FCE 231 Lesson 1 Lecture Notes (Compatibility Mode)

FCE 231 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1A
LESSON 1 LECTURE NOTES
Recommended Textbooks
The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering materials, Young, Mindess, Grey & Bentur, Prentice Hall 1998. (2). Strength of Materials and Structures- Case & Chilver. A text Book of Strength of Materials, R.K Bansal Strength of Materials Part 1, Timoshenko
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Course Outline:
Direct stress and strain elasticity and plasticity. Stress resultants. Stresses in members subjected to axial force, bending, shear and torsion. Section properties. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical bending of beams. Deflection of beams. Analysis of stress and strain Mohrs circle of stress and strain. Thin walled pressure vessels.
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Laboratory Work
Tensile test; Torsion test; Compression test; Hardness test; Bending of beams. Unsymmetrical bending of cantilever ; shear centre of channel ; Deflection of beams steel, hardboard, perspex, aluminium.
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Direct Stress and Strain Elasticity and Plasticity

When a solid material is subjected to external loading, it deforms instantaneously. In general, as long as the stresses are relatively small, this deformation is reversible, so when the load is removed, the material will return to its original dimensions. Such deformations are termed elastic, and they correspond to the region of small displacements from the equilibrium position of the atomic force displacement curve.
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Atomic Force-Displacement Curves
Force distance Curve for (a) Strongly and (b) weakly bound solids
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Definition of Stress and Strain

For most structural materials subjected to loads within their elastic range, the relationship between stress and strain is linear (or nearly so). When a material is loaded in tension, it elongates. There are two parameters that characterize this behaviour. The first is axial stress , which is defined as the total applied load, P, divided by = P/Ao the original crosssectional area, Ao, of the specimen. (1) Stress is usually expressed in units of Pascals (1 Pa = 1 N/m2). The second parameters is the axial strain, , which is elongation, , per unit length of the specimen. (2) = /l where lo is the original length of the specimen. Note that strain is a dimensionless quantity.
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Stress and Strain

=P/Ao (Pascal = 1 N/mm2) Longitudinal stress (x) =/lo (Dimensionless ) Longitudinal strain(x)
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Lateral Deformation
In addition to axial strain, a member will also contract laterally under tensile loading. The ratio of transverse strain ( y and z ) to longitudinal strain x is known as Poissons ratio, , and is expressed as : =- y/ x = -y/ x (3) The negative sign is used because under tensile loading, the transverse strains are contractions. For most metals, =0.33; for other engineering materials, ranges from about 0.16 (wood) to 0.50 (ideal elastomeric material such as rubber). Axial loading of a material also induces a volumetric change.
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Examples of tensile forces
2.50 cm diameter Tensile load application 2.10 cm diameter
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Transverse Deformations
Transverse stress (y) Transverse strain(x) Poissons ratio
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Volumetric Change
SEE MAIN NOTES
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Elastic Behaviour
Elasticity is that property of a material to return to its original dimension after removal of a load. This is particularly so in regions of small displacements from equilibrium position of the atomic force displacement. For linearly elastic materials the relationship between stress and strain can be described by Hookes law : i.e. =E Where E is the modulus of elasticity, sometimes known as Youngs modulus
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Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Generally, Hookes law applies to a relatively small range of strains. For large strains, the relationship between stress and strain is no longer linear, and Hookes law no longer applies. For most structural materials subjected to loads within their elastic range, the relationship between stress and strain is linear (or nearly so), as shown below :
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Elastic Behaviour
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Modulus of Elasticity, E
Because the concept of proportionality between stress and strain is such a powerful one, a number of different elastic moduli have been defined which can help to characterize the stress strain behaviour of such materials. These are defined in the figure below.
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Elastic modulus
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Methods of Characterization of Elastic Behaviour

Initial tangent modulus
This is the slope of the curve at the origin, and applies to small stresses and strains
Secant modulus
This is a more common measure of stiffness. This is the slope of the line joining the origin and any arbitrary point on the curve. The value depends on the level applied stress chosen.
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Methods of Characterization of Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Chord modulus
This is the slope of the line between any two arbitrary points on the curve. It is often used in place of the secant modulus because it is difficult to measure the beginning of the curve accurately.
Tangent Modulus
This is the slope measured at the point of interest. This is a better measure of the materials response to small additional stresses. It is useful when one is interested in the additional strain that occurs when an additional stress is imposed on the already loaded material.
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Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Elastic behaviour may end in the one of two ways, by fracture or by yielding of the material. In neither case will the specimen return to its original form when it is unloaded.
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Fracture
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Yielding
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Non Linear Behaviour
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Fatigue loading
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FCE 231 Lesson 1 Lecture Notes (Compatibility Mode)

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FCE 231 Lesson 1 Lecture Notes (Compatibility Mode)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

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FCE 231 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1A

LESSON 1 LECTURE NOTES

Direct Stress and Strain Elasticity and Plasticity

Atomic Force-Displacement Curves

Definition of Stress and Strain

Stress and Strain

Examples of tensile forces

2.50 cm diameter Tensile load application 2.10 cm diameter

SEE MAIN NOTES

Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Methods of Characterization of Elastic Behaviour

Methods of Characterization of Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Elastic Behaviour (contd)

Non Linear Behaviour

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