Brij Kishore Pandey

A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE

SQL (Structured
Query Language)

SQL

Master SQL in the Shortest

Possible Time

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

WHAT IS SQL?
SQL is a database computer
language used to manage data
stored in relational databases.
SQL stands for Structured Query
Language.

SQL was developed in the 1970s

by IBM Computer Scientists. It
became a standard of the ANSI in
1986, and of the ISO in 1987.

All relational databases like

MySQL, MS Access, Oracle,
Sybase, Postgres and SQL Server
use SQL as their standard
database language.

SQL DEFINITION swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SQL COMMANDS
DDL
These are SQL commands that are
used to define the database
schema. DDL stands for Data
Definition Language.
DDL COMMANDS - CREATE, DROP, ALTER,
TRUNCATE

DML
These are SQL commands that are
used to manipulate the data
present in the database. DML
stands for Data Manipulation
Language.

DML COMMANDS - INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

SQL COMMAND TYPES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SQL COMMANDS
DCL
These are SQL commands that deal
with rights, permissions, and other
controls of the database system.
DCL stands for Data Control
Language.
DCL COMMANDS - GRANT, REVOKE

TCL
These are SQL commands that deal
with the transactions happening in
the database. TCL stands for
Transaction Control Language.

TCL COMMANDS - COMMIT, ROLLBACK

SQL COMMAND TYPES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SQL COMMANDS
DQL
These are SQL commands that are
used to retreive data present in the
database. DQL stands for Data
Query Language.

DQL COMMANDS - SELECT

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

DATABASE QUERIES
CREATE DATABASE
This statement is used to create a
new SQL database.
CREATE DATABASE DATABASENAME;

EXAMPLE

CREATE DATABASE COMPANY;

USE DATABASE
This statement is used to select an
SQL database for usage.
USE DATABASENAME;

EXAMPLE

USE COMPANY;

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

DATABASE QUERIES
LIST DATABASES
This statement is used to list down
all the available databases.
SHOW DATABASES;

DROP DATABASE
This statement is used to delete an
existing database along with all the
data such as tables, views, indexes,
etc.

DROP DATABASE DATABASENAME;

EXAMPLE

DROP DATABASE COMPANY;

DATABASE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

CREATE TABLE
This statement is used to create a
new table in a database.

CREATE TABLE TABLENAME(

column-1 datatype,

column-2 datatype,...,

column-N datatype);

EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES(

EMPID int,

FIRSTName varchar(70),

LASTName varchar(70),

City varchar(50)

SALARY DECIMAL(10, 2));

This creates an empty table named

EMPLOYEES with all the fields
mentioned.

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

INSERT VALUES
This statement is used to insert
new records in a table.

INSERT INTO tablename VALUES(

value1, value2,..., value3);

EXAMPLE

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES(

10000, 'Frances', 'BERGER', '

ALABAMA', 52750);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES(

10001, 'Michael', '

Thompson', 'florida', 48450);

Here, we have inserted two records

into the table. You must enter
values in the order of the fields.

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SELECT QUERY
This statement is used to retrieve
data and display it as a table. These
tables are called result-sets.
DISPLAY ALL COLUMNS

SELECT * FROM TABLENAME;

EXAMPLE

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10000 FRANCES BERGER ALABAMA 52750.00

10001 MICHAEL THOMPSON FLORIDA 48450.00

Here, the employees table is displayed

with the inserted records. You can
specify the column names instead of
asterisk (*) to display specific columns
of a table.
SELECT QUERY swipe
 Brij Kishore Pandey

EMPLOYEES TABLE
Consider this table for the next few
concepts explained.
EXAMPLE TABLE

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10000 mitchell johnson ALABAMA 52750.00

10001 MICHAEL williams FLORIDA 48450.00

10002 james brown ALABAMA 26320.00

10003 william smith ohio 40000.00

10004 oscar jones georgia 35850.00

10005 jake brown nevada 43700.00

10006 john THOMPSON FLORIDA 55000.00

10007 david smith texas 23450.00

10008 MICHAEL smith georgia 38900.00

10009 shane johnson ohio 32000.00

EXAMPLE TABLE swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SELECT DISTINCT
This statement is used to return
only distinct (different) values.
SELECT DISTINCT column1, 

column2, ... FROM tablename;

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY

SELECT DISTINCT CITY FROM 

EMPLOYEES;

OUTPUT

CITY

ALABAMA

FLORIDA

OHIO

GEORGIA

NEVADA

TEXAS

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

WHERE CLAUSE
This statement is used to filter
records. It is used to extract only
those records that fulfill a specified
condition.

SELECT column1, column2, ..


FROM tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE

SALARY > 50000;

OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10000 mitchell johnson ALABAMA 52750.00

10006 john THOMPSON FLORIDA 55000.00

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ORDER BY
This statement is used to sort the
result set in ascending or
descending order.

SELECT * FROM tablename

ORDER BY column1, column2, ASC|
DESC;

QUERY

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES


ORDER BY SALARY;

CONSIDER the employees table -

OUTPUT IN NEXT PAGE

By default, the ORDER BY statement

sorts the data in ascending order. You
can specify the DESC keyword to sort it
in descending order.

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ORDER BY
OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10007 david smith texas 23450.00

10002 james brown ALABAMA 26320.00

10009 shane johnson ohio 32000.00

10004 oscar jones georgia 35850.00

10008 MICHAEL smith georgia 38900.00

10003 william smith ohio 40000.00

10005 jake brown nevada 43700.00

10001 MICHAEL williams FLORIDA 48450.00

10000 mitchell johnson ALABAMA 52750.00

10006 john THOMPSON FLORIDA 55000.00

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

AND Operator
The AND operator is used to filter
records based on more than one
condition. The records must match
both the condition.

SELECT columnS FROM 

tablename WHERE 

condITION1 AND condition2;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT EMPID FROM EMPLOYEEs

WHERE LASTNAME = 'SMITH' AND 

SALARY > 30000;

OUTPUT

empid

10003

10008

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

OR Operator
The OR operator is used to filter
records based on more than one
condition. The records must match
any of the conditions.

SELECT columnS FROM 

tablename WHERE 

condITION1 OR condition2;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT FIRSTNAME FROM EMPLOYEEs

WHERE CITY = 'NEVADA' OR 

CITY = 'TEXAS';

OUTPUT

FIRSTNAME

JAKE

DAVID

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

NOT Operator
The NOT operator is used in combo
with other operators to give the
opposite result. It is also called as
the negative result.

SELECT columnS FROM tablename

WHERE not condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEEs

WHERE NOT SALARY > 30000;

OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10002 james brown ALABAMA 26320.00

10007 david smith texas 23450.00

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Aggregate Functions
An aggregate function is a
function that performs a
calculation on a set of values, and
returns a single value.

Aggregate functions are often

used with the GROUP BY clause of
the SELECT statement.

The GROUP BY clause splits the

result-set into groups of values
and the aggregate function can be
used to return a single value for
each group.

The most commonly used SQL

aggregate functions are: MIN,
MAX, COUNT, SUM, AVG.

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

MIN
The MIN function returns the
smallest value of the selected
column.

SELECT MIN(columnname) FROM 

tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT MIN(salary) FROM

employees;

OUTPUT

MIN(SALARY)

23450.00

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

MAX
The MAX function returns the
largest value of the selected
column.

SELECT MAX(columnname) FROM 

tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT Max(salary) FROM

employees;

OUTPUT

Max(SALARY)

55000.00

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

COUNT
The COUNT function returns the
number of rows that matches a
specified criterion.

SELECT COUNT(columnname) FROM 

tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees

WHERE CITY = 'FLORIDA';

OUTPUT

COUNT(*)

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SUM
The SUM function returns the total
sum of a numeric column.

SELECT SUM(columnname) FROM 

tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT SUM(SALARY)

FROM employees

WHERE SALARY > 50000;

OUTPUT

SUM(SALARY)

107750.00

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

AVG
The AVG function returns the
average of a numeric column.

SELECT AVG(columnname) FROM 

tablename WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT AVG(SALARY)FROM 

employees;

OUTPUT

AVG(SALARY)

39642

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

GROUP BY
The GROUP BY statement groups
rows that have the same values into
summary rows.

The GROUP BY statement is often

used with aggregate functions to
group the result set by one or more
columns.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM 

tablename

WHERE condition GROUP BY 

column_name(s);

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE
SELECT COUNT(EMPID), CITY
FROM EMPLOYEEs GROUP BY CITY;

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

GROUP BY
OUTPUT

COUNT(EMPID) CITY

2 ALABAMA

2 FLORIDA

2 OHIO

2 GEORGIA

1 NEVADA

1 TEXAS

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

HAVING Clause
The HAVING clause was added to
SQL because the WHERE keyword
cannot be used with aggregate
functions.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM 

tablename WHERE condition

GROUP BY 

columnname(s) HAVING condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

EXAMPLE

SELECT COUNT(EMPID), CITY FROM 

EMPLOYEEs GROUP BY CITY HAVING

COUNT(EMPID) < 2 ;

OUTPUT

COUNT(EMPID) CITY

1 NEVADA

1 TEXAS

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used in
a WHERE clause to search for a
specified pattern in a column.
There are two wildcards often
used with the LIKE operator.

The percent sign (%) represents

zero, one, or multiple characters
and the underscore sign (_)
represents one single character.

SELECT column-1,column-2

FROM tablename WHERE 

column-N LIKE pattern;

EXAMPLE

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEEs


WHERE FIRSTName LIKE 'J%';

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

LIKE OPERATOR
OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10002 james brown ALABAMA 26320.00

10005 jake brown nevada 43700.00

10006 john THOMPSON FLORIDA 55000.00

Here, the query selects all the first

names that start with J. You can
use these wildcards in different
formats to achieve different
results.

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify
multiple values in a WHERE clause.
The IN operator is a shorthand for
multiple OR conditions.

SELECT columnname(s)

FROM tablename

WHERE columnname IN (valueS 1,

2, ...);

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEEs

WHERE CITY IN ('OHIO', 'NEVADA');

OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10003 william smith ohio 40000.00

10005 jake brown nevada 43700.00

10009 shane johnson ohio 32000.00

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects
values within a given range. The
values can be numbers, text, or
dates. It is inclusive: begin and end
values are included.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM tablename

WHERE columnname 

BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEEs WHERE 

SALARY BETWEEN 20000 AND 32000;

OUTPUT

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10002 james brown ALABAMA 26320.00

10007 david smith texas 23450.00

10009 shane johnson ohio 32000.00

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

UPDATE QUERY
This statement is used to modify
the existing records in a table.

UPDATE tablename SET 

column1 = value1, column2 = 

value2 WHERE condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY

UPDATE EMPLOYEEs

SET FIRSTName = 'LUKE'

WHERE EMPID = 10003;

UPDATED ROW

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10003 LUKE smith ohio 40000.00

The updated row is only displayed here. You must use

the select query to view the full result.

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

DELETE QUERY
This statement is used to delete
existing records in a table.

DELETE FROM tablename WHERE 

condition;

CONSIDER the employees table

QUERY

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEEs WHERE 

EMPID = 10008;

DELETED ROW

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

10008 MICHAEL smith georgia 38900.00

The deleted row is just displayed here. You must use

the select query to view the full result.

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

DROP TABLE
This statement is used to drop an
existing table in a database.

DROP TABLE tablename;

EXAMPLE

DROP TABLE employees;

TRUNCATE TABLE

This statement is used to delete

the data inside a table, but not the
table itself.

TRUNCATE TABLE tablename;

EXAMPLE

TRUNCATE TABLE employees;

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ALTER TABLE
This statement is used to add,
delete, or modify columns in an
existing table and also used to add
and drop various constraints on an
existing table.

ADD COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD 

columnname datatype;

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEEs ADD 

BONUS DECIMAL(10, 2);

EXTRA COLUMN ADDED

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY BONUS

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ALTER TABLE
DROP COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tablename DROP 

COLUMN columnname;

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEEs DROP 

COLUMN BONUS;

BONUS COLUMN DELETED

empid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

RENAME COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME 

COLUMN oldname to newname;

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ALTER TABLE
EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES RENAME 

COLUMN FIRSTNAME to Fname;

FIRSTNAME COLUMN RENAMED

empid FNAME LASTNAME CITY SALARY

MODIFY DATATYPE
ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY 

COLUMN columnname datatype;

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEEs MODIFY 

COLUMN CITY VARCHAR(100);

This query will modify and increase the number of

characters for the city column.

TABLE QUERIES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
SQL constraints are used to
specify rules for the data in a
table. Constraints are used to limit
the type of data that can go into a
table.

This ensures the accuracy and

reliability of the data in the table.
If there is any violation between
the constraint and the data action,
the action is aborted.

Constraints can be column level or

table level. Column level
constraints apply to a column, and
table level constraints apply to the
whole table.

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Constraints
NOT NULL
This constraint enforces a column
to not accept NULL values.

It enforces a field to always contain

a value, which means that you
cannot insert a new record, or
update a record without adding a
value to this field.

EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE employees (

empID int NOT NULL,

firstName varchar(70),

lastName varchar(70),

city varchar(50), salary

decimal(10, 2) not null);

The EMPID and SALARY field is NOT NULL here.

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
UNIQUE
This constraint ensures that all
values in a column are different.

Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY

KEY constraints provide a
guarantee for uniqueness for a
column or set of columns.

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE employees


ADD UNIQUE (EMPID);

Here, we have used ALTER to add a

UNIQUE constraint to the EMPID
column. The EMPID column can not take
duplicate values.

CONSTRAINTS swipe
 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
PRIMARY KEY
This constraint uniquely identifies
each record in a table. Primary keys
must contain UNIQUE values, and
cannot contain NULL values.

A table can have only one primary

key, and in the table, this primary
key can consist of single or multiple
columns.

EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE employees (empID

int, firstName varchar(70),

lastName varchar(70), city

varchar(50), salary decimal(10,
2),primary key (empid));

Here, EMPID column is the primary key of the table.

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
CHECK
This constraint is used to limit the
value range that can be placed in a
column.

If you define a CHECK constraint

on a column it will allow only certain
values for this column.

EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE employees (empID

int, firstName varchar(70),

lastName varchar(70), age int

check (age >= 18));

Here, we have defined a CHECK constraint for the

AGE column where the age must be greater or equal
to 18. Anything below that wouldn't be accepted.

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
DEFAULT
This constraint is used to set a
default value for a column. The
default value will be added to all
new records, if no other value is
specified.

EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE employees (empID

int, firstName varchar(70),

lastName varchar(70), city

varchar(50) DEFAULT 'ALABAMA',
salary decimal(10, 2));

Here, the CITY column would be filled

with the value ALABAMA if there are no
values explicitly specified.

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

EXAMPLE TABLES
Consider these two tables for the
next few concepts explained.
PERSONS TABLE

pid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME AGE

1 MARCO JANSEN 28

2 ASHIF BASHA 24

3 MONISH KUMAR 26

ORDERS TABLE

Oid ORDERNO PID

1 34578 2

2 45876 1

3 55900 2

4 22089 3

EXAMPLE TABLES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Constraints
FOREIGN KEY
This constraint is used to prevent
actions that would destroy links
between tables.

The FOREIGN KEY is a field (or

collection of fields) in one table,
that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in
another table.

CONSIDER BOTH the eXAMPLE tableS

QUERY

ALTER TABLE Orders ADD 

FOREIGN KEY (PID) 

REFERENCES Persons(PID);

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 Brij Kishore Pandey

ANY OPERATOR
The ANY operator returns a boolean
value as a result and returns TRUE if
any of the subquery values meet
the condition.

This means that the condition will

be true if the operation is true for
any of the values in the range.

SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE 

columnname operator ANY (SELECT 

columnname FROM tablename

WHERE condition);

QUERY

SELECT FIRSTName FROM PERSONs


WHERE PID = ANY(SELECT PID
FROM Orders WHERE ORDERNO >
40000);

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ANY OPERATOR
OUTPUT

FIRSTNAME

MARCO

ASHIF

Here, the ORDERNO is greater than

40000 for PID 1 and 2 in the ORDERS
table. So, it displays their respective first
names from the PERSONS table.

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ALL OPERATOR
The ALL operator returns a boolean
value as a result and returns TRUE if
all of the subquery values meet the
condition.

ALL means that the condition will be

true only if the operation is true for all
values in the range.

SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE 

columnname operator ALL (SELECT 

columnname FROM tablename

WHERE condition);

QUERY

SELECT FIRSTName FROM PERSONs


WHERE PID = All(SELECT PID
FROM Orders WHERE ORDERNO >
40000);

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

ALL OPERATOR
OUTPUT

empty table

Here, the condition does not match all

the records in the ORDERS table. So, it
displays an empty table with no records.

SELECT QUERY swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

SQL JOINs
A JOIN clause is used to combine
rows from two or more tables,
based on a related column
between them.

TYPES OF JOINS

TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 1 TABLE 2

INNER JOIN LEFT JOIN

TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 1 TABLE 2

RIGHT JOIN FULL OUTER JOIN

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

INNER JOIN
The INNER JOIN keyword selects
records that have matching values
in both tables.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM 

table1 INNER JOIN 

table2 ON table1.colname = 

table2.colname;

CONSIDER BOTH the eXAMPLE tableS

QUERY

SELECT FIRSTName, AGE, OID

FROM PERSONs

INNER JOIN ORDERs ON 

PERSONs.PID = ORDERs.PID;

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

INNER JOIN
OUTPUT

FIRSTNAME AGE OID

MARCO 28 2

ASHIF 24 3

ASHIF 24 1

MONISH 26 4

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

LEFT JOIN
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns
all records from the left table, and
the matching records from the right
table. The result is 0 records from
the right side, if there is no match.

SELECT columnname(s) FROM 

table1 LEFT JOIN 

table2 ON table1.colname = 

table2.colname;

CONSIDER BOTH the eXAMPLE tableS

QUERY

SELECT LASTNAME, ORDERS.PID,

ORDERNO FROM PERSONS LEFT JOIN
ORDERS ON PERSONS.PID =
ORDERS.PID;

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

LEFT JOIN
OUTPUT

LASTNAME PID ORDERNO

JANSEN 1 45876

BASHA 2 34578

BASHA 2 55900

KUMAR 3 22089

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

RIGHT JOIN
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns
all records from the right table, and
the matching records from the left
table. The result is 0 records from
the left side, if there is no match.

SELECT columnname(s) FROM 

table1 RIGHT JOIN 

table2 ON table1.colname = 

table2.colname;

CONSIDER BOTH the eXAMPLE tableS

QUERY

SELECT LASTNAME, ORDERS.PID,

ORDERNO FROM PERSONS RIGHT JOIN
ORDERS ON PERSONS.PID =
ORDERS.PID;

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

RIGHT JOIN
OUTPUT

LASTNAME PID ORDERNO

BASHA 2 34578

JANSEN 1 45876

BASHA 2 55900

KUMAR 3 22089

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

FULL OUTER JOIN

The FULL OUTER JOIN or FULL JOIN
keyword returns all records when
there is a match in left or right table
records.

SELECT columnname(s) FROM 

table1 full outer JOIN 

table2 ON table1.colname = 

table2.colname where condition;

CONSIDER BOTH the eXAMPLE tableS

QUERY

SELECT LASTNAME, ORDERS.PID,

ORDERNO FROM PERSONS RIGHT JOIN
ORDERS ON PERSONS.PID =
ORDERS.PID;

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

FULL OUTER JOIN

OUTPUT

LASTNAME PID ORDERNO

JANSEN 1 45876

BASHA 2 34578

BASHA 2 55900

KUMAR 3 22089

SQL JOINS swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a table,
or a column in a table, a temporary
name.

An alias only exists for the duration

of that query. An alias is created
with the AS keyword.

SELECT columnname AS aliasname


FROM tablename;

QUERY

SELECT OID AS ID FROM ORDers;

ORDERS TABLE

id

SQL ALIASES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Stored Procedure
A stored procedure is a prepared
SQL code that you can save, so the
code can be reused over and over
again.

If you have an SQL query that you

write over and over again, save it as
a stored procedure, and then just
call it to execute it.

You can also pass parameters to a

stored procedure, so that the stored
procedure can act based on the
parameter value(s) that is passed.

STORED PROCEDURES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

Stored Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE procedurename

AS

sqlstatement

GO;

QUERY

CREATE PROCEDURE AllPERSONS


AS

SELECT * FROM PERSONs

GO;

EXECUTE STORED PROCEDURE

EXEC AllPERSONs;

OUTPUT

pid FIRSTNAME LASTNAME AGE

1 MARCO JANSEN 28

2 ASHIF BASHA 24

3 MONISH KUMAR 26

STORED PROCEDURES swipe

 Brij Kishore Pandey

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