Master JavaScript Concepts

jAVASCRIPT
*Disclaimer*
Everyone learns at their pace.
What matters is your dedication and

consistency.
This doc will help you understand all
Javascript concepts from Basics to

Advanced to ace your Tech Interviews
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Javascript
JavaScript is the scripting language of the Web.
JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to add functionality,

validate forms, detect browsers, and much more.
Introduction to JavaScript
JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to improve the design,
validate forms, detect browsers, create cookies, and much more.
JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the Internet, and

works in all major browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
and Opera.
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages s
JavaScript is a scripting languagd
A scripting language is a lightweight programming language s
JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages s
JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute

without preliminary compilation) s
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both

concept and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more

complex programming language - in the same category as C and  
C ++.
JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML
authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a
scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can
put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages >
JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A

JavaScript statement like this: document.write("<h1>" + name +
"</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page >
JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to

execute when something happens, like when a page has finished
loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element >
JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can

read and change the content of an HTML element >
JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be

used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This
saves the server from extra processing >
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A

JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and -
depending on the browser - load another page specifically
designed for that browser<
JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be

used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer.
JavaScript Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name,

like carname.
Rules for JavaScript variable names: 4

Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different
variables) 4
Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore
character
Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-

sensitive.
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can
refer to a variable by its name to display or change its value.
<html>  
<script type= " text/javascript " >  
var firstname;  
firstname= " Welcome" ;  
document.write(firstname) ;  
document.write(" <br " ) ;  
document.write(firstname) ;  
</script> 
<p>The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays
the value, change the value, and displays the value again. </p>  
</html>
Welcome XYZ
The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays

the value, change the value, and displays the value again.
Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as

"declaring" variables. 
You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:
var x; 
var carname;
After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have
no values yet).
However, you can also assign values to the variables when you
declare them:
var x=5;
var carname="Scorpio";
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold
the value 5, and carname will hold the value Scorpio.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around
the value.
Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript
Variables
If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared,
the variables will automatically be declared.
These statements:
x=5;
carname="Scorpio";
have the same effect as:
var x=5;
var carname="Scorpio";
Redeclaring JavaScript Variables
If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original

value.
var x=5;
var x;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still
have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you
redeclare it.
DataTypes
B Numbers - are values that can be processed and calculated. You
don't enclose them in quotation marks. The numbers can be either
positive or negative. 5
B Strings - are a series of letters and numbers enclosed in quotation
marks. JavaScript uses the string literally; it doesn't process it.
You'll use strings for text you want displayed or values you want
passed along. 5
B Boolean (true/false) - lets you evaluate whether a condition meets
or does not meet specified criteria. 5
B Null - is an empty value. null is not the same as 0 -- 0 is a real,
calculable number, whereas null is the absence of any value.
TYPE EXAMPLE
JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript

variables:
y=x-5;
z=y+5;
JavaScript Operators
The operator = is used to assign values.
The operator + is used to add values.
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript

variables.
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;
The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.
JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between

variables and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:
Operator Description Example Result
JavaScript Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript

variables.
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment
operators:
Operator Example Same As Result
The + Operator Used on Strings
The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text

values together.
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3
contains "What a verynice day".
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of
the strings:
txt1="What a very ";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
or insert a space into the expression:
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3

contains:
"What a very nice day"
Adding Strings and Numbers
Look at these examples:
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);
The rule is:
If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.
JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators
Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or

false.
Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine

equality or difference between variables or values.
Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:
Operator Description Example
How Can it be Used
Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to

compare values and take action depending on the result:
if (age<18) document.write("Too young");
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the
next chapter of this tutorial.
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to determine the logic between

variables or values.
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical
operators:
Operator Description Example
Conditional Operator
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value

to a variable based on some condition.
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the
Syntax
next chapter of this tutorial.
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2
Example
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President
":"Dear ";
If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable
greeting will be assigned the value
"Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".
Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different
actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements
in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
a if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some

code only if a specified condition is true \
a if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute
some code if the condition is true and another code if the
condition is false \
a if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to
select one of many blocks of code to be executed \
a switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one
of many blocks of code to be executed
If Statement
You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code
only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters

(IF) will generate a JavaScript error!
Example 1
<script type="text/javascript">
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
if (time<10)
{ document.write("Good morning");
</script>
Example 2
//Write "Lunch-time!" if the time is 11
var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();
if (time==11)
document.write("<b>Lunch-time!</b>");
</script>
Note: When comparing variables you must always use two equals
signs next to each other (==)!
Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to
execute some code only if the specified condition is true.
If...else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another

code if the condition is not true, use the if....else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true
else
code to be executed if condition is not true
Example
//lf the time is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
var d = new Date();
var time = d.getHours();
if (time < 10)
{ document.write("Good morning!");
else
document.write("Good day!");
</script>
If...else if...else Statement
You should use the if....else if...else statement if you want to select
one of many sets of lines to execute.
Syntax
if (condition1)
code to be executed if condition1 is true
else if (condition2)
code to be executed if condition2 is true
else
code to be executed if condition1 and
condition2 are not true
Example
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
else if (time>10 && time<16)
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
else
document.write("Hello World!");
</script>
The JavaScript Switch Statement
You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of
many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch(n)
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is
different from case 1 and 2
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often

a variable), that is evaluated once.
The value of the expression is then compared with the values for
each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code
associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the
code from running into the next case automatically.
Example
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=(),
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
var d=new Date();
theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday");
break;
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday");
break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday");
break;
default:
document.write("l'm looking forward to this

weekend! ");
</script>
JavaScript Controlling
(Looping) Statements
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a
specified number of times or while a specified condition is true.
JavaScript Loops
Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code
to run over and over again in a row.
Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use

loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops:
| for - loops through a block of code a specified number of timesu

| while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition
is true
The for Loop
The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times
the script should run.
Syntax
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment)
code to be executed
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0.
The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10.
i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <=
could be any comparing statement.
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i4+)
document.write("The number is
document.write("<br />");
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JavaScript While Loop
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a
specified number of times or while a specified condition is true.
The while loop
The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and
continue executing while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
while (var<=endvalue)
code to be executed
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0.
The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10.
i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
while (i<=10)
{ document.write("The number is " + i);
i=i+1;
</script>
</body>
</html>
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
Result www.bosscoderacademy.com 27
The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will
always execute a block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the
loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always
be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because
the code is executed before the condition is tested.
do
code to be executed
while (var<=endvalue);
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=();
do
document.write("The number is
i=i+l;
while (i<0);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
JavaScript Break and
Continue
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops:
break and continue.
JavaScript break and continue Statements
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops:
break and continue.
Break
The break command will break the loop and continue executing the
code that follows after the loop (if any).
Syntax
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
if (i==3)
break;
document.write("The number is " + i);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
Continue
The continue command will break the current loop and continue
with the next value.
Example
<html>
<body>
<script
var i=()
for
if
continue;
number is
</script>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JavaScript Functions
A function (also known as a method) is a self-contained piece of
code that performs a particular "function". You can recognise a
function by its format - it's a piece of descriptive text, followed by
open and close brackets.
A function is a reusable code-block that will be executed by an

event, or when the function is called.
To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads,
you can put your script into a function.
A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a

call to that function.
You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even
from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).
Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body>

section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/
loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in
the <head> section.
Syntax
<html>
<head>
function displaymessage()
alert("Hello World!");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()" >
</form>
</body>
</html>
If the line: alert("Hello world!!") in the example above had not been
put within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the
line was loaded. Now, the script is not executed before the user hits
the button. We have added an onClick event to the button that will
execute the function displaymessage() when the button is clicked.
You will learn more about JavaScript events in the JS Events

chapter.
How to Define a Function
The syntax for creating a function is:

Syntax
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
some code
var1, var2, etc are variables or values passed into the function. The
{ and the } defines the start and end of the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses

() after the function name:
function functionname()
some code
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript!

The word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a
JavaScript error occurs! Also note that you must call a function with
the exact same capitals as in the function name.
The return Statement
The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned

from the function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return
statement.
The function below should return the product of two numbers (a

and b):
Syntax
function prod(a,b)
x=a*b;
return x;
}
When you call the function above, you must pass along two
parameters:
product=prod(2,3);
The returned value from the prod() function is 6, and it will be
stored in the variable called product.
The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables
When you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only
be accessed within that function.
When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These

variables are called local variables. You can have local variables
with the same name in different functions, because each is
recognized only by the function in which it is declared.
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your
page can access it. The lifetime of these variables starts when they
are declared, and ends when the page is closed.
What is an Event?
Event Handlers
Event Handlers are JavaScript methods, i.e. functions of objects,

that allow us as JavaScript programmers to control what happens
when events occur.
Directly or indirectly, an Event is always the result of something a

user does. For example, we've already seen Event Handlers like
onClick and onMouseOver that respond to mouse actions. Another
type of Event, an internal change-of-state to the page (completion
of loading or leaving the page). An onLoad Event can be
considered an indirect result of a user action.
Although we often refer to Events and Event Handlers

interchangeably, it's important to keep in mind the distinction
between them. An Event is merely something that happens -
something that it is initiated by an Event Handler (onClick,
onMouseOver, etc...).
The elements on a page which can trigger events are known as

"targets" or "target elements," and we can easily understand how a
button which triggers a Click event is a target element for this
event. Typically, events are defined through the use of Event
Handlers, which are bits of script that tell the browser what to do
when a particular event occurs at a particular target. These Event
Handlers are commonly written as attributes of the target element's
HTML tag.
The Event Handler for a Click event at a form field button element is
quite simple to understand:
<INPUT " me for fun!"
onClick="event handler code">
The event_handler_code portion of this example is any valid
JavaScript and it will be executed when the
specified event is triggered at this target element. This particular

topic will be continued in Incorporating
JavaScripts into your HTML pages.
There are "three different ways" that Event Handlers can be used to
trigger Events or Functions.
Method 1 (Link Events):
Places an Event Handler as an attribute within an <A HREF= > tag,

like this:
<A HREF="foo.html" onMouseOver="doSomething()">...</A>
You can use an Event Handler located within an <A HREF= > tag to
make either an image or a text link respond to a mouseover Event.
Just enclose the image or text string between the <A HREF= > and
the </A> tags.
Whenever a user clicks on a link, or moves her cursor over one,

JavaScript is sent a Link Event. One Link Event is called onClick,
and it gets sent whenever someone clicks on a link. Another link
event is called onMouseOver. This one gets sent when someone
moves the cursor over the link.
You can use these events to affect what the user sees on a page.
Here's an example of how to use link events. Try it out, View
Source, and we'll go over it.
<A HREF="javascript:void(")"
onClick="open('index.htm', 'links',
'height=2()O,width=20()');">How to Use Link Events
</A>
The first interesting thing is that there are no <SCRIPT> tags. That's
because anything that appears in the quotes of an onClick or an
onMouseOver is automatically interpreted as JavaScript. In fact,
because semicolons mark the end of statements allowing you to
write entire JavaScripts in one line, you can fit an entire JavaScript
program between the quotes of an onClick. It'd be ugly, but you
could do it.
Here are the three lines of interest:

EM <A HREF="#" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it again!');">Click on me!
</A> U
-M <A HREF="javascript:void('')" onClick="alert('Ooo, do it
again!');">  
Click on me!  
</A> U
)M <A HREF="javascript:alert('Ooo, do it again!')" >Click on me!</
A>
The first interesting thing is that there are no <SCRIPT> tags. That's
because anything that appears in the quotes of an onClick or an
onMouseOver is automatically interpreted as JavaScript. In fact,
because semicolons mark the end of statements allowing you to
write entire JavaScripts in one line, you can fit an entire JavaScript
program between the quotes of an onClick. It'd be ugly, but you
could do it.
Here are the three lines of interest:

EM HREF="#" tells the browser to look for the anchor #, but there
is no anchor "#" , so the browser reloads the page and goes to
top of the page since it couldn't find the anchor.
<A HREF="javascript:void(")" tells the browser not to go
anywhere - it "deadens" the link when you click on it.
HREF="javascript: is the way to call a function when a link
(hyperlink or an HREFed image) is clicked
HREF="javascript:alert('Ooo, do it again!')" here we kill two
birds with one stone. The default behavior ofa hyperlink is to
click on it. By clicking on the link we call the window Method
alert() and also at the same time "deaden" the link.
The next line is
<A HREF="javascript:void('')" onMouseOver="alert('Hee hee!');">
Mouse over me!
</A>
This is just like the first line, but it uses an onMouseOver instead of
an onClick.
Method 2 (Actions within FORMs):
The second technique we've seen for triggering a Function in

response to a mouse action is to place an onClick Event Handler
inside a button type form element, like this:
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="button" onClick="doSomething()">
</FORM>
While any JavaScript statement, methods, or functions can appear
inside the quotation marks of an Event Handler, typically, the
JavaScript script that makes up the Event Handler is actually a call
to a function defined in the header of the document or a single
JavaScript command. Essentially, though, anything that appears
inside a command block (inside curly braces {}) can appear
between the quotation marks.
For instance, if you have a form with a text field and want to call the
function checkField() whenever the value of the text field changes,
you can define your text field as follows:
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="checkField(this)">
Nonetheless, the entire code for the function could appear in
quotation marks rather than a function call:
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="if (this.value <= 5) {
alert("Please enter a number greater than 5");
}">
To separate multiple commands in an Event Handler, use
semicolons
<INPUT TYPE="text" onChange="alert(‘Thanks for the entry.’);
confirm(‘Do you want to continue?’);">

The advantage of using functions as Event Handlers, however, is
that you can use the same Event Handler code for multiple items in
your document and, functions make your code easier to read and
understand.
Method 3 (BODY onLoad & onUnLoad):
The third technique is to us an Event Handler to ensure that all

required objects are defined involve the onLoad and onUnLoad.
These Event Handlers are defined in the <BODY> or <FRAMESET>
tag of an HTML file and are invoked when the document or
frameset are fully loaded or unloaded. If you set a flag within the
onLoad Event Handler, other Event Handlers can test this flags to
see if they can safely run, with the knowledge that the document is
fully loaded and all objects are defined. For example:
<SCRIPT>
var loaded = false;
function doit() {
// alert("Everything is \"loaded\" and loaded = " + loaded);
alert('Everything is "loaded" and loaded = ' + loaded);
</SCRIPT>
<BODY onLoad="loaded = true;">
-- OR --
<BODY onLoad="window.loaded = true;">
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Press Me"
onClick="if (loaded == true) doit();">
-- OR --
onClick="if (window.loaded == true) doit();">
-- OR --
onClick="if (loaded) doit();">
</FORM>
</BODY>
The onLoad Event Handler is executed when the document or
frameset is fully loaded, which means that all images have been
downloaded and displayed, all subframes have loaded, any Java
Applets and Plugins (Navigator) have started running, and so on.
The onUnLoad Event Handler is executed just before the page is
unloaded, which occurs when the browser is about to move on to a
new page. Be aware that when you are working with multiple
frames, there is no guarantee of the order in which the onLoad
Event Handler is invoked for the various frames, except that the
Event Handlers for the parent frame is invoked after the Event
Handlers of all its children frames -- This will be discussed in detail
in Week 8.
Setting the bgColor Property
The first example allows the user to change the color by clicking
buttons, while the second example allows you to change colors by
using drop down boxes.
Event Handlers
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between

variables and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:
EVENT Description
Note: Input focus refers to the act of clicking on or in a form
element or field. This can be done by clicking in a text field or by
tabbing between text fields.
OBJECT EVENT HANDLERS AVAILABLE
JavaScript Arrays
An array object is used to create a database-like structure within a
script. Grouping data points (array elements) together makes it
easier to access and use the data in a script. There are methods of
accessing actual databases (which are beyond the scope of this
series) but here we're talking about small amounts of data.
Name of
An array can be viewed like a
myCar column of data in a spreadsheet.
the array
0 Chev The name of the array would be
the same as the name of the
1 Ford column. Each piece of data
2 Buick Data (element) in the array is referred to
by a number (index), just like a row
3 Lincoln number in a column.
4 Truck An array is an object. Earlier, I said
Index  that an object is a thing, a
number collection of properties (array
Comparison of an array to elements, in this case) grouped
a column of data together.
You can name an array using the same format as a variable, a
function or an object. Remember our basic rules: The first
character cannot be a number, you cannot use a reserved word,
and you cannot use spaces. Also, be sure to remember that the
name of the array object is capitalized, e.g. Array.
The JavaScript interpreter uses numbers to access the collection of

elements (i.e. the data) in an array. Each index number (as it is the
number of the data in the array's index) refers to a specific piece of
data in the array, similar to an ID number. It's important to
remember that the index numbering of the data starts at "0." So, if
you have 8 elements, the first element will be numbered "0" and
the last one will be "7."
Elements can be of any type: character string, integer, Boolean, or
even another array. An array can even have different types of
elements within the same array. Each element in the array is
accessed by placing its index number in brackets, i.e. myCar[4].
This would mean that we are looking for data located in the array
myCar which has an index of "4." Since the numbering of an index
starts at "0," this would actually be the fifth index. For instance, in
the following array, var myCar = new
Array("Chev","Ford","Buick","Lincoln","Truck");
alert(myCar[4]) the data point with an index of "4" would be Truck.
In this example, the indexes are numbered as follows: 0=Chev,
1=Ford, 2=Buick, 3=Lincoln, and 4=Truck. When creating loops, it's
much easier to refer to a number than to the actual data itself.
The Size of the Array
The size of an array is determined by either the actual number of
elements it contains or by actually specifying a given size. You don't
need to specify the size of the array. Sometimes, though, you may
want to pre-set the size, e.g.:
var myCar = new Array(20);
That would pre-size the array with 20 elements. You might pre-size
the array in order to set aside the space in memory.
Multidimensional Arrays
This type of an array is similar to parallel arrays. In a
multidimensional array, instead of creating two or more arrays in
tandem as we did with the parallel array, we create an array with
several levels or "dimensions." Remember our example of a
spreadsheet with rows and columns? This time, however, we have a
couple more columns.
maker model color Name of the
parameters
0 Gibson Les Paul Sunburst
1 Fender Stratocaster Black
Data
2 Martin D-28 Mahoaonv
3 Take mine EG330SC Saruce
Index number (objects created as arrays)
Comparison of a multidimensional array to a column of data
Multidimensional arrays can be created in different ways. Let's look

at one of these method. First, we create the main array, which is
similar to what we did with previous arrays.
var emailList = new Array();
Next, we create arrays for elements of the main array:
emailList[0] = new Array("President", "Paul Smith",

"psmith@domain.com");
emailList[1] = new Array("Vice President", "Laura Stevens",

"lstevens@domain.com");
emailList[2] = new Array("General Manager", "Mary Larsen",

"mlarsen@domain.com");
emailList[3] = new Array("Sales Manager", "Bob Lark",
"blark@domain.com");
In this script we created "sub arrays" or arrays from another level or

"dimension." We used the name of the main array and gave it an
index number (e.g., emailList[0]). Then we created a new instance
of an array and gave it a value with three elements.
In order to access a single element, we need to use a double

reference. For example, to get the e-mail address for the Vice
President in our example above, access the third element "[2]" of
the second element "[1]" of the array named emailList.
emailList = new Array(); Main array named “emailList”
emailList[1] = new Array(“Vice President”, “Laura Stevens”, “Istevens@domian.com”);
Second element of the main array third element of the second element
of the main array
It would be written like this:
var vpEmail = emailList[1][2]
alert("The address is: "+ vpEmail)£

We declared a variable, named it emailList, and initialized it with
a value of a new instance of an array. £
z Next, we created an array for each of the elements within the
original array. Each of the new arrays contained three elements.£
Then we declared a variable named vpEmail and initialized it
with the value of the third element (lstevens@domain.com) of
the second element "[1]" of the array named emailList.
You could also retrieve the information using something like:
var title = emailList[1][0]  

var email = emailList[1][2]  
alert("The e-mail address for the " + title +" is: " + email)
Array Properties
length
The length property returns the number of elements in an array.
The format is arrayName.length. The length property is particularly
useful when using a loop to cycle through an array. One example
would be an array used to cycle banners:
var bannerImg = new Array(); 
bannerImg[0]="image-1.gif"; 
bannerImg[1]="image-2.gif"; 
bannerImg[2]="image-3.gif";
var newBanner = 0 
var totalBan = bannerImg.length
function cycleBan() {
newBanner++
if (newBanner == totalBan) {
newBanner = 0
document.banner.src=bannerImg[newBanner]
setTimeout("cycleBan()", 3*1000)
window.onload=cycleBan;
This portion is then placed in the body where the banner is to be
displayed:
<img src="image-1.gif" name="banner">
Let's take a look and see what happened here:
,: On the first line, we created a new instance of the array
bannerImg, and gave it three data elements. (Remember, we are
only making a copy of the Array object here.5
: Next, we created two variables: newBanner, which has a
beginning value of zero; and totalBan, which returns the length
of the array (the total number of elements contained in the
array):
: Then we created a function named cycleBan. This function will
be used to create a loop to cycle the images.
a. We set the newBanner variable to be increased each time the
function cycles. (Review: By placing the increment operator [" ++
"] after the variable [the "operand"], the variable is incremented
only after it returns its current value to the script. For example, its
beginning value is "0", so in the first cycle it will return a value of
"0" to the script and then its value will be increased by "1".)
b. When the value of the newBanner variable is equal to the

variable totalBan (which is the length of the array), it is then reset
to "0". This allows the images to start the cycle again, from the
beginning.
c. The next statement uses the Document Object Method (DOM -

we'll be taking a look at that soon) to display the images on the
Web page. Remember, we use the dot operator to access the
properties of an object. We also read the statement backwards,
i.e., "take the element from the array bannerImg, that is specified
by the current value of the variable newBanner, and place it in the
src attribute located in the element with the name attribute of
banner, which is located in the document object."
d. We then used the setTimeout function to tell the script how
long to display each image. This is always measured in
milliseconds so, in this case, the function cycleBan is called
every 3,000 milliseconds (i.e., every 3 seconds).
C9 Finally, we used the window.onload statement to execute the
function cycleBan as soon as the document is loaded.
There are a total of five properties for the Array object. In addition
to the length property listed above, the others are:m
SX constructor: Specifies the function that creates an object's
prototype9
NX index: Only applies to JavaScript arrays created by a regular
expression match9
FX input: Only applies to JavaScript arrays created by a regular
expression match9
xX prototype: Used to add properties or methods.
The other properties listed here are either more advanced or
seldom used. For now, we'll stick to the basics.
Javascript Object Hierarchy
Hierarchy Objects
Object Properties Methods Event Handlers
Built-in Objects
JavaScript Array Object
The Array object is used to store multiple values in a
single variable.
Create an Array
The following code creates an Array object called myCars:
var myCars=new Array();

There are two ways of adding values to an array (you can add as
many values as you need to define as many variables you require).
1.
var myCars=new Array();
myCars[0]="Saab";
myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
You could also pass an integer argument to control the array's size:
var myCars=new Array(3);
myCars[0]="Saab";
myCars[1]="Volvo";
myCars[2]="BMW";
2.
var myCars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW");
Note: If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array

then the type of variables will be numeric or Boolean instead of
string.
Access an Array
You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the

name of the array and the index number. The index number starts
at 0.
The following code line:
document.write(myCars[0]);
will result in the following output:
Saab
Modify Values in an Array
To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the

array with a specified index number:
myCars[0]="Opel";
Now, the following code line:
document.write(myCars[0]);
will result in the following output:
Opel
JavaScript Date Object
Create a Date Object
The Date object is used to work with dates and times.
The following code create a Date object called myDate:
var myDate=new Date()

Note: The Date object will automatically hold the current date and
time as its initial value!
Set Dates
We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods available

for the Date object.
In the example below we set a Date object to a specific date (14th

January 2010):
var myDate=new Date();
myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14);
And in the following example we set a Date object to be 5 days into
the future:
myDate.setDate(myDate.getDate()+5);
Note: If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year, the
changes are handled automatically by the Date object itself!
Compare Two Dates
The Date object is also used to compare two dates.
The following example compares today's date with the 14th
January 2010:
myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14);
var today = new Date();
if (myDate>today)
alert("Today is before 14th January 2010");
else
alert("Today is after 14th January 2010");
JavaScript Math Object
Math Object
The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks.
The Math object includes several mathematical constants and

methods.
Syntax for using properties/methods of Math:
var pi_value=Math.PI;
var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16);
Note: Math is not a constructor. All properties and methods of Math
can be called by using Math as an object without creating it.
Mathematical Constants
JavaScript provides eight mathematical constants that can be

accessed from the Math object. These are: E, PI, square root of 2,
square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of 10, base-2 log of
E, and base-10 log of E. You may reference these constants from
your JavaScript like this:
In the example below we set a Date object to a specific date (14th

January 2010):
Math.E
Math.PI
Math.SQRT2
Math.SQRT1_2
Math.LN2
Math.LN10
Math.LOG2E
Math.LOG10E
Mathematical Methods
In addition to the mathematical constants that can be accessed

from the Math object there are also several methods available.
The following example uses the round() method of the Math object
to round a number to the nearest integer:
document.write(Math.round(4.7));
The code above will result in the following output:
The following example uses the random() method of the Math

object to return a random number between 0 and 1:
document.write(Math.random());
The code above can result in the following output:
0.4218824567728053
The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of

the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 10:
document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11));
JavaScript String Object
String object
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Examples of use:
The following example uses the length property of the String object
to find the length of a string:
var txt="Hello world!";
document.write(txt.length);
12
The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the
String object to convert a string to uppercase letters:
var txt="Hello world!";
document.write(txt.toUpperCase());
The code above will result in the following output:
HELLO WORLD!
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Master JavaScript Concepts

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This doc will help you understand all

Javascript concepts from Basics to

JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to add functionality,

JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the Internet, and

 JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages s

 JavaScript is a scripting languagd

 A scripting language is a lightweight programming language s

 JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages s

 JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute

 Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both

Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more

 JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A

 JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to

 JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can

 JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be

 JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A

 JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be

JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.

A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name,

Rules for JavaScript variable names: 4

Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-

The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays

Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables

Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as

have the same effect as:

Redeclaring JavaScript Variables

If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original

As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript

The operator = is used to assign values.

The operator + is used to add values.

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript

The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.

The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between

Operator Description Example Result

Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript

Operator Example Same As Result

The + Operator Used on Strings

The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text

To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.

txt1="What a very ";

or insert a space into the expression:

After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3

"What a very nice day"

Look at these examples:

The rule is:

If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.

JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators

Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or

Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine

Operator Description Example

How Can it be Used

Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to

if (age<18) document.write("Too young");

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between

Operator Description Example

JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value

"Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".

In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

a if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some

code to be executed if condition is true

Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters

//Write a "Good morning" greeting if

//the time is less than 10

var d=new Date();

//Write "Lunch-time!" if the time is 11

var d=new Date();

If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another

code to be executed if condition is true

code to be executed if condition is not true

//lf the time is less than 10,

//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.

//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.

JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages s

JavaScript is a scripting languagd

A scripting language is a lightweight programming language s

JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages s

JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute

Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A

JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to

JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can

JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be

JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A

JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be