 2nd motion (horizontal
and vertical)
- Has parabolic path called
trajectory
- Affect with the gravity
- Horizontal motion is constant
- Vertical motion is like freefall
- Angles matter

● Note:
- The more heavier, the more high
is speed
- If there is none gravity, the time
and speed are same
- Vx = constant (same velocity if x
and y have same value) *no
changes
- Vy = changing (speed in
velocity), increasing

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2

● FORCE - Spring Force – force exerted

by a compressed or stretched
- 2 types of force spring upon any object that is
attached to it.
Contact Force
- Thrust Force – force or a
- force that is applied by object in contact push. When system pushes or
with each other. It act on a point of direct accelerates mass in one
contact between the two objects. direction, there is a thrust just
- This force can either be continuous as a as large in the opposite
continuous force or can be momentary direction. It used to describe
in form of an impulse. how strongly an engine
- Contact force governed by Newton’s pushes.
Law, that is responsible for most of the
interactions we experience in daily life. Non-contact Force

- Tension Force – force that is - force applied to an object by another

transmitted through a rope when body that is not in direct contact with it.
pulled by forces acting from It comes into play when objects do not
opposite sides. It is direct over the have physical contact between them or
length of the wire and pulls energy when a force is applied without any
equally on the bodies at the end. interaction.

- Normal Force – force that surfaces - Gravitational Force – force that

exert to prevent solid object from attracts any two objects with mass.
passing through each other. It is It called attractive because it always
always directed perpendicular to the tries to pull masses together, it
surface. never pushes them apart

- Frictional Force – force generated - Magnetic Force - force responsible

by two surfaces that contacts and for such effects as the action of
slide against each other. These electric motors and the attraction of
forces are mainly affected by the magnets for iron.
surface texture and amount of force
impelling them together. - Electrostatic Force - force is caused
by both the size of the electric
- 2 types of frictional force; charges and the distance between
the charges

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2

● Newton’s Law

1. First Law: Law of Inertia

- Inertia is the tendency of an object
to resist changes in its velocity:
whether in motion or motionless
- More mass, More inertia
- Body at rest will remain at rest. Body
in motion will continue to move,
unless it
acted by unbalanced external force.

2. Second Law: Law of Acceleration

- It is directly proportional to the net
force
- It is inversely proportional to the
mass
- The greater force, the greater
acceleration
- The lesser force, the lesser
acceleration
- The lesser mass, the greater
acceleration
- The greater mass, the lesser
acceleration
- Formula: F=ma

3. Third Law: Law of Interaction

- Action and Interaction
- For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction
- Action and reaction are equal in
magnitude, are opposite in direction
and act on different bodies.

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2

● WORK, ENERGY, & ENERGY - When more than one force acts on an
CONVERTION object, the total work is the sum of the work
done by each force separately.
Work
- The scalar dot product between force and 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 +..
displacement. If you apply a force on an
object and it covers a displacement IN THE
Energy
DIRECTION OF THE FORCE you have
- The capacity to do work
supplied
- 2 types of Energy
ENERGY to, or done WORK on, that
1. Potential Energy
object.
2. Kinetic Energy
- Energy can be expressed more
specifically by
FORMS OF ENERGY
using the term WORK (W).
→ → →→
𝑊 = 𝐹∙Δ𝑥 → 𝐹𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠θ - Potential Energy
o Elastic, Gravitational, and Chemical
- Can be positive, negative, or zero
o It is the energy of position or condition
✔ Work is positive if the force has a
- When work is done on an object, the
component in direction of motion
object’s energy changes.
✔ Work is zero if the force has no
▪ When you push a shopping cart, you
component
work goes into increasing the cart’s
in the direction of motion
kinetic energy.
✔ Work is negative if the force has a
▪ When you climb a mountain, you
component opposite the direction of
work goes into increasing your
motion
potential energy.

- W with force in the direction of

- Thus, KINETIC ENERGY is energy of
displacement
motion; POTENTIAL ENERGY is the
work = force x distance energy of position or condition.
Formula: W = Fd
SI unit: newton-meter (N ∙ m) = joule (J) - Kinetic Energy
o It is the energy of motion
o Newton’s second Law: Law of
- W with force and displacement at an angle
Acceleration to write the relationship
θ
between work and energy
work = force x distance x cos of angle
o The faster the object, the greater the
between force and displacement
KE
Formula: W = Fd 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
SI unit: joule (J)
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 o The greater the mass, the greater the Formula: PEgravity = mgh
KE SI unit: kg • m2 / s2 = J
- Work-Energy Theorem - Spring (Elastic) Potential
Total work = change in kinetic energy Energy, PEspring
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝐾𝐸 - Stretching a spring requires work
- This work is stored in the
1 1
= 2
𝑚𝑣 2 − 2
𝑚𝑣 2 stretched spring in the form of
𝑓 𝑖

potential energy
- Energy stored in a distorted
- Definition of Kinetic Energy, KE
elastic material is referred to as
Kinetic energy =
elastic potential energy
1 2
2
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)𝑥 (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) 1
Potential energy of gravity = 2
x
1
Formula: KE = 𝑚𝑣2
2 (spring constant) x (distance of
2 2
SI unit: Kg • m / s = J stretch or compression)2
- The sign of work is related to the 1 2
Formula: PEspring = 2
𝑘𝑥
change in kinetic energy:
SI unit: kg • m2 / s2 = J
- If the total work is positive, then
the kinetic energy increases
- Conservation of Energy
- If the total work is negative, then
- Forms of Energy
the kinetic energy decreases
o Mechanical, Electrical,
- If the total work is zero, then
Thermal, and Nuclear
there is
- One process might transport
no changes in kinetic energy
some kinetic energy onto
electrical energy; another might
- Gravitational Potential Energy,
transform some spring potential
PEgravity
energy into kinetic energy
- The energy that is stored for
- However, no matter what the
later use.
process, the total amount of
- Energy due to position of an
energy in the universe remain the
object relative to earth’s ground
same. This is what meant by
- Gravitational energy equals the
conservation of energy.
work required to lift an object to
- Energy is conserved means that
a given height
energy can never be created or
- The higher the altitude, the
destroyed-it can only be
greater the GPE
transformed from one to another
- The greater the mass, the
- The sum of kinetic and potential
greater the GPE
energies of an object is referred
- GPE = mgh
to as its mechanical energy.
Potential energy of gravity =
mass x (acceleration due to
gravity) x height
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 - Thus, mechanical energy = o Conservative forces include:
potential energy + kinetic energy gravitational force and restoring
(E = PE + KE). force of spring
- This means that mechanical o Non conservative forces include:
energy is conserved. friction,
ET = KE + ∑PE = Constant pushes, and pulls by a person
- The relationship implies that the
total mechanical energy of a Power
system is - Is a measure of how quickly work is done
always constant - The faster work is done, the greater
- If the potential energy is at a power
maximum, then the system will
have minimum kinetic energy - Definition of Power, P
- If the kinetic energy is at a power =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
maximum, then the system will 𝑊
Formula: p = 𝑡
have minimum
potential energy SI unit: J / s = watt (W)

Ei = Ef
KEinitial + PEinitial = KEfinal + PEfinal - The unit of power is watt (W). The watt,

1 1
named after Scottish engineer James Watt,
2
𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 2
𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑖 𝑓
is defined as
1 Joule per second.
- 1 watt = 1 W = 1 J / s

- Typically compact fluorescent lightbulb has

a power of 23W
- Another unit of power is the horsepower
(hp).
- 1 horsepower = 1 hp = 746 W
-
- Human power output is limited to about 1
hp
- Power output is an important factor in the
performance of a car
- Types of Forces - The greater power, the lesser the time
- Force is conservative if the work takes a car to accelerate
it does on a particles that moves - Power depends on force and speed.
through a closed path is zero. - The power is equal to force times speed
Otherwise, the force is non - p = fv
conservative
∮𝐹∙𝑑𝑟 = 0

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2

● CENTER OF MASS MOMENTUM, much stuff is moving and how fast the
stuff is moving.
IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS
- In terms of an equation, the momentum of
Center of Mass an object is equal to the mass of the
object times
- Defined as, a point of the mass of the the velocity of the object.
body or all the masses of a system of
particle appeared to concentrate
Momentum = mass • velocity
- Center of mass typically lies on lines (or
p=m•v
planes) of symmetry of objects. Highly
symmetric objects like cubes and spheres
have their centers of mass at the center
- The standard metric unit of momentum is
of the object.
the kg•m/s. Momentum is a commonly
- When an object is in a uniform
used term in sports.
gravitational field, the center of gravity will
- A team that has a lot of momentum is
be at the same location as the center of
really on the move and is going to be hard
mass. The center of gravity is the point
to stop.
from which all of weight of the object
- Momentum in Physics term, refers to the
seems to act.
quantity of motion that an object has If an
- Every extended object has a center of
object is in motion (on the move) then it
mass. If near the surface of Earth an
has momentum.
object, in any orientation, is
supported at a location directly below its
Newton’s Law and Momentum
center of mass or suspended from a
location directly above its center of mass,
- Newton’s Second Law can be used to
it will be balanced and
relate the momentum of an object to the
it will not start to rotate.
resultant force acting on it
- The change in an object’s momentum
Momentum
divided by the elapsed time equals the
constant net force acting on the object
- Momentum can be defined as "mass in
motion."All objects have mass; so, if an
Impulse
object is moving, then it has momentum -
it has its mass in motion.
- Term that is used to describe or quantify
- “The more mass a body has, the greater
the effect of force acting over time to
its tendency to stay at rest”
change the momentum of an object.
- The amount of momentum that an object
- When a single, constant force acts on the
has is dependent upon two variables: how
object, there is an impulse delivered to
the object
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 - e=1
- Collision between the atomic particles
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
- Inelastic Collision
- The theorem states that the impulse - The kinetic energy before the collision
acting on a system is equal to the change is not equal to the kinetic energy after
in momentum of the system, which is the collision
expressed as follows - 0<e<1
- Collision between two vehicles on a
Conservation of Momentum road

- For a collision occurring between object 1 - Perfectly Inelastic Collision

and object 2 in an isolated system, the - The two bodies stick together and
total momentum of the two objects before move with the same velocity after the
the collision is equal to the total collision
momentum of the two objects after the - e=0
collision. - Firing of a bullet that is embedded in a
- The momentum lost by object 1 is equal wooded block
to the momentum gained by object 2.
- Conserved means Constant or not
changing

Collision

- A collision happens when two bodies

come in direct contact with each other. In
this case, the two bodies exert forces on
each other in a short
period of time.
- The energy and momentum of bodies
interacting undergo a change as a result
of the collision. Moreover, the collision
may occur through actual physical contact
of the bodies involved.

Types of Collision

- Perfectly Elastic Collision

- The kinetic energy before the collision
is equal to the kinetic energy after the
collision
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GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2

Additional Information ● The troughs refer to the lowest points

of a wave
● A wave is the motion of a disturbance ● The time it takes for one full cycle or for
traveling through a medium not the motion one Wavelength to pass a point is called
of the medium itself. the wave period, t.

● Wave pulse - a single wave traveling ● Standing waves: periodic waves are
through a medium. reflected and inverted and interfere with
one another creating standing waves.
● Periodic wave - many wave pulses at
specific, periodic time intervals. ● Nodes: locations of total destructive
interference.
● Transverse wave - the disturbance of the
medium is perpendicular to the direction of ● Antinode: locations of constructive
wave propagation. interference.

● Longitudinal wave - the disturbance of the ● Constructive interference - waves add

medium is parallel to the direction of wave together to create a larger amplitude.
propagation.
● Total destructive interference - waves
● Electromagnetic waves are transverse cancel one another out to create an
waves that do not need a medium to travel amplitude of zero.
through. They are the only waves we know
of that do not need a medium. ● Doppler effect: the change in the
wavelength and therefore frequency and
● Amplitude - can be described as the therefore pitch we hear of a moving sound
maximum distance the molecules are source.
displaced from their starting place; intensity
of the wave. ● As the sound source moves towards
the observer the crests are closer to
● The wavelength of a wave can be one another and therefore the
described as the distance between 2 wavelength is decreased. , therefore
consecutive crests or troughs. How long a the frequency is increased and we
wave travels. hear a higher pitch. Wavelength and
frequency are inversely proportional.
● The crest refers to the highest point of
a wave - As the sound source moves away from
the observer the crests are farther
apart and therefore the wavelength is

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 increased. , therefore the frequency is GENERAL PHYSICS 1 REVIEWER Q2
decreased and we hear a lower pitch.

Formulas:

1. Newton’s 2nd Law

● F=ma

2. Work formula
● W=Fd or W=Fdcosθ
7. Impulse Momentum theorem
3. Work-Energy Theorem ● I=mvf- mvi

8. Conservation of momentum

4. Power

9. Kinetic Energy

5. Impulse

10. Gravitational Potential Energy

6. Momentum

11. Elastic Potential Energy

12. Wave equation

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