Science 9 Quarter 1

Breathing is the process that delivers oxygen to where it is needed in the

body and removes carbon dioxide. All animals need oxygen to live. Land
animals get oxygen from the air. We breathe in to allow oxygen to move
into our bloodstream and we breathe out to remove carbon dioxide from
our blood. The oxygen is carried in the blood to all cells of the body. And
did you know that the air we breathe out has 100 times more carbon
dioxide than the oxygen we breathe in. And what organ is in-charge
when it comes to breathing? If you guessed your lungs, you are right.
Your lungs make up one of the largest organs in your body, and they
work in your respiratory system to allow you to breathe. Air flows into
your body through the nose or mouth and enters a specific pathway for
air. These pathways carry air into our lungs. Then these split off where
they become smaller and smaller. In the end, the pathways are attached
to small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen from the air for carbon
dioxide occurs.

Parts and Its Functions The human respiratory system is composed of the nasal
cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It is liable for the method of
respiration that's vital to the survival of living beings.
Nose and Mouth (Nasal Cavity)
The nose is what we normally use
to inhale and exhale. It has two
holes called nostrils through
which air passes. The skin lining
both nostrils is embedded with
tiny hairs called cilia, which act
like a filter to catch dust and
other small particles in the air we
breathe. The mouth is what we
use to breathe when we need
more air than what can be taken
in through the nostrils, as when
we pant or puff when we are
exhausted.
 Science 9 Quarter 1
Pharynx and Larynx
The pharynx is the opening just behind the nose and mouth and is
part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. Both food and
air pass through the pharynx; it is lined with tissues called tonsils
which can partially obstruct the passage of either of the two. Like
when swallowing, respiration is interrupted. The pharynx ends in
the esophagus and the larynx. The larynx is also known as the
"voice box" because it houses the vocal chords and the different
muscles used in producing sounds. The epiglottis, a cartilage found
at the top of the larynx, aids in closing it tightly to prevent the
passage of food or liquids.

Trachea and Bronchi

The trachea, also referred to as the windpipe, is a tube through
which respiratory gas transport takes place. It is lined with ciliated
cells to push particles out, and cartilage rings to guard it against
pressure when breathing. The end of the trachea is split into two
tubes called the bronchi, which also have several thin-walled
branches called bronchioles. These bronchioles lead to air sacs
called alveoli, where most of the gas exchange happens.

Lungs
The lungs are the most essential organ for respiration. They consist
of a cluster of bronchioles and alveoli, blood vessels, and elastic
tissue. Their main function is to transfer oxygen into the
bloodstream, and to excrete carbon dioxide into the air
 Science 9 Quarter 1
Mechanism of Breathing Inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation
(expiration)
are the processes by which the body takes in oxygen and expels
carbon dioxide during breathing. You breathe with the help of the
diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between your ribs. The
diaphragm is shaped like a parachute and located below your lungs.
It divides the chest cavity from the abdomen, while intercostal
muscles are located between your ribs.

● Breathing in (Inhalation) When you breathe in (inhale), your

diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. In this way,
it could provide a bigger space for your lungs to expand in the chest
cavity. Also, the intercostal muscles help widen the area in the chest
cavity. They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and
outward when you breathe. As your lungs expand, air enters the
nose and mouth, traveling towards your windpipe and into your
lungs.

● Breathing out (Exhalation) When you breathe out (exhale), your

diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity. The
intercostal muscles also relax to decrease the area in the chest
cavity. As the space in the chest cavity reduced, carbon dioxide is
pushed out of your lungs and windpipe, and then out of your nose
or mouth.
 Science 9 Quarter 1
The function of the circulatory system is to
transport oxygen and nutrients to the body
cells and to carry deoxygenated (oxygen-poor)
blood and carbon dioxide back to the heart and
lungs. Its major parts are the heart, the blood,
and the blood vessels.
The heart is a muscular pump which keeps the
blood flowing to each part of the body. The
blood circulates through a closed system—that
is, blood in the circulatory system stays inside
the vessels. Generally, your blood circulates
from your heart, throughout your body, and
back to your heart about every 60 seconds.

Blood: Fluid Transport

Blood is a tissue made of fluid, cells, and
fragments of cells. The fluid or the flowing
portion of the blood is termed plasma. Plasma
is straw-colored fluid and makes up about 55
percent of the total volume of blood. Red and
white blood cells and platelets are suspended
in plasma Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation
The circulatory system has three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
● Arteries carry blood away from the heart towards the rest of the body. They
carry oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood except pulmonary arteries, which carry
deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The arteries branch off from
the heart. They branch off into smaller arteries called arterioles. Arterioles
enter tissues, where they branch into the smallest blood vessels, the
capillaries.
● Veins carry blood from the rest of the body back towards the heart. They carry
deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood excluding pulmonary veins, which carry
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. In your body, oxygen-poor blood
has a darker red color.
 Science 9 Quarter 1
You can think of arteries and veins as a system of roads. Large arteries
and veins are like major highways. Smaller arteries and veins are like
streets that route traffic through local neighborhoods. Arteries and
veins are connected by a system of capillaries.

● Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that move blood to and
from the cells of the body. These vessels are so small that blood cells
must move through them in single file. Its walls are very thin that
materials can easily diffuse into and out of them.

Heart: The Vital Pump Parts of the Heart Figure

Thousands of blood vessels in your body would be of little use if there

is no organ that will move blood through them.

The heart moves blood through the vessels. In fact, the main function
of the heart is to keep blood moving constantly through the body. The
largest structures in your heart are the four chambers. As shown in the
figure, the two smaller chambers are the right atrium and left atrium
(plural, atria), and the two larger chambers are the right and left
ventricles. The ventricles are separated by a thick wall of tissue called
septum. The heart valves are flaps of tissue that prevent blood from
flowing backwards. They open when the atria or ventricles contract,
and shut when it relaxes.
 Science 9 Quarter 1
Types of Circulation Circulating blood follows two separate
pathways that meet at the heart, as shown in the figure. These
pathways are called pulmonary and systemic circulation. All of
your blood travels through both of these pathways.

● Pulmonary circulation occurs only between the heart and the lungs.
The main function of this circulation is to carry deoxygenated (oxygen-
poor) blood to the lungs, where it picks up O2, expels excess CO2 and
water, and carries oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.
Each lung is supplied by its own pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.

● Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the
body, except for the lungs. The main function of this circulation is to
carry oxygenated blood to all cells and transport deoxygenated blood
back to the heart. Systemic circulation starts when blood leaves the left
ventricle. The blood then flows through the torso, arms, legs, and head,
and then reverts to the heart
 Science 9 Quarter 1
● Coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood
to, and remove blood from, the heart. The vessels that provide blood high
in oxygen levels to the heart are called as coronary arteries
Blood Flow in the Heart Once you know the basic structures and actions of
the heart, it is now easier to understand how oxygenated (oxygen-rich) and
deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood flow through this organ.

1. Deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood from the body enters the right atrium.
2. Blood then flows through right Atrioventricular (AV) valve going to right
ventricle.
3. Contraction of right ventricle pushes the pulmonary valve open. With that,
blood moves through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk.
4. Then it is dispersed by right and left pulmonary arteries to both right and left
lungs, where it drops off Carbon dioxide (CO2) and picks up oxygen (O2).
5. Oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from lungs returns thru pulmonary arteries
going to left atrium.
6. From there, it flows through left Atrioventricular (AV) valve into left ventricle.
7. Contraction of left ventricle makes the aortic valve open. This makes blood
flow to aorta. 8. It is then disseminated to every structure in the body, where it
unloads O2 and loads CO2.
9. Blood reverts to heart thru vena cava. The Respiratory and Circulatory
systems working together Every cell in your body needs nutrients and oxygen to
function, but it also needs to get rid of waste products. The circulatory system
transports blood and other materials.

It carries essential supplies to the cells and extracts their wastes. The
organization of the blood vessels in the circulatory system also keeps oxygen-
poor blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood. While in respiratory system, gas
exchange takes place.
You can think of it as a supply warehouse where the blood can load up oxygen
(O2) and expel carbon dioxide (CO2). The lungs of the respiratory system are the
only place in your body where gases in the blood are exchanged with gases from
the atmosphere. The respiratory and circulatory systems work closely together
to maintain homeostasis in the face of constant change. Every time you
exercise, lie down to rest, or simply stand up, you change your needs for oxygen
and nutrients. As a result, your heart speeds up or slows down and you breathe
faster or slower, depending on your activity.
 Science 9 Quarter 1
● Coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood
to, and remove blood from, the heart. The vessels that provide blood high
in oxygen levels to the heart are called as coronary arteries
Blood Flow in the Heart Once you know the basic structures and actions of
the heart, it is now easier to understand how oxygenated (oxygen-rich) and
deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood flow through this organ.

1. Deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood from the body enters the right atrium.
2. Blood then flows through right Atrioventricular (AV) valve going to right
ventricle.
3. Contraction of right ventricle pushes the pulmonary valve open. With that,
blood moves through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk.
4. Then it is dispersed by right and left pulmonary arteries to both right and left
lungs, where it drops off Carbon dioxide (CO2) and picks up oxygen (O2).
5. Oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from lungs returns thru pulmonary arteries
going to left atrium.
6. From there, it flows through left Atrioventricular (AV) valve into left ventricle.
7. Contraction of left ventricle makes the aortic valve open. This makes blood
flow to aorta. 8. It is then disseminated to every structure in the body, where it
unloads O2 and loads CO2.
9. Blood reverts to heart thru vena cava. The Respiratory and Circulatory
systems working together Every cell in your body needs nutrients and oxygen to
function, but it also needs to get rid of waste products. The circulatory system
transports blood and other materials.

It carries essential supplies to the cells and extracts their wastes. The
organization of the blood vessels in the circulatory system also keeps oxygen-
poor blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood. While in respiratory system, gas
exchange takes place.
You can think of it as a supply warehouse where the blood can load up oxygen
(O2) and expel carbon dioxide (CO2). The lungs of the respiratory system are the
only place in your body where gases in the blood are exchanged with gases from
the atmosphere. The respiratory and circulatory systems work closely together
to maintain homeostasis in the face of constant change. Every time you
exercise, lie down to rest, or simply stand up, you change your needs for oxygen
and nutrients. As a result, your heart speeds up or slows down and you breathe
faster or slower, depending on your activity.
 Science 9
Effects of Lifestyle in the Function of
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SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

A Mendelian pattern of inheritance refers to

reproducing organisms sexually. We know that in
Mendel’s principles of heredity each parent gives
one of two possible alleles for a trait. However,
Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of
inheritance wherein traits do not segregate
following Mendel’s law. These laws describe the
inheritance of traits linked to single genes on
chromosomes in the nucleus. Incomplete
dominance. Snapdragon flower is an example of
this pattern of inheritance in which both alleles
are present resulting in an intermediate
phenotype. A cross between a homozygous red-
flowered plant (FRFR) and a homozygous white-
flower plant (FWFW) will produce offspring with
pink flowers (FRFW) as shown in the F1
generation.
M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
A cross between two
heterozygotes of F1
generation, however, will
result in an F2 generation
with a phenotype of 25% red
flowers, 50% pink flowers,
and 25% white flowers
(phenotypic ratio of
1:2(blended traits):1).

Codominance is a heterozygote condition wherein both traits are present

simultaneously, rather than one fully determining the phenotype. A
speckled chicken is a good example of dominance.

A cross between a black and white chicken will produce chicken with both
black and white feathers. The alleles for black feathers in some varieties of
chicken is codominant with the allele for white feathers.

Another example that shows how the co-dominance pattern of

inheritance is determined by genes is in the blood typing in humans. An
antigen is a protein- bound to a sugar molecule found on the surface of our
red blood cells. A pair of alleles (IA and IB) which controls one group of
antigens, help in determining the blood types of an individual.

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SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

In the heterozygote condition, both IA and IB alleles are expressed in the red
blood cells that will have the antigens A and B. Three alleles exist in the ABO
system: A, B, and O. This result in four blood types: A, B, O, and the blended AB

M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

In the heterozygote condition, both IA and IB alleles are expressed in the red
blood cells that will have the antigens A and B. Three alleles exist in the ABO
system: A, B, and O. This result in four blood types: A, B, O, and the blended AB

Multiple Alleles: (ABO Blood

Types) A single gene that has
more than two alleles is called
multiple alleles. The ABO blood
groups in humans as an example
of a gene that has multiple alleles
is the one that controls the
inheritance. There are four blood
group systems A, B, AB, and O.
We know that there are three
different alleles for ABO blood
types, however, only two are
present in an individual at a time.

M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

The IA and IB are dominant over the i allele which is always

recessive. However, both alleles are expressed equally when
the two alleles are inherited together.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Most humans have an XY sex-determination that is

responsible for the gender characterization of an individual.
Sex chromosomes control whether the organism will be a
male or a female.
Both males and females have 22 pairs of autosomal
chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Male brings X
and Y chromosomes, while both X chromosomes are in
females.
A male offspring will be produced when an egg fertilized by a
sperm passing on a Y chromosome. Similarly, a female
offspring will be a result of a fertilized egg through a sperm
carrying an X chromosome. Therefore, there is a fifty-percent
probability of having a male and female offspring
M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

Sex-Related Inheritance Most of the time, more men in

comparison to women are bald while lactation or milk
production is common in women but certainly not in men.
These are inherited characteristics determined by sex. The
following are the three kinds of sex related inheritance
namely, sex-limited, sex-influenced, and sex-linked.

Sex-Linked Genes Sex-linked genes are genes found either

on X or Y chromosomes which are inherited differences
among male and a female. Sex-linked traits determined by
an X-linked gene when an X chromosome takes control. On
the other hand, the socalled Y-linked genes are those
located on the Y chromosome.

M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
Hemophilia, an example of an Xlinked
trait is a rare genetic disorder in which a
person lacks enough blood-clotting
proteins caused by a change in one of
the genes. Since this phenomenon is
sited on the X chromosome, females
identified to have affected two X
chromosomes cause the disorder.
But if there is only one chromosome
affected, the female individual is
referred to as “carrier” of the disorder.

Color-blindness is another condition of the X-linked trait. These traits

will be manifested in females who have two genes of color-blindness.
Meanwhile, in males, there is only one gene of the disorder needed to
express the phenomenon.

Hypertrichosis pinnae auris is a Y-linked trait controlled by a Y

chromosome and characterized by hairy ear in which are expressed in
males alone. This human condition can be inherited from a father who
has the disorder, to his sons who, in turn, will pass it on to their sons.

M.dalisay
SCI-9 LESSON 3
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
Sex-Limited Trait

Sex-limited traits are those traits limited to only one sex.

Lactation is a good example of a sex-limited trait that is
exclusively exhibited among females. However, cattle carry genes
for lactation on both males and females. Lactating gene (L) is a
dominant gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l). In female
cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant genes
(XXLL) lactation will be shown. Nevertheless, neither male cattle
having dominant genes nor in male cattle that have recessive
genes will lactate.

Sex-Influenced Traits Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits

that are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than
in the other sex. One classic example of this is pattern baldness
which is expressed in females but is more often manifested in
males.

The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and “non-bald” (b), and
these genes are highly influenced by the hormones individually.
We know that all humans have testosterone, but males have
higher level of testosterone than females do. This shows that,
although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a
dominant allele in males, they are recessive in females (XXBb,
XXb).

M.dalisay
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